“Against everything and everybody”: Translated texts in Star-Books (1975–1982) and the birth of the Spanish counterculture

Sergio Lobejón Santos and Camino Gutiérrez Lanza
University of León
Abstract

The Star-Books collection, published by Producciones Editoriales S. A. from 1975 to 1982, is a foremost example of the post-Francoist counterculture and one of the best chronicles of this period of Spanish history. The collection became a viable platform for various national and international authors who had remained silenced for decades at a time when books were still subjected to official censorship. Star-Books stood out for its eclectic nature and its rebellious spirit, reflected in the striking covers and themes, which clashed against Francoist orthodoxy. This paper highlights the collection’s role in promoting the counterculture in Spain and sheds light on how censorship operated in this period. Detailed analyses of the sociopolitical context, the Star-Books catalogue, the available censorship materials, and several collection titles show the more permissive nature of post-Francoist censorship.

Keywords:
Publication history

Date received: 16 September 2020

Date accepted: 6 April 2022

Published online: 31 May 2022

Table of contents

Late Francoism was characterised by increasing dissent and unrest among the Spanish youth. This incipient movement resulted in increased demand for countercultural texts, many of them translations, which reflected the anxieties of new generations far removed from the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). However, many of these titles were controversial, promoting attitudes, beliefs, and practices openly condemned by the regime (e.g., civil disobedience, drug use, sexual promiscuity, homosexuality, and communism), and often using crude language. Such subjects were progressively introduced through various points of entry, such as tourism, music, and underground comic books, commonly known as comix, normalising their use in published materials from the late 1960s. A main source of resistance was the Barcelona-based collection Star-Books (1975–1982), which published Spanish translations of many key countercultural titles. Although its first issues entered the censorship system before Franco’s death, the collection would remain in the regime’s crosshairs well after the 1978 Spanish Constitution established freedom of speech as a fundamental right.

Full-text access is restricted to subscribers. Log in to obtain additional credentials. For subscription information see Subscription & Price. Direct PDF access to this article can be purchased through our e-platform.

References

Primary sources

Burroughs, William S.
1977  Jamón de Kentucky. Orig. Kentucky Ham, translated by José Manuel Álvarez Flórez and Ángela Pérez. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
1978  El almuerzo desnudo. Orig. Naked Lunch, translated by Martín Lendínez. Madrid: Júcar.Google Scholar
Burroughs, William S., and Allen Ginsberg
1977  Cartas del yage. Orig. The Yage Letters, translated by Alberto Estival. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Butler, Samuel
1977  Erewhon. Orig. Erewhon, translated by Silvestre Hernández. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Carmona, Ángel
1976 Poemas V2: Poesía compuesta por una computadora [Poems V2: poetry composed by a computer]. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Carroll, Jim
1982  Basketball Diary. Orig. The Basketball Diaries, translated by Ricardo González Bertazioli. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Cassady, Neal
1978  El primer tercio. Orig. The First Third, translated by José Manuel Álvarez Flórez and Ángela Pérez. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Cohn, Nik
1981  Rey muerte. Orig. King Death, translated by Diego A. Manrique. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Corben, Richard
1980 Rowlf. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Corso, Gregory
1955 The Vestal Lady on Brattle and Other Poems. Cambridge, MA: Richard Brukenfeld.Google Scholar
1958 Gasoline. San Francisco, CA: City Lights Books.Google Scholar
1980  Gasolina y otros poemas. Orig. Gasoline and The Vestal Lady on Brattle and other poems, translated by Diego A. Manrique. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Costa, Salvador
1977 Punk. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Dass, Ram
[pseud] 1977  Aquí ahora. Orig. Be Here Now. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
De España, Ramón
1982 La noche de siempre [The same old night]. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
De Quincey, Thomas
1976  Las confesiones de un comedor de opio inglés. Orig. Confessions of an English Opium-Eater, translated by Horacio Quinto. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Doakes, Joe, and Bart Keister
[pseuds.] 1980 Pascaline. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
[pseuds.] 1982  Rose Mary Chevrotine. Orig. RoseMary Chevrotine. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Dylan, Bob
1976  Tarántula. Orig. Tarantula, translated by Horacio Quinto. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Ellison, Harlan
1976  No tengo boca y debo gritar. Orig. I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream, translated by Luis Vigil. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Farrère, Claude
1979  Humo de opio. Orig. Fumée d’opium (translated in English as Black Opium), translated by Alberto Estival. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Fenton, David
1977  Disparos: Fotografias del Underground Press. Orig. Shots: Photographs from the Underground Press. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Fernández, Juan José
ed. 1976 Infinitum Ciencia Ficción 1 [Infinitum science fiction 1]. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Fernández, Juan José, and Luis Vigil
eds. 1976 El cómix marginal español [The underground Spanish comix]. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Ginsberg, Allen
1976 Aullido: Selección de poemas de Allen Ginsberg [Howl: Selection of poems by Allen Ginsberg], translated by Jaime Rosal and Luis Vigil. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Guthrie, Woody
1943/1974 Bound for Glory. London: Picador.Google Scholar
1977  Con destino a la gloria. Orig. Bound for Glory, translated by Lisa Garrigues and Alberto Estival. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Jarry, Alfred
1976  Ubú rey. Orig. Ubu roi [King Ubu], translated by Nuria Guardiet. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Jelinek, Henriette
1981  Anne Lee salvará tu alma. Orig. Ann Lee rachète les âmes [Ann Lee will save your soul], translated by Ramón de España. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Kerouac, Jack
1975  En la Carretera. Orig. On the Road, translated by Horacio Quinto. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
1977  El libro de los sueños. Orig. Book of Dreams, translated by José Manuel Álvarez Flórez. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Leary, Timothy
1978  Confesiones de un adicto a la esperanza. Orig. Confessions of a Hope Fiend, translated by Eloi Riubugent Alsina. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Leary, Timothy, Ralph Metzner, and Richard Alpert
1976  El libro tibetano de los muertos. Orig. The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on The Tibetan Book of the Dead, translated by Horacio Quinto. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
London, Jack
1977  La peste escarlata y otras narraciones. Orig. The Scarlet Plague, translated by Horacio Quinto. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Louis, Christian
1979  Sábado noche en el barrio de mis sueños. Orig. Samedi soir, la banlieue de mes rêves [Saturday night in the neighbourhood of my dreams], translated by Nuria Guardiet. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Lundwall, Sam J.
1977  Siempre Lady Macbeth. Orig. Tio sånger och alltid Lady Macbeth [Always Lady Macbeth], translated by Birgitta Sandberg. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
1978  Huésped en la casa de Frankenstein. Orig. Gäst i Frankensteins hus [Guest in Frankenstein’s house], translated by Birgitta Sandberg and Jaime Rosal. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Moorcock, Michael
1980  El libro de los mártires. Orig. Moorcock’s Book of Martyrs, translated by José Manuel Álvarez Flórez and Ángela Pérez. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Moorcock, Michael, and Michael Butterworth
1978  El tiempo de los señores halcones. Orig. The Time of the Hawklords, translated by José Manuel Álvarez Flórez and Ángela Pérez. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Morrison, Jim
1977  Señores y nuevas criaturas. Orig. The Lords and the New Creatures, translated by Birgitta Sandberg. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Núñez, Raúl
1979 Derrama whisky sobre tu amigo muerto [Pour whisky on your dead friend]. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Patchen, Kenneth
1981  Memorias de un pornógrafo tímido. Orig. Memoirs of a Shy Pornographer, translated by Antonio-Prometeo Moya. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Pitigrilli
[pseud.] 1982  Cocaína. Orig. Cocaina [Cocaine], translated by José Ramón Márquez. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Portillo, Miguel J., and Carlos Arnal
1977 ¿Viaje al Edén?: Turquía, Afghanistan, Kathmandu, India, Ceylan… [Trip to Eden?: Turkey, Afghanistan, Kathmandu, India, Ceylon…]. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Shelton, Gilbert
1977  Las famosas aventuras de los Freak Brothers. Orig. The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers, translated by Jaime Rosal and Luis Vigil. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Thompson, Hunter S.
1979  Miedo y asco en Las Vegas: Un viaje salvaje al corazón del sueño americano. Orig. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream, translated by José Manuel Álvarez Flórez and Ángela Pérez. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Thoreau, Henry David
1976  Walden o la vida en los bosques. Orig. Walden; or, Life in the Woods, translated by Doroteo Arango. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
VV.AA 1975 El Rrollo [The Sscene]. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
VV.AA
1976 Mosik, apuntes y comix sobre la música actual [Mosik, notes and comix on current music]. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Vigil, Luis
ed. 1978 S/M 1: Antología de la historieta sadomasoquista [S/M 1: Anthology of sadomasochistic comic strips]. Translated by Luis Vigil. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
ed. 1978 S/M 2: Antología del sadomasoquismo [S/M 2: Anthology of sadomasochism]. Translated by Luis Vigil. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Voltaire
1976  Tratado sobre la tolerancia. Orig. Traité sur la tolerance (translated in English as Treatise on Tolerance), translated by Nuria Guardiet. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Wilson, Steve
1979  El viajero perdido. Orig. The Lost Traveller, translated by José Manuel Álvarez Flórez and Ángela Pérez. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar
Wish, Silvester
[pseud] 1978 Jack Kerouac: Biografía de una generación [Jack Kerouac: Biography of a generation]. Barcelona: Producciones Editoriales.Google Scholar

Secondary sources

Abellán, Manuel L.
1980 Censura y creación literaria en España (1939–1976) [Censorship and literary creation in Spain]. Barcelona: Ediciones Península.Google Scholar
Algaba Pérez, Blanca
2020 “On the ‘Movida Madrileña’ Cultural Movement: An Approach to Youth Culture from a History Perspective.” Pasado y memoria: Revista de historia contemporánea [Past and memory: Journal of contemporary history] 21: 319–329. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Almerini, Katia
2015 “La irrupción del feminismo en el cómic español de los setenta [The emergence of feminism in the 1970s Spanish comic].” Anuario del Departamento de Historia y Teoría del Arte [Yearbook of the History and Art Theory Department] 27: 213–229.Google Scholar
Altarriba, Antonio
2002 “La historieta española de 1960 a 2000 [The Spanish comic from 1960 to 2000].” In Historietas, comics y tebeos españoles [Spanish cartoons and comics], edited by Viviane Alary, 76–121. Toulouse: Presses Universitaires du Mirail.Google Scholar
Amat, Kiko
2008 “Contra todo y contra todos [Against everything and everybody].” La vanguardia [The vanguard], July 2 2008: 30.Google Scholar
Baldó, Marc
2015 “Rebeldía y regeneración de la universidad [Rebelliousness and regeneration of the university].” In Fernando Moreno Barberá: Un arquitecto para la universidad [Fernando Moreno Barberá: An architect for university], edited by Aneta Vasileva Ivanova, 32–46. Valencia: Universitat de València, Servei de Publicacions.Google Scholar
Cook, Roy T.
2017 “Underground and Alternative Comics.” In The Routledge Companion to Comics, edited by Frank Bramlett, Roy T. Cook, and Aaron Meskin, 34–43. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Costa, Jordi
2018 Cómo acabar con la contracultura: Una historia subterránea de España (1970–2016) [How to end counterculture: An underground history of Spain (1970–2016)]. Barcelona: Taurus.Google Scholar
Costa, José Manuel
1980 “Desaparece por problemas económicos la revista ‘Star’ [Magazine ‘Star’ disappears due to financial problems].” El País, March 28 1980 https://​elpais​.com​/diario​/1980​/03​/28​/cultura​/323046006​_850215​.html
De España, Ramón
2019 “Lejos del mundanal ruido [Far from the madding crowd].” El Periódico, February 11, 2019. https://​www​.elperiodico​.com​/es​/barcelona​/20190211​/barceloneando​-lejos​-mundanal​-ruido​-7298367
del Val, Fernán
2013 “El rock español de los 80: Del underground a la institucionalización [1980s Spanish rock: From underground to mainstream].” In Mora and Viñuela (2013, 39–52).Google Scholar
Dopico, Pablo
2005 El cómic underground español, 1970–1980 [The Spanish underground comic, 1970–1980]. Madrid: Cátedra.Google Scholar
2011 “Esputos de papel: La historieta ‘underground’ española [Paper spits: The Spanish ‘underground’ comic].” ARBOR ciencia, pensamiento y cultura [ARBOR science, thought and culture] 187 (Extra 2): 169–181. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Durán Giménez-Rico, Isabel
1994 “Lo masculino y lo femenino en la cancion ligera: Una audición comparativa [The male and the female in melodic song: A comparative listening].” In Género y sexo en el discurso artístico [Gender and sex in artistic discourse], edited by José Luis Camarés and Santiago González, 257–284. Oviedo: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Oviedo.Google Scholar
Esteban, José María, and January Ruiz
2013 “El rock en la prensa escrita: Pasado, presente y futuro [Rock in printed media: Past, present and future].” In Mora and Viñuela (2013, 173–185).Google Scholar
Farré, Natàlia
2016 “Cuando el precio no es excusa [When price is not an excuse].” El Periódico, December 20 2016 https://​www​.elperiodico​.com​/es​/barcelona​/20161220​/exposicion​-h2o​-juan​-jose​-fernandez​-barceloneando​-5703634
Fernández, Fruela
2012 “De la profesionalización a la invisibilidad: Las mujeres en el sector de la traducción editorial [From professionalism to invisibility: Women translators in the publishing field].” TRANS: Revista de traductología [TRANS: Translation journal] 16: 49–64. https://​revistas​.uma​.es​/index​.php​/trans​/article​/view​/3211​/2961
Fernández, Juan José
ed. 2007 Star: La contracultura de los 70 [ Star: The 1970s counterculture]. Barcelona: Ediciones Glénat.Google Scholar
2007 “Prólogo: Mucho más de 25 años de Star [Foreword: Much more than 25 years of Star ].” In Fernández (2007, 7–8).Google Scholar
García Lloret, Pepe
2006 Psicodelia, hippies y underground en España (1965–1980) [Psychodelia, hippies and underground in Spain (1965–1980)]. Zaragoza: Zona de Obras.Google Scholar
Gómez-Font, Álex
2013 “Cataluña y el rock [Catalonia and rock].” In Mora and Viñuela (2013, 123–138).Google Scholar
Gonzalo, Jaime
2009–2014 Poder Freak: Una crónica de la contracultura [Freak power: A chronicle of counterculture]. 3 vols. Leioa: Libros Crudos.Google Scholar
Gutiérrez Lanza, Camino
2015 “Retranslation and Counterculture in Post-Francoist and Modern-day Spain: Woody Guthrie’s Bound for Glory in Star Books (1977) and Global Rhythm Press (2009).” Quaderns de filologia: Estudis literaris [Philology notebooks: Literary studies] 20: 125–144.Google Scholar
Gutiérrez Lanza, Camino, Sergio Lobejón Santos, and Juan Ramón Rodríguez de Lera
2021 “Traducción y censura en los comix de Especial Star-Books (1975–1982) [Translation and censorship of the Star-Books Special comix (1975–1982)”. Estudios de traducción [Translation studies] 11: 95–106. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Harvey, Simon
2000 “Introduction.” In Voltaire [pseud.], Treatise on Tolerance [orig. Traité sur la tolérance ], edited and translated by Simon Harvey, vi–xix. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Healey, Robin
2019 Italian Literature since 1900 in English Translation: An Annotated Bibliography 1929–2016. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Julià, Ignacio
2007 “Rockeros de porcelana, marginales de salón [Porcelain rockers, lounge marginals].” In Fernández (2007, 15–16).Google Scholar
Labrador Méndez, Germán
2017 Culpables por la literatura: Imaginación política y contracultura en la transición española (1968–1986) [Guilty by literature: Political imagination and counterculture in the Spanish transition (1968–1986)]. Madrid: Akal.Google Scholar
Lobejón Santos, Sergio
2015 “English–Spanish Bilingual Translations of Poetry in Franco’s Spain.” In And Translation Changed the World (And the World Changed Translation), edited by Alberto Fuertes and Esther Torres-Simón, 47–60. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar
López Poy, Manuel
2016 Bob Dylan: Vida, canciones, compromiso, conciertos clave y discografía [Bob Dylan: Life, songs, commitment, key concerts and discography]. Barcelona: Ma non troppo.Google Scholar
Manrique, Diego A.
2007 “Una visión charnega [An outsider’s take].” In Fernández (2007, 21–22).Google Scholar
2008 “Un milagro llamado ‘Star’ [A miracle called ‘Star’].” El País, March 7 2008: 114–115. https://​elpais​.com​/diario​/2008​/03​/07​/tentaciones​/1204917773​_850215​.html
2013 “Las mejores letanías [The best litanies].” El País, May 11 2013 https://​blogs​.elpais​.com​/planeta​-manrique​/2013​/05​/las​-mejores​-letanias​.html
Marín, Adolfo, and Ángel Vicioso
2006 “Bowie: Un mortal con potencial de superhombre [Bowie: A mortal with superman potential].” In David Bowie: Canciones [David Bowie: Songs], vol. 1, 5th ed., 5–8. Madrid: Editorial Fundamentos.Google Scholar
Martín, Antonio
2004 “Nacimiento y primeros pasos de El Rrollo enmascarado [Birth and first steps of The masked Sscene ].” Tebeosfera. http://​www​.tebeosfera​.com​/1​/Documento​/Articulo​/ElRrollo​/nacimiento​.htm
Martín García, Oscar J., and Francisco J. Rodríguez Jiménez
2015 “The Engaging Power of English-Language Promotion in Franco’s Spain.” Contemporary European History 24 (3): 415–433. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mora, Kiko, and Eduardo Viñuela
eds. 2013 Rock around Spain: Historia, industria, escenas y medios de comunicación [Rock around Spain: History, industry, scenes and media]. Lleida: Edicions de la Universitat de Lleida.Google Scholar
Moreno Vozmediano, Alfredo
2018 “Precios de los años 80. ¿Cuánto costaba…? [Prices in the 1980s. How much did … cost?]” En segunda persona: Cultura popular para compartir [In second person: Popular culture to share], April 30 2018 http://​amvozmediano​.blogspot​.com​/2018​/04​/precios​-anos​-80​.html
Pack, Sasha D.
2006 Tourism and Dictatorship: Europe’s Peaceful Invasion of Franco’s Spain. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pardellas Velay, Rosamna
2009 El arte como obsesión: La obra poética de Aníbal Núñez en el contexto de la poesía española de los años 70 y 80 [Art as obsession: The poetic work of Aníbal Núñez in the context of the Spanish poetry of the 1970s and 1980s]. Madrid: Verbum.Google Scholar
Pujagut, Jaime
2007 “Mirando hacia atrás sin/con ira [Look back without/in anger].” In Fernández (2007, 35–36).Google Scholar
Redero San Román, Manuel
2017 “El papel de la izquierda en el tardofranquismo y la primera etapa de la Transición Política [The role of the left in the late Francoist period and the first stage of the political transition].” In Adolfo Suárez y la transición política [Adolfo Suárez and the political transition], edited by Manuel San Román Redero, 55–99. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rivas, José
2007  Los 70 a destajo: Ajoblanco y libertad [Flat out 70s: Garlic Soup and freedom]. Barcelona: RBA Libros.Google Scholar
Rodríguez González, Félix
2002 Comunicación y cultura juvenil [Communication and youth culture]. Barcelona: Ariel.Google Scholar
Rodríguez Tejada, Sergio
2009 Zonas de libertad: Dictadura Franquista y movimiento estudiantil en la Universidad de Valencia, vol. 2 (1965–1975) [Zones of freedom: Franco’s dictatorship and the student movement at the University of Valencia, vol. 2 (1965–1975)]. Valencia: Publicacions de la Universitat de València.Google Scholar
Rosal, Jaime
2007 “ Star, una quimera underground [ Star, an underground chimera].” In Fernández (2007, 37–38).Google Scholar
Rosenkranz, Patrick
2008 Rebel Visions: The Underground Comix Revolution (1963–1975). Seattle: Fantagraphics Books.Google Scholar
Star
1977 “Contra todo y contra todos [Against everything and everybody].” Star 26: 4.Google Scholar
Trigilio, Tony
2007 “ Howl .” In Encyclopedia of Beat Literature: The Essential Guide to the Lives and Works of the Beat Writers – Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsburg [sic], William Burroughs, and Many More, edited by Kurt Hemmer, 139–140. New York: Facts On File.Google Scholar
Tymoczko, Maria
2002 “Connecting the Two Infinite Orders: Research Methods in Translation Studies.” In Crosscultural Transgressions: Research Models in Translation Studies II: Historical and Ideological Issues, edited by Theo Hermans, 9–25. Manchester: St Jerome.Google Scholar
Usó, Juan Carlos
1996 Drogas y cultura de masas: España, 1855–1995 [Drugs and mass culture: Spain, 1855–1995]. Madrid: Taurus.Google Scholar
Valencia-García, Louie Dean
2018/2020 Antiauthoritarian Youth Culture in Francoist Spain: Clashing with Fascism. London: Bloomsbury Academic.Google Scholar
Valiño García, Xavier
2010 A censura na producción fonográfica da música pop durante o franquismo [Censorship in the phonographic production of pop music during Francoism]. PhD diss. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela.
Vendrell, Ramón
2008 “Libertinaje en el quiosco [Debauchery at the newsagent’s].” El periódico, January 26 2008 https://​www​.elperiodico​.com​/es​/actualidad​/20080126​/libertinaje​-en​-el​-quiosco​-218494
Vidal-Folch, Ignacio
2007 “Star-Books.” In Fernández (2007, 27).Google Scholar
Vilches, Gerardo
2021 “Satirical Panels against Censorship: A Battle that Raged During the Spanish Transition.” In Spanish Comics: Historical and Cultural Perspectives, edited by Anne Magnussen, 37–57. New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar

Star-Books catalogue sources

Archivo General de la Administración, Biblioteca Nacional de España
Accessed May 25, 2020. http://​www​.bne​.es​/es​/Catalogos/
Catálogo Colectivo de Bibliotecas Públicas
Accessed May 25, 2020. http://​catalogos​.mecd​.es​/CCBIP​/ccbipopac/
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Accessed May 25, 2020. https://​www​.iso​.org​/standard​/22109​.html
Libros Alcaná
Accessed May 25, 2020. https://​www​.libros​-antiguos​-alcana​.com
Red de Bibliotecas Universitarias Españolas
Accessed May 25, 2020. https://​www​.rebiun​.org
Tebeosfera
Accessed May 25, 2020. https://​www​.tebeosfera​.com/
Todocolección
Accessed May 25, 2020. https://​www​.todocoleccion​.net/