When confronted with language transfer in the audiovisual industry, there are two fundamental approaches. Either oral output remains oral output, as in the original production, or it is transformed into written output. The latter is known as subtitling and consists in using written text on screen to account for the original dialogue exchanges. The former is generally known as revoicing, whereby the original soundtrack may be totally replaced by a new one in the TL, which means that the target viewer can no longer hear the original exchanges, as in dubbing (also known as lip sync) and narration. The other approach is when the translation is overlapped and the original spoken dialogue is still audible in the background, as in the case of voiceover and interpreting.
2004a“Synchronization in dubbing: A translational approach.” In Topics in Audiovisual Translation, Pilar Orero (ed.), 35–52. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John BenjaminsTSB
1996 “Translating film”. In On Translating French Literature and Film, Geoffrey T. Harris (ed), 65–88. Amsterdam: Rodopi. TSB
Fodor, Itsvan
1969“Linguistic and psychological problems of film synchronisation.”Acta Linguistica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 19: 69–106 and 379–394.
Franco, Eliana, Matamala, Anna & Orero, Pilar
2010Voice-over Translation: An Overview. Bern: Peter Lang. TSB
House, Juliane
1981“Translation quality assessment”. In Readings in Translation Theory, Andrew Chesterman (ed.), 1989, 157–161. Helsinki: Oy Finn Lectura Ab. TSB
Orero, Pilar
2009“Voice-over in Audiovisual Translation.” In Audiovisual Translation: Language Transfer on Screen, Jorge Díaz Cintas & Gunilla Anderman (eds), 130–139. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. TSB
Whitman-Linsen, Candace
1992Through the Dubbing Glass. The Synchronization of American Motion Pictures into German, French and Spanish. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. TSB
Further reading
Danan, Martine
1991 “Dubbing as an expression of nationalism”. Meta 36(4): 606–614. TSB
Duro, Miguel
(ed.)2001La traducción para el doblaje y la subtitulación. Madrid: Cátedra. TSB
Herbst, Thomas
1994Linguistiche Aspekte der Synchronisation von Fernsehserien: Phonetik, Textlinguistik Übersetzungstheorie. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
Paolinelli, Mario & Eleonora Di Fortunato
2005Tradurre per il doppiaggio. Milan: Hoepli. TSB