Language ideologies

Paul V. Kroskrity
Table of contents

This entry briefly explores ‘language ideologies’ as beliefs, feelings, and conceptions about language structure and use which often index the political economic interests of individual speakers, ethnic and other interest groups, and nation states. These conceptions, whether explicitly articulated or embodied in communicative practice, represent incomplete, or ‘partially successful’, attempts to rationalize language usage; such rationalizations are typically multiple, context-bound, and necessarily constructed from the sociocultural experience of the speaker. This is a comparatively recent trend largely centered in, but hardly limited to, North American linguistic anthropological research. Though much of the work in this tradition is contemporaneous with the development among discourse analysts of Critical Discourse Analysis (e.g. the work of Norman Fairclough, Ruth Wodak, and Teun van Dijk) which represents a shared concern with power and social inequality (Blommaert & Bulcaen 2000), it is nevertheless a discrete movement with its own distinctive history, theoretical relevances, and substantive foci.

Full-text access is restricted to subscribers. Log in to obtain additional credentials. For subscription information see Subscription & Price.

References

Alonso, A.M.
1994The Politics of Space, Time, and Substance: State Formation. Annual Review of Anthropology 23: 379–405. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Anderson, B.
1991 [1983]Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. Verso. Google Scholar
Barrett, R.
2006Language Ideology and Racial Inequality: Competing functions of Spanish in an Anglo-owned Mexican Restaurant. Language in Society 35: 163–204. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Bauman, R. & C.L. Briggs
2000Language Philosophy as Language Ideology: John Locke and Johann Gottfried Herder. In P. Kroskrity (ed.): 139–204. School of American Research. Google Scholar
2004Voices of Modernity: Language Ideologies and the Politics of Inequality. Cambridge University Press. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Blom, J.-P. & J.J. Gumperz
1972Social Meaning in Linguisic Structures: Code-switching in Norway. In J.J. Gumperz & D. Hymes (eds.) Directions in Sociolinguistics: 407–34. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Google Scholar
Blommaert, J.
1999aThe Debate is Open. In J. Blommaert (ed.): 1–38. Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
1999bState Ideology and Language in Tanzania. Rudiger Köppe Verlag.  BoPGoogle Scholar
2004Grassroots Historiography and the Problem of Voice: Tshibumba’s Histoire du Zaire . Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 14: 6–23. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(ed.) 1999Language Ideological Debates. Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Blommaert, J. & C. Bulcaen
2000Critical Discourse Analysis. Annual Review of Anthropology 29: 447–66. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bloomfield, L.
1933Language. Henry Holt.  BoPGoogle Scholar
1944Secondary and Tertiary Responses to Language. Language 20: 44–55. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Boas, F.
1911Introduction. In F. Boas (ed.) Handbook of North American Indian Languages: 1–83. Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology, vol. 40.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, P.
1991Language and Symbolic Power. Harvard University Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Briggs, C.L.
1996Conflict, Language Ideologies, and Privileged Arenas of Discursive Authority in Warao Dispute Mediation. In C.L. Briggs (ed.) Disorderly Discourse: Narrative, Conflict, and Inequality: 204–242. Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
1998“You're a Liar — You're Just Like a Woman!”: Constructing Dominant Ideologies of Language in Warao Men's Gossip. In B.B. Schieffelin et al. (eds.): 229–55. Google Scholar
Bucholtz, M.
1999You da man: Narrating the Racial Other in the Linguistic Production of White Masculinity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 3(4): 443–460. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Bucholtz, M. & S. Trechter
2001 (eds.). Discourses of Whiteness. Special Issue of Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 11(1). Google Scholar
Bunte, P.A.
2009“You Keep Not Listening With Your Ears”: Ideology, Language Socialization, and Paiute Identity. In P. Kroskrity & M. Field (eds.): 172–189. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cameron, D.
2007Language Endangerment and Verbal Hygiene. In A. Duchene & M. Heller (eds.) Discourses of Endangerment: 268–285. Continuum. Google Scholar
Cavanaugh, J.R.
2004Remembering and Forgetting: Ideologies of Language Loss in Northern Italian Town. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 14: 24–38. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2006Little Women and Vital Champions: Gendered Language Shift in a Northern Italian Town. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 16: 194–210. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2009Living Memory: the Social Aesthetics of Language in a Northern Italian Town. Wiley-Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Collins, J.
1996Socialization to Text: Structure and Contradiction in Schooled Literacy. In M. Silverstein & G. Urban (eds.) Natural Histories of Discourse: 203–228. University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar
1999The Ebonics Controversy in Context: Literacies, Subjectivities, and Language Ideologies in the United States. In J. Blommaert (ed.): 201–234. Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Collins, J. & S. Slembrouck
2006“You Don’t Know What They Translate”: Institutional Procedure, and Literacy Practice in Neighborhood Clinics in Urban Flanders. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 16: 249–68. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Coupland, N. & A. Jaworski
2004Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Metalanguage: Reflexivity, Evaluation, and Ideology. In A. Jaworski, N. Coupland & D. Galasinski (eds.) Metalanguage: Social and Ideological Perspectives: 15–51. Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Cutler, C.A.
1999Yorkville Crossing: White Teens, Hip Hop, and African American English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 3(4): 428–442. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dauenhauer, N.M & R. Dauenhauer
1998Technical, emotional, and ideological issues in reversing language shift. In L. Grenoble & L. Whaley (eds.) Endangered Languages: 57–98. Cambridge University Press. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Dorian, N.
1998Western Language Ideologies and small language prospects. In L. Grenoble & L. Whaley (eds.) Endangered Languages: 3–21. Cambridge University Press. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Digiacomo, S.M.
1999Language Ideological Debates in an Olympic City: Barcelona 1992–1996. In J. Blommaert (ed.): 105–42. Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Errington, J.
1998Indonesian('s) Development: On the state of a language of state. In B.B. Schieffelin et al. (eds.): 271–84. Google Scholar
2000Indonesian('s) Authority. In P.V. Kroskrity (ed.): 205–27. Google Scholar
Gal, S.
1979Language Shift: Social Determinants of Language Change in Bilingual Austria. Academic Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar
1989Language and Political Economy. Annual Review of Anthropology 18: 345–67. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gal, S. & K. Woolard
2001Languages and Publics: the Making of Authority. St. Jerome Publishing.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Gellner, E.
1983On Nations and Nationalism. Cornell University Press. Google Scholar
Giddens, A.
1984The Constitution of Society. University of California Press. Google Scholar
Gomez De Garcia, J., M. Axelrod & J. Lachler
(2009). “English is the Dead Language”. In P. Kroskrity & M. Field (eds.) 99 122
Gramsci, A.
1971Selections from the Prison Notebooks. International Press. Google Scholar
Haviland, J.
2003Ideologies of Language: Some Reflections on Language and U.S. Law. American Anthropologist 105: 764–774. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hill, J.H.
1985The Grammar of Consciousness and the Consciousness of Grammar. American Ethnologist 12: 725–737. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1998“Today There is No Respect”: Nostalgia, “Respect”, and Oppositional Discourse in Mexicano (Nahuatl) Language Ideology. In B.B. Schieffelin et al. (eds.): 103–22. Google Scholar
1999Language, Race, and the White Public Space. American Anthropologist 100: 680–89. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2002“Expert Rhetorics” in Advocacy for Endangered Languages: Who is Listening and What Do They Hear? Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 12: 119–133. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2008The Language of Everyday White Racism. Wiley-Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hill, J.H. & K.C. Hill
1986Speaking Mexicano: Dynamics of Syncretic Language in Central Mexico. University of Arizona Press. Google Scholar
Hoffman, K.E.
2008We Share Walls: Language, Land, and Gender in Berber Morocco. Blackwell. Google Scholar
Hymes, D.H.
1964Introduction: Toward Ethnographies of Communication. In J.J. Gumperz & D.H. Hymes (eds.) The Ethnography of Communication: 1–34. American Anthropologist 66(6), Part 2. Google Scholar
1974oundations in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach. University of Pennsylvania Press. Google Scholar
Inoue, M.
2004What Does Language Remember?: Indexical Inversion and the Naturalized History of Japan. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 14: 39–56. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Irvine, J.T.
1989When Talk Isn't Cheap: Language and Political Economy. American Ethnologist 16: 248–67. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Irvine, J.T. & S. Gal
2000Language Ideology and Linguistic Differentiation. In P.V. Kroskrity (ed.): 35–83. Google Scholar
Jaffe, A.
1999aIdeologies in Action: Language Politics in Corsica. Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
1999bLocating Power: Corsican Translators and Their Critics. In J. Blommaert (ed.): 1–38.  BoPGoogle Scholar
2003Misrecognition Unmasked?: “Polynomic” Language, Expert Statuses and Orthographic Practices in Corsican Schools. Pragmatics 13: 515–537. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Jakobson, R.
1957The Framework of Language. University of Michigan Press. Google Scholar
1960Concluding Statement: Linguistics and Poetics. In T. Sebeok (ed.) Style in Language: 350–73. MIT Press. Google Scholar
Keane, W.
2007Christian Moderns: Freedom and Fetish in the Mission Encounter. University of California Press. Google Scholar
Kroskrity, P.V.
1993Language, History, and Identity: Ethnolinguistic Studies of the Arizona Tewa. University of Arizona Press. Google Scholar
1998Arizona Tewa Kiva Speech as a Manifestation of a Dominant Language Ideology. In B.B. Schieffelin et al. (eds.): 103–23. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2000Regimenting Languages. In P. Kroskrity (ed.): 1–34. School of American Research. Google Scholar
2009aEmbodying the Reversal of Language Shift: Agency, Incorporation, and Language Ideological Change in the Western Mono Community of Central California. In P.V. Kroskrity & M. Field, (eds).: 190–210. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2009bNarrative Reproductions: Ideologies of Storytelling, Authoritative Words, and Generic Regimentation. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 19: 40–56. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(ed.) 2000Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities, and Identities. School of American Research. Google Scholar
Kroskrity, P.V. & M.C. Field
(eds.) 2009Native American Language Ideologies: Beliefs, Practices, and Struggles in Indian Country. University of Arizona Press. Google Scholar
Lemaster, B.
2006Language Contraction, Revitalization, and Irish Women. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 16: 211–28. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lippi-Green, R.
1997English With an Accent: Language, Ideology, and Discrimination in the United States. Routledge.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Loether, C.
2009Language Revitalization and the Manipulation of Language Ideologies: A Case Study. In P.V. Kroskrity & M.C. Field (eds.): 238–255. Google Scholar
Mcewan-Fujita, E.
2010Ideology, Affect, and Socialization in Language Shift and Revitalization: the Experiences of Adults Learning Gaelic in the Western Isles of Scotland. Language in Society 39: 27–64. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Mcintosh, J.
2005Baptismal Essentialisms: Giriama Code Choice and the Reification of Ethnoreligious Boundaries. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 15: 151–170. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Makihara, M.
2007Linguistic Purism in Rapa Nui Political Discourse. In M. Makihara & B. Schieffelin (eds.): 46–69. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Makihara, M. & B. Schieffelin
(eds.) 2007Consequences of Contact: Language Ideologies and the Sociocultural Transformation of Pacific Societies. Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Meek, B.A.
2006And the Injun Goes “How!”: Representations of American Indian English in White Public Space. Language in Society 35: 93–128. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2007Respecting the Language of Elders: Ideological Shift and Linguistic Discontinuity in a Northern Athapascan Community. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 17: 23–43. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mertz, E.
1998Language Ideology and Praxis in U.S. Law School Classrooms. In B. Schieffelin et al. (eds): 149–62. Google Scholar
2007The Language of Law School: Learning “To Talk Like a Lawyer”. Oxford University Press. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Messing, J.
2007Multiple Ideologies and Competing Discourses: Language Shift in Tlaxcala, Mexico. Language in Society 36: 555–577. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Milroy, J. & L. Milroy
1999Authority in Language: Investigating Language Prescription and Standardisation. Routledge.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Moore, P. & D. Tlen
2007Indigenous Linguistics and Land Claims: The Semiotic Projection of Athabaskan Directionals in Elizah Smith's Radio Work. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 17: 266–286. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Morgan, M.J.
2009The Bearer of This Letter: Language Ideologies, Literacy Practices, and the Fort Belknap Indian Community. University of Nebraska Press. Google Scholar
Neely, A. & G. Palmer Jr
2009Which Way is the Kiowa Way? Orthography Choices, Ideologies, and Language Renewal. In P.V. Kroskrity & M.C. Field (eds.): 271–297. Google Scholar
Nevins, E.
2004Learning to Listen: Confronting Two Meanings of Language Loss in the Contemporary White Mountain Apache Speech Community. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 14: 269–288. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ortner, S.B.
1984Theory in Anthropology Since the Sixties. Comparative Studies in Society and History 26: 126–166. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Peirce, C.S.
1931–58Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce. Harvard University Press. Google Scholar
Perley, B.
2009Contingencies of Emergence: Planning Maliseet Language Ideologies. In P.V. Kroskrity & M.C. Field (eds.): 255–270. Google Scholar
Philips, S.
1998Ideology in the Language of Judges. Oxford University Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar
2000Constructing a Tongan Nation-state through Language Ideology in the Courtroom. In P.V. Kroskrity (ed.): 229–57. Google Scholar
Queen, R.
2005“How Many Lesbians Does It Take …”: Jokes, Teasing, and the Negotiation of Stereotypes About Lesbians. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 15: 239–257. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rampton, B.
1995Crossing: Language and Ethnicity Among Adolescants. Longman.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Razfar, A.
2005Language Ideologies in Practice: Repair and Classroom Discourse. Linguistics and Education 16: 404–424. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Reyes, A. & A. Lo
2009Beyond Yellow English. Oxford University Press. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, J.F.
2009Shaming the Shift Generation: Intersecting Ideologies of Family and Linguistic Revitalization in Guatemala. In P.V. Kroskrity & M.C. Field (eds.): 213–237. Google Scholar
Richland, J.B.
2008Arguing With Tradition: the Language of Law in Hopi Tribal Court. University of Chicago Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schieffelin, B.B.
2000Introducing Kaluli Literacy: A Chronology of Influences. In P.V. Kroskrity (ed.): 205–27. Google Scholar
2007Found in Translating: Reflexive Language across Time and Texts in a Bosavi, Papua New Guinea. In M. Makihara & B. Schieffelin (eds.): 140–165. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schieffelin, B.B., K.A. Woolard & P.V. Kroskrity
(eds.) 1998Language Ideologies, Practice and Theory. Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Shankar, S.
2008Speaking Like a Model Minority: “FOB” Styles, Gender, and Racial Meanings Among Desi Teens in Silicon Valley. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 18: 268–289. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Silverstein, M.
1979Language Structure and Linguistic Ideology. In P. Clyne, W. Hanks & C. Hofbauer (eds.) The Elements: 193–248. Chicago Linguistics Society. Google Scholar
1981The Limits of Awareness. Working Papers in Sociolinguistics, no. 84. Southwest Educational Development Library. [Reprinted in A. Duranti (ed.) Linguistic Anthropology: A Reader: 382–402. Blackwell]. Google Scholar
1985Language and the Culture of Gender. In E. Mertz & R. Parmentier (eds.) Semiotic Mediation:219–59. Academic Press. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
1996Monoglot “Standard” in America: Standardization and Metaphors of Linguistic Hegemony. In D. Brenneis & R.S. Macaulay (eds.) The Matrix of Language: 284–306. Westview. Google Scholar
1998The Uses and Utility of Ideology: A Commentary. In B.B. Schieffelin et al. (eds.): 123–145. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
2000Whorfianism and the Linguistic Imagination of Nationality. P.V. Kroskrity (ed.): 85–138. Google Scholar
Smith, B.
2005Ideologies of the Speaking Self in the Psychotherapeutic Theory and Practice of Carl Rogers. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 15: 258–272. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Smith-Hefner, N.J
2009Language Shift, Gender, and Ideologies of Modernity in Central Java, Indonesia. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 19: 57–77. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Spitulnik, D.
1998Mediating Unity and Diversity: the Production of Language Ideologies in Zambian Broadcasting. In B.B. Schieffelin et al. (eds.): 163–188. Google Scholar
2002Alternative Small Media and Communicative Spaces. In .G. Hyden, M. Leslie & F.F. Ogundimu (eds.) Media and Democarcy in Africa: 177–205. Transaction. Google Scholar
Stasch, R.
2007Demon Language: The Otherness of Indonesian in a Papuan Community. In M. Makihara & B. Schieffelin (eds.): 96–124. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Webster, A.
2006From Hoyee to Hajinei: On Some Implications of Feelingful Iconcity and Orthography in Navajo Poetry. Pragmatics 16: 535–549. Google Scholar
2009The Poetics and Politics of Navajo Ideophony in Contemporary Navajo Poetry. Language and Communication 29: 133–151. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Whorf, B.L.
1956Language, Thought, and Reality. MIT Press. Google Scholar
Woolard, K.A.
1985Language Variation and Cultural Hegemony: Toward an Integration of Sociolinguistics and Social Theory. American Ethnologist 2: 738–48. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1989Double Talk: Bilingualism and the Politics of Ethnicity in Catalonia. Stanford University Press. Google Scholar
1998Language Ideology as a Field of Inquiry. In B.B. Schieffelin et al. (eds.): 3–47. Google Scholar
2004Is the Past a Foreign Country?: Time, Language Origins, and the Nation in Early Modern Spain. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 14: 57–80. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Woolard, K.A. & B.B. Schieffelin
1994Language Ideology. Annual Review of Anthropology 23: 55–82. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zentella, A.C.
1997Growing Up Bilingual: Puerto Rican Children in New York. Blackwell.  BoPGoogle Scholar