Irony
Table of contents
What is irony? How does it differ from sarcasm and cynicism? According to Kreuz, irony may be used to comment on odd juxtapositions of events (e.g., the person who dies the day after winning a lottery; the memory expert who forgets where his car is parked); sarcasm is the use of irony to remind others of such juxtapositions (e.g., the friend who has not been helpful; the waiter who has not been attentive); cynicism refers to the chronic interpretation of events as ironic, and the expression of these events via sarcasm.
References
Ackerman, P.B.
Attardo, S.
1999 Irony and indirect speech. Pragma99: International Pragmatics Conference on Pragmatics and Negotiation. Tel Aviv University and The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Barbe, K.
Bihrle, M.A., H.H. Brownell, J. Powelson & H. Gardner
Bredin, H.
Brown, P. & S.C. Levinson
Brown, R.L.J.
Brownell, H.H., D. Michel, J. Powelson & H. Gardner
Brownell, H.H., H.H. Potter, A.M. Bihrle & H. Gardner
Burgess, C. & C. Chiarello
Carston, R. & U. Seiji
Capelli, C., N. Nakagawa & C. Madden
Clark, H.H. & R. Gerrig
Coates, L.
1992 A collaborative theory of inversion: Irony in dialogue. Paper presented at the International Communication Association, Miami.
Cole, P.
Colston, H.L.
Colston, H.L. & R.W. Gibbs
Colston, H.L. & S.B. Keller
Colston, H.L. & J. O’brien
1998 Contrast effects in the pragmatic accomplishments of irony and understatement. Poster session presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Society, Washington, D. C.
Conti, D. & L. Camras
Crawford, M.
Creusere, M.A.
Cutler, A.
1974 On saying what you mean without meaning what you say. In M.W. Lagaly , R.A. Fox & A. Bruck (eds.) Papers form the Tenth regional Meeting: 117–127. Chicago Linguistic Society. BoP![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Curcó, C.
1997 The pragmatics of humorous interpretations: A Relevance-Theoretic approach. Unpublished Ph.D. diss. University College of London. MetBib
Dascal, M.
De Groot, S.A., J. Kaplan, E. Rosenblatt, S. Dews & E. Winner
1995 Understanding versus discriminating nonliteral utterances: Evidence for a dissociation. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 10: 255–273.
MetBib![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Dews, S., J. Kaplan & E. Winner
Dews, S. & E. Winner
1995 Muting the meaning: A social function of irony. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 10: 3–19.
MetBib![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
1997 Attributing meaning to deliberately false utterances: The case of irony. In C. Mandell & A. Mccabe (eds.) The problem of meaning: Behavioral and cognitive perspectives: 377–414. Elsevier.
BoP![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
1999 Obligatory processing of the literal and nonliteral meanings of ironic utterances. Journal of Pragmatics 31(12): 1579–1599.
BoP![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ducas, G.
Fodor, J.
Gibbs, W.R.
Gibbs, W.R. & J. O’brien
Gibbs, W.R., J. O’brien & S. Doolittle
1995 Inferring meanings that are not intended: Speakers’ intentions and irony comprehension. Discourse Processes 20: 187–203.
BoP![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Giora, R.
1997 Understanding figurative and literal language: The graded salience hypothesis. Cognitive Linguistics 7(1): 183–206.
MetBib![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
1998 The politics of indirectness. Women’s Forum Conference. Tel Aviv University.
Giora, R. & O. Fein
Giora, R., O. Fein & T. Schwartz
Giora, R. & I. Gur
1998 Irony in conversation: The graded salience hypothesis. Ms. Tel Aviv University.
Giora, R., E. Zaidel, N. Soroker, G. Batori & A. Kasher
2000 Differential effects of right and left hemispheric damage on understanding sarcasm and metaphor. Metaphor and Symbol 15: 63–83.
BoP![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Glucksberg, R. Kreuz & S.H. Rho
Grice, H.P.
1975 Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (eds.) (1975) Syntax and Semantics Vol. 3: Speech acts: 41–58. Academic Press. BoP![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Haiman, J.
Happé, F.G.E.
Hulstijn, J. & A. Nijholt
Hymes, D.
Jardon, D.
Jorgensen, J.G.
Jorgensen, J.G., A. Miller & D. Sperber
1984 Test of the mention theory of irony. Journal of Experimental psychology: General 113: 112–120.
MetBib![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kaplan, A.J., H.H. Brownell, J.R. Jacobs & H. Gardner
Katz, N.A.
Katz, A.N. & C.J. Lee
Katz, A.N. & P.M. Pexman
Keenan, J., B. Macwinney & D. Meyhew
1997 Pragmatics in memory. A study of natural conversation. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 16: 549–560.
BoP![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kotthoff, H.
1998 Responding to conversational irony. Paper presented at AILA conference.
1999 Gender and joking: On the complexities of women’s image politics in humorous narratives. Journal of Pragmatics: 31(11).
BoP![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kreuz, J.R. & S. Glucksberg
1989 How to be sarcastic: The echoic reminder theory of verbal irony. Journal of Experimental psychology: General 118: 374–386.
MetBib![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kreuz, J.R., M.A. Kassler, L. Coppenrath & B.M. Allen
Kreuz, J.R., D.L. Long, M.B. Church
1991 On being ironic: Pragmatic and mnemonic implications. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 3(6): 149–162.
MetBib![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kreuz, J.R. & R. Roberts
1995 Two cues for verbal irony: Hyperbole and the ironic tone of voice. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 10: 21–31.
MetBib![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kumon-Nakamura, S., S. Glucksberg & M. Brown
Lee, J.C. & A.N. Katz
Leech, G.
Littman, D.C. & J.L. Mey
1991 The nature of irony: Toward a computational model of irony. Journal of Pragmatics 15: 131–151.
MetBib![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Martin, R.
Mcdonald, S. & S. Pearce
Milosky, L.M. & J.A. Ford
Nelson, K.E. & K. Nelson
Onifer, W. & D.A. Swinney
Pexman, P., T. Ferretti and A. Katz
2000 Discourse factors that influence irony detection during on-line reading. Discourse Processes, 29(3).
BoP![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rayner, K., J.M. Pacht & S.A. Duffy
Récanati, F.
Rosenblatt, E., D. Swinney, H. Gardner & E. Winner
1987 Online processing of metaphor and irony. Unpublished ms.
Schwoebel, J., S. Dews, E. Winner, E.K. Srinivas
2000 Obligatory Processing of the Literal Meaning of Ironic Utterances: Further Evidence. Metaphor and Symbol 15: 47–61.
BoP![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Searle, J.
Simpson, B.G.
Sperber, D.
1984 Verbal irony: Pretense or echoic mention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 113: 130–136.
MetBib![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Stringfellow, F.H.
Swinney, D.A.
Tittler, J.
Turner, N.E. & A.N. Katz
Utsumi, A.
Vološinov, S.V.N.
Vosniadou, S.
1989 Analogical reasoning as a mechanism in knowledge acquisition: A developmental perspective. In S. Vosniadou & A. Ortony (eds.) 1989 Similarity and analogical reasoning: 413–437. Cambridge University Press.
MetBib![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Weizman, E.
1984a Some register characteristics of journalistic language: Are they universals? Applied Linguistics V(1): 39–50.
BoP![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
1984b Identifying implied referents: Textual and pragmatic factors in information processing. Applied Linguistics V(3): 264–274.
BoP![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Weizman, E. & M. Dascal
1991 On clues and cues: Strategies of text understanding. Journal of literary semantics XX(1): 18–30.
BoP![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wilson, D. & D. Sperber
Winner, E.
1988 The point of words: Children’s understanding of metaphor and irony. Harvard University Press. BoP![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Winner, E., H. Brownell, F. Happé, A. Blum & D. Pincus
Yamanasi, M.
1998 Some issues in the treatment of irony and related tropes. In R. Carston & S. Uchida (eds.): 271–281. MetBib![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)