With the acceleration of literary and cultural globalization, cross-border flows of literary works become increasingly frequent and significant. These are impossible without translation; as Venuti (2013, 193) argues, it is translation that “enables the international reception of literary texts.” However, translation is embedded in the power relations among national states and their languages. The international circulation of literary works among different languages facilitated by translation can thus be seen as “unequal exchanges that express relations of domination” (Heilbron and Sapiro 2007, 95). Moreover, translation depends on “a plurality of agents and state or commercial bodies — for mediation, funding, publishing, promotion, marketing — which intervene in the circuits of production and distribution for translated books” (Brisset 2010, 73). The agents of translation act as cultural gatekeepers and brokers who exert a significant influence on the selection, production, and consecration of translation in the target context (Milton and Bandia 2009; Roig-Sanz and Meylaerts 2018; Yu and Zhang 2021).

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