Introducing relational work in Facebook and discussion boards

Miriam A. Locher, Brook Bolander and Nicole Höhn
Abstract

This paper functions as the introduction to the special issue on ‘relational work in Facebook and discussion boards’. We position our research endeavors within interpersonal pragmatics (see Locher and Graham 2010), by reviewing literature on politeness, impoliteness and relational work in the context of computer-mediated communication. Foregrounding the relational aspect of language, we are particularly interested in establishing the connections between politeness, face and linguistic identity construction. We then position the four papers that form this special issue within this field of research. Two papers contribute to the study of relational work on discussion boards (Kleinke and Boes; Haugh, Chang and Kádár) and two deal with practices on Facebook (Theodoropoulou; Bolander and Locher).

Keywords:
Quick links
A browser-friendly version of this article is not yet available. View PDF
Aarsand, Pal A
(2008) Frame switches and identity performances: Alternating between online and offline. Text & Talk: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Language, Discourse & Communication Studies 28: 147–165. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Androutsopoulos, Jannis
(2006a) Introduction: Sociolinguistics and computer-mediated communication. Journal of Sociolinguistics 10: 419–438. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2006b) Multilingualism, diaspora, and the Internet: Codes and identities on German-based diaspora websites. Journal of Sociolinguistics 10.4: 520–547. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2007) Style online: Doing hip-hop on the German-speaking web. In P. Auer (ed.), Style and Social Identities: Alternative Approaches to Linguistic Heterogeneity. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 279–318.Google Scholar
(2008) Potentials and limitations of discourse-centered online ethnography. Language@Internet, 5, article 8. Retrieved June 6, 2013, from http://​www​.languageatinternet​.org​/articles​/2008​/1610.Google Scholar
(2011) From variation to heteroglossia in the study of computer-mediated discourse. In C. Thurlow & K. Mroczek (eds.), Digital Discourse: Language in the New Media. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 277–298. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Angouri, Jo, and Theodora Tseliga
(2010) "you HAVE NO IDEA WHAT YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT!" From e-disagreement to e-impoliteness in two online fora. Journal of Politeness Research 6.1: 57–82.  BoP DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Arundale, Robert B
(2010) Relating. In M.A. Locher, and S.L. Graham (eds.), Interpersonal Pragmatics. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, pp. 137–167.Google Scholar
Baym, Nancy K
(1995) The performance of humor in computer-mediated communication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 1.2. Retrieved June 6, 2013, from http://​jcmc​.indiana​.edu​/vol1​/issue2​/baym​.html. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1996) Agreements and disagreements in a computer-mediated discussion. Research on Language and Social Interaction 29: 315–346. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
(1998) The emergence of on-line community. In S.G. Jones (ed.), Cybersociety 2.0: Revisiting Computer-Mediated Communication and Community. Thousand Oaks: Sage, pp. 35–68. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bolander, Brook
(2012) Disagreements and agreements in personal/diary blogs: A closer look at responsiveness. Journal of Pragmatics 44.12: 1607–1622. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
(2013) Language and Power in Blogs: Interaction, Disagreements and Agreements Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bolander, Brook, and Miriam A. Locher
(2010) Constructing identity on Facebook: Pilot on a pilot study. In K. Junod, and D. Maillat (eds.), Performing the Self. Tübingen: Narr Francke, pp. 165–185.Google Scholar
(2014) Doing sociolinguistic research on computer-mediated data: A review of four methodological issues. Discourse, Context & Media 3: 14-26. DOI logo.Google Scholar
Bousfield, Derek
(2008) Impoliteness in Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
(2010) Researching impoliteness and rudeness: Issues and definitions. In M.A. Locher, and S.L. Graham (eds.), Interpersonal Pragmatics. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, pp. 101–134.Google Scholar
Bousfield, Derek, and Miriam A. Locher
(eds.) (2008) Impoliteness in Language: Studies on its Interplay with Power in Theory and Practice. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.  BoP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
boyd, Danah M., and Nicole B. Ellison
(2007) Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 13.1: article 11. Retrieved June 6, 2013, from http://​jcmc​.indiana​.edu​/vol13​/issue1​/boyd​.ellison​.html. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Brown, Penelope, and Steven C. Levinson
(1978) Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena. In E.N. Goody (ed.), Questions and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 56–289.Google Scholar
(1987) Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bucholtz, Mary, and Kira Hall
(2005) Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies 7.4–5: 584–614. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Clarke, Matthew
(2009) The discursive construction of interpersonal relations in an online community of practice. Journal of Pragmatics 41: 2333–2344. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Cotrău, Diana R
(2005) Online identity of a local young community. Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai – Philologia 3: 109–116.Google Scholar
Culpeper, Jonathan
(1996) Towards an anatomy of impoliteness. Journal of Pragmatics 25.3: 349–367. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
(2010) Conventionalised impoliteness formulae. Journal of Pragmatics 42: 3232–3245. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
(2011) Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Danet, Brenda
(1998) Text as mask: Gender, play and performance on the Internet. In S. Jones (ed.), CyberSociety 2.0: Revisiting Computer-Mediated Communication and Community. London: Sage, pp. 129–158. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Danet, Brenda, and Susan C. Herring
(eds.) (2007) The Multilingual Internet: Language, Culture, and Communication Online. New York: Oxford University Press. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Darics, Erika
(2010) Politeness in computer-mediated discourse of a virtual team. Journal of Politeness Research 6.1: 129–150.  BoP DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Davies, Bronwyn, and Rom Harré
(1990) Positioning: The social construction of self. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 20.1: 43–63. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
De Fina, Anna
(2010) The negotiation of identities. In M.A. Locher, and S.L. Graham (eds.), Interpersonal Pragmatics. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, pp. 205–224.Google Scholar
Del-Teso-Craviotto, Marisol
(2006) Language and sexuality in Spanish and English dating chats. Journal of Sociolinguistics 10: 460–480. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
DuVal Smith, Anna
(1999) Problems of conflict management in virtual communities. In M. Smith, and P. Kollock (eds.), Communities in Cyberspace. New York: Routledge, pp. 134–163.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope, and Sally McConnell-Ginet
(1992) Communities of practice: Where language, gender, and power all live. In K. Hall, M. Bucholtz, and B. Moonwomon (eds.), Locating Power: Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Women and Language Conference. Berkeley, CA: Women and Language Group, pp. 89–99.Google Scholar
Eelen, Gino
(2001) A Critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Fayard, Anne-Laure, and Gerardine DeSanctis
(2005) Evolution of an online forum for knowledge management professionals: A language game analysis. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 10.4: article 2. Retrieved June 23, 2013, from http://​jcmc​.indiana​.edu​/vol10​/issue4​/fayard​.html. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fraser, Bruce
(1990) Perspectives on politeness. Journal of Pragmatics 14.2: 219–236. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Georgakopoulou, Alexandra
(2006) Postscript: Computer-mediated communication in sociolinguistics. Journal of Sociolinguistics 10: 548–557. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2011) "On for drinkies?": Email cues of participant alignments. Language@Internet, 8, article 4. Retrieved June 23, 2013, from http://​www​.languageatinternet​.org​/articles​/2011​/Georgakopoulou.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving
(1955) On face work: An analysis of ritual elements in social interaction. Psychiatry 18: 213–231. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(ed.) (1967) Interactional Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Goutsos, Dionysis
(2005) The interaction of generic structure and interpersonal relations in two-party e- chat discourse. Language@Internet, 2: article 3. Retrieved June 23, 2013, from http://​www​.languageatinternet​.org​/articles​/2005​/188.Google Scholar
Graham, Sage L
(2007) Disagreeing to agree: Conflict, (im)politeness and identity in a computer- mediated community. Journal of Pragmatics 39.4: 742–759. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
(2008) A manual for (im)politeness?: The impact of the FAQ in electronic communities of practice. In D. Bousfield, and M.A. Locher (eds.), Impoliteness in Language: Studies on its Interplay with Power in Theory and Practice. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, pp. 281–304.Google Scholar
Grice, H. Paul
(1975) Logic and conversation. In P. Cole, and J.L. Morgan (eds.), Syntax and Semantics (Vol. 3 Speech Acts). New York: Academic Press, pp. 41–58.Google Scholar
Halliday, Michael A.K
(1978) Language as a social semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Hardaker, Claire
(2010) Trolling in asynchronous computer-mediated communication: From user discussions to academic definitions. Journal of Politeness Research 6: 215–242.  BoP DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Harrison, Sandra
(2000) Maintaining the virtual community: Use of politeness strategies in an e-mail discussion group. In L. Pemperton, and S. Shurville (eds.), Words on the Web: Computer Mediated Communication. Exeter, UK: Intellect, pp. 69–78.Google Scholar
Haugh, Michael
(2010) When is an email really offensive?: Argumentativity and variability in evaluations of impoliteness. Journal of Politeness Research 6.1: 7–31.  BoP DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Herring, Susan C
(1993) Gender and democracy in computer-mediated communication. Electronic Journal of Communication 3: 1–17. Retrieved August 22, 2012, from http://​www​.cios​.org​/EJCPUBLIC​/003​/2​/00328​.HTML.Google Scholar
(1994) Politeness in computer culture: Why women thank and men flame. In M. Bucholtz, A.C. Liang, L.A. Sutton, and C. Hines (eds.), Cultural Performances: Proceedings of the Third Berkeley Women and Language Conference. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Women and Language Group, pp. 278–294.Google Scholar
(2000) Gender differences in CMC: Findings and implications. Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility Journal 18.1: Retrieved August 22, 2012, from http://​cpsr​.org​/issues​/womenintech​/herring/.Google Scholar
(2003) Gender and power in online communication. In J. Holmes, and M. Meyerhoff (eds.), The Handbook of Language and Gender. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 202–228. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2004) Computer-mediated discourse analysis: An approach to researching online communities. In S.A. Barab, R. Kling, and J.H. Gray (eds.), Designing for Virtual Communities in the Service of Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 338–376. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2007) A faceted classification scheme for computer-mediated discourse. Language@Internet, 4: article 1. Retrieved September 08, 2010, from http://​www​.languageatinternet​.org​/articles​/2007​/761.Google Scholar
Hongladarom, Krisadawan, and Soraj Hongladarom
(2005) Politeness in Thai computer-mediated communication. In R.T. Lakoff, S. Ide, and J.L. Mey (eds.), Broadening the Horizon of Linguistic Politeness. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 145–162. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hübler, Mike T., and Diana C. Bell
(2003) Computer-mediated humor and ethos: Exploring threads of constitutive laughter in online communities. Computers and Composition 20: 277–294. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hymes, Dell
(1974) Foundations in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Ifukor, Presley
(2011) Linguistic marketing in "… a marketplace of ideas": Language choice and intertextuality in a Nigerian virtual community. Pragmatics and Society 2.1: 110–147. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jones, Graham, and Bambi B. Schieffelin
(2009) Talking text and talking back: "My bff Jill?" from boob tube to YouTube. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communiction 14.4: Retrieved June 23, 2013, from http://​onlinelibrary​.wiley​.com​/doi​/10​.1111​/j​.1083​-6101​.2009​.01481​.x​/pdf.Google Scholar
Jones, Graham, Bambi B. Schieffelin, and Rachel Smith
(2011) When friends who talk stalk together: Online gossip as metacommunication. In C. Thurlow, and K. Mroczek (eds.), Digital Discourse: Language in the New Media. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 26–47. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jucker, Andreas H., and Irma Taavitsainen
(2012) Pragmatic variables. In J.M. Hernández-Campoy, and J.C. Conde-Silvestre (eds.), The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 293–306. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kienpointner, Manfred
(1997) Varieties of rudeness. Functions of Language 4: 251–287. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Kiesler, Sara, Jane Siegel, and Timothy McGuire
(1984) Social psychological aspects of computer- mediated communication. American Psychologist 39.10: 1123–1134. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kleinke, Sonja
(2010) Interactive aspects of computer-mediated communication: 'Disagreement' in an English-speaking and a German-speaking public news group. In S. Tanskanen, L. Helasvuo, M. Johannson, and M. Raitaniemi (eds.), Discourses in Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 195–222. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kollock, Peter, and Mark A. Smith
(1996) Managing the virtual commons: Cooperation and conflict in computer communities. In S.C. Herring (ed.), Computer-Mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social and Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 109–128. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(eds.) (1999) Communities in Cyberspace. London: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Korenman, Joan, and Nancy Wyatt
(1996) Group dynamics on an e-mail forum. In S.C. Herring (ed.), Computer-Mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social and Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 225–242. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kouper, Inna
(2010) The pragmatics of peer advice in a LiveJournal community. Language@Internet 7: article 1. Retrieved June 23, 2013, from http://​www​.languageatinternet​.org​/articles​/2010​/2464.Google Scholar
Lachenicht, Lance G
(1980) Aggravating language: A study of abusive and insulting language. Papers in Linguistics: International Journal in Human Communication 13.4: 607–687. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lakoff, Robin T
(1973) The logic of politeness, or minding your p’s and q’s. Chicago Linguistics Society 9: 292–305.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Langlotz, Andreas, and Miriam A. Locher
(2012) Ways of communicating emotional stance in online disagreements. Journal of Pragmatics 44.12: 1591–1606. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Lee, Carmen K.M
(2011) Micro-blogging and status updates on Facebook: Texts and practices. In C. Thurlow, and K. Mroczek (eds.), Digital Discourse: Language in the New Media. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 110–130. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Leech, Geoffrey N
(1983) Principles of Pragmatics. New York: Longman.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Locher, Miriam A
(2006) Polite behavior within relational work: The discursive approach to politeness. Multilingua 25.3: 249–267. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
(2008) Relational work, politeness and identity construction. In G. Antos, E. Ventola, and T. Weber (eds.), Handbook of Interpersonal Communication (Vol. 6 Handbooks of Applied Linguistics). Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, pp. 509–540.Google Scholar
(2010) Introduction: Politeness and impoliteness in computer-mediated communication. Journal of Politeness Research 6: 1–5. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2011) Situated impoliteness: The interface between relational work and identity construction. In B. Davies, M. Haugh, and A.J. Merrison (eds.), Situated Politeness. London: Continuum, pp. 187–208.Google Scholar
(2012) Politeness. In C.E. Chapelle (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Locher, Miriam A., and Brook Bolander
(2014) Relational work and the display of multilingualism in two Facebook groups. In K. Bedijs, C. Maaß, and G. Held (eds.), Facework & Social Media. Münster: Lit- Verlag, pp. 157-191.Google Scholar
(2015) Humour in microblogging: Exploiting linguistic humour strategies for identity construction in two Facebook focus groups. In M. Dynel, and J. Chovanec (eds.), Participation in Public and Social Media Interactions. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 135-155. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Locher, Miriam A., and Sage L. Graham
(2010) Introduction to interpersonal pragmatics. In M.A. Locher, and S.L. Graham (eds.), Interpersonal Pragmatics. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, pp. 1–13. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(eds.) (2010) Interpersonal Pragmatics. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Locher, Miriam A., and Sebastian Hoffmann
(2006) The emergence of the identity of a fictional expert advice-giver in an American Internet advice column. Text and Talk 26: 67–104.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Locher, Miriam A., and Richard J. Watts
(2005) Politeness theory and relational work. Journal of Politeness Research 1: 9–33.  BoP DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2008) Relational work and impoliteness: Negotiating norms of linguistic behaviour. In D. Bousfield, and M.A. Locher (eds.), Impoliteness in Language: Studies on its Interplay with Power in Theory and Practice. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, pp. 77–99.  BoP DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Luchjenbroers, June, and Michelle Aldridge-Waddon
(2011) Paedophiles and politeness in email communications: Community of practice needs that define face-threat. Journal of Politeness Research 7: 21–42.  BoP DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Maricic, Ibolya
(2005) Face in Cyberspace: Facework, (Im)politeness and Conflict in English Discussion Groups. Växjö: Växjö University Press.Google Scholar
Mendoza-Denton, Norma
(2002) Language and identity. In J.K. Chambers, P. Trudgill, and N. Schilling- Estes (eds.), Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford, England: Blackwell, pp. 475–499.Google Scholar
Neurater-Kessels, Manuela
(2013) Impoliteness in Cyberspace: Personally Abusive Reader Responses in Online News Media. Ph.D. thesis, University of Zurich, Switzerland. Available at: http://​opac​.nebis​.ch​/ediss​/20131752​.pdf.Google Scholar
Nishimura, Yukiko
(2010) Impoliteness in Japanese BBS interactions: Observations from message exchanges in two online communities. Journal of Politeness Research 6.1: 33–55.  BoP DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Okamoto, Shigeko
(2010) Politeness in East Asia. In M.A. Locher, and S.L. Graham (eds.), Interpersonal Pragmatics. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, pp. 71–100.Google Scholar
Page, Ruth
(2011) Stories and Social Media: Identities and Interaction. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Papacharissi, Zizi
(ed.) (2011) A Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Planchenault, Gaëlle
(2010) Virtual community and politeness: The use of female markers of identity and solidarity in a transvestites' website. Journal of Politeness Research 6.1: 83–103. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rasulo, Margaret
(2008) The concept of 'identity formation' within online professional learning communities. In M. Solly (ed.), Verbal/visual Narrative Texts in Higher Education. Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 203–228.Google Scholar
Reid, Elizabeth
(1999) Hierarchy and power: Social control in cyberspace. In M. Smith, and P. Kollock (eds.), Communities in Cyberspace. New York: Routledge, pp. 107–133.Google Scholar
Rheingold, Howard
(1993) The Virtual Community. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Schiffrin, Deborah
(1994) Approaches to Discourse. Malden: Blackwell.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Klaus Peter, and Anne Barron
(2008) Where pragmatics and dialectology meet: Introducing variational pragmatics. In K.P. Schneider, and A. Barron (eds.), Variational Pragmatics: A Focus on Regional Varieties in Pluricentric Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 1–32. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Sifianou, Maria
(2010) Linguistic politeness: Laying the foundations. In M.A. Locher, and S.L. Graham (eds.), Interpersonal Pragmatics. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, pp. 17–41.Google Scholar
Simmons, Thomas L
(1994) Politeness Theory in Computer-Mediated Communication: Face-threatening Acts in a "Faceless" Medium (Unpublished master’s thesis, Ashton University, Birmingham, England 1994) Retrieved June 23, 2013, from http://​eric​.ed​.gov​/ERICWebPortal​/contentdelivery​/servlet​/ERICServlet​?accno​=ED381005.
Smith, Christine B., Margaret L. McLaughlin, and Kerry K. Osborne
(1997) Conduct control on Usenet. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2.4: 1–11. Retrieved June 23, 2013, from http://​jcmc​.indiana​.edu​/vol2​/issue4​/smith​.html.Google Scholar
Spencer-Oatey, Helen
(2005) (Im)Politeness, face and perceptions of rapport: Unpackaging their bases and interrelationships. Journal of Politeness Research 1.1: 95–119.  BoP DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2007a) Identity, face and (im)politeness. Journal of Pragmatics 39.4: 635–638. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
(2007b) Theories of identity and the analysis of face. Journal of Pragmatics 39.4: 639–656. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Stommel, Wyke
(2008) Conversation analysis and community of practice as approaches to studying online community. Language@Internet 5: article 5. Retrieved June 23, 2013, from http://​www​.languageatinternet​.org​/articles​/2008​/1537.Google Scholar
Stommel, Wyke, and Tom Koole
(2010) The online support group as a community: A micro-analysis of the interaction with a new member. Discourse Studies 12: 357–378. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Sweetser, Eve E
(1987) The definition of lie: An examination of the folk models underlying a semantic prototype. In D. Holland, and N. Quinn (eds.), Cultural Models in Language and Thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 43–66. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tannen, Deborah, and Anna Marie Trester
(2013) Discourse 2.0. Language and New Media. Georgetown University Press: Georgetown.Google Scholar
Thurlow, Crispin, and Kristine Mroczek
(2011) Introduction: Fresh perspectives on new media sociolinguistics. In C. Thurlow, and K. Mroczek (eds.), Digital Discourse: Language in the New Media. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. xix–xliv. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Turkle, Sherry
(1995) Life on the screen. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Upadhyay, Shiv R
(2010) Identity and impoliteness in computer-mediated reader responses. Journal of Politeness Research 6.1: 105–127.  BoP DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Verschueren, Jeff
(1999) Understanding Pragmatics. London: Arnold.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Walther, Joseph B
(1992) Interpersonal effects in computer-mediated interaction: A relational perspective. Communication Research 19: 52–90. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1996) Computer-mediated communication: Impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal interaction. Communication Research 23.1: 3–43. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Watts, Richard. J
(2003) Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Watts, Richard J
(2010) Linguistic politeness theory and its aftermath: Recent research trails. In M.A. Locher, and S.L. Graham (eds.), Interpersonal Pragmatics (Vol. 6 Handbooks of Pragmatics). Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, pp. 43–70.Google Scholar
Watzlawick, Paul, Janet H. Beavin, and Don D. Jackson
(1967) Pragmatics of Human Communication: A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies and Paradoxes. New York: Norton.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Wenger, Etienne
(1998) Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Weber, H.L
(2011) Missed cues: How disputes can socialize virtual newcomers. Language@Internet 8: article 5. Retrieved June 23, 2013, from http://​www​.languageatinternet​.org​/articles​/2011​/Weber.Google Scholar
Yus, Francisco
(2011) Cyberpragmatics: Internet-Mediated Communication in Context. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Zappavigna, Michele
(2012) Discourse of Twitter and Social Media: How We Use Language to Create Affiliation on the Web. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Zhao, Shanyang, Sherri Grasmuck, and Jason Martin
(2008) Identity construction on Facebook: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior 24: 1816–1836. DOI logoGoogle Scholar