Linguistic Landscape studies

Durk Gorter
Table of contents

In any city in the world the abundant use of commercial signage is noticeable in its central shopping areas. These are visual times where the written texts of advertisements and brand names come to passers-by wrapped in multimodal messages. Research into signage in public spaces, including commercial, non-commercial and official signs, has become known as the study of ‘linguistic landscape’. Even though the interest in the analysis of signs as such has a long tradition in semiotics and in the field of advertising, the ‘linguistic landscape’ as an object of investigation on its own is a relatively recent development which enjoys a growing interest in applied linguistics, sociolinguistics and other disciplines. The curiosity of researchers with different disciplinary backgrounds has led to the establishment of a prospering field and there is a rapid increase in the number of publications with case studies from all continents. Some of the many examples of linguistic landscape research will be presented in this contribution.

Full-text access is restricted to subscribers. Log in to obtain additional credentials. For subscription information see Subscription & Price.

References

Aiestaran, J., J. Cenoz and D. Gorter
2010 “Multilingual cityscapes: Perceptions and preferences of the inhabitants of Donostia-San Sebastián.” In Linguistic Landscape in the City, ed. by E. Shohamy, E. Ben-Rafael and M. Barni, 219–234. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Androutsopoulos, J.
2014 “Computer-mediated communication and linguistic landscapes.” In Research Methods in Sociolinguistics: A Practical Guide, ed. by J. Holmes and K. Hazen, 74–90. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Anuarudin, A., C. S. Heng and A. N. Abdullah
2013 “Exploring multilingual practices in billboard advertisements in a linguistic landscape.” Social Sciences & Humanities 21(2): 783–796. Retrieved from http://​www​.pertanika2​.upm​.edu​.my​/PertanikaPAPERS​/JSSHVol​.21(2)Jun​.2013​/27Page783​-796​.pdfGoogle Scholar
Aronin, L. and M. Ó Laoire
2012 “The material culture of multilingualism.” In Minority Languages in the Linguistic Landscape, ed. by D. Gorter, H. F. Marten and L. Van Mensel, 299–318. London: Palgrave-Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Backhaus, P.
2005 “Signs of multilingualism in Tokyo: A diachronic look at the linguistic landscape.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 175/176: 103–121.  BoPGoogle Scholar
2007 Linguistic Landscapes: A Comparative Study of Urban Multilingualism in Tokyo. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.  BoPGoogle Scholar
2009 “Rules and regulations in linguistic landscaping: A comparative perspective.” In Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery, ed. by E. Shohamy and D. Gorter, 157–172. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
2010 “Multilingualism in Japanese public space – Reading the signs.” Japanese Studies 30(3): 359–372. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ben-Rafael, E., E. Shohamy, M. H. Amara and N. Trumper-Hecht
1998 Linguistic landscape and multiculturalism: A Jewish-Arab comparative study. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University. [Unpublished manuscript]Google Scholar
2006 “Linguistic landscape as symbolic construction of the public space: The case of Israel.” In Linguistic Landscape: A New Approach to Multilingualism, ed. by D. Gorter, 7–30. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Ben-Rafael, E.
2009 “A sociological approach to the study of linguistic landscapes.” In Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery, ed. by E. Shohamy and D. Gorter, 40–54. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ben-Rafael, E., E. Shohamy and M. Barni
2010 “Introduction: An approach to an ‘ordered disorder’.” In Linguistic Landscape in the City, ed. by E. Shohamy, E. Ben-Rafael and M. Barni, xi–xxviii. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Blackwood, R. J.
2010 “The linguistic landscape of Brittany and Corsica: A comparative study of the presence of France’s regional languages in the public space.” Journal of French Language Studies 21(2): 111–130.  DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Blackwood, R. and S. Tufi
2012 “Policies vs non-policies: Analysing regional languages and the national standard in the linguistic landscape of French and Italian mediterranean cities.” In Minority Languages in the Linguistic Landscape, ed. by D. Gorter, H. F. Marten and L. Van Mensel, 107–126. Basingstroke: Palgrave-Macmillan.DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Blanchard, N., R. Calvez and M. Thomas
2013 “Signe et sens en balance: le breton affiché dans la ville de Brest.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 223: 137–152. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Blommaert, J.
2013 Ethnography, Superdiversity, and Linguistic Landscapes: Chronicles of Complexity. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Bogatto, F. and C. Hélot
2010 “Linguistic landscape and language diversity in Strasbourg: The ‘Quartier Gare’.” In Linguistic Landscape in the City, ed. by E. Shohamy, E. Ben-Rafael and M. Barni, 275–291. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Bolton, K.
2012 “World Englishes and Linguistic Landscapes.” World Englishes 31 (1): 30–33. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Brown, K. D.
2012 “The linguistic landscape of educational spaces: Language revitalization and schools in southeastern Estonia.” In Minority Languages in the Linguistic Landscape, ed. by D. Gorter, H. F. Marten and L. Van Mensel, 281–298. Basingstroke: Palgrave-Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bruyèl-Olmedo, A. And M. Juan-Garau
2009 “English as a lingua franca in the linguistic landscape of the multilingual resort of S’Arenal in Mallorca.” International Journal of Multilingualism 6(4): 386–411.  DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Bruyèl-Olmedo, A. and M. Juan-Garau
2013 “Shaping tourist LL: Language display and the sociolinguistic background of an international multilingual readership.” International Journal of Multilingualism xx: 1–17. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Calvet, L. J.
1990 “Des mots sur les murs. Une comparaison entre Paris et Dakar.” In. Des langues et des villes. Actes du colloque international à Dakar, ed. by R. Chaudenson, 73–83. Paris: Didier Érudition.Google Scholar
2006 Towards an Ecology of World Languages. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Carden, S.
2012 “Making space for tourists with minority languages: The case of Belfast’s Gaeltacht Quarter.” Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 10(1): 51–64.  DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cenoz, J., and D. Gorter
2006 “Linguistic landscape and minority languages.” In Linguistic Landscape: A New Approach to Multilingualism, ed. by D. Gorter, 67–80. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
2008 “Linguistic landscape as an additional source of input in second language acquisition.” IRAL, International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 46: 257–276. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cenoz, J., & D. Gorter
2009 Language Economy and Linguistic Landscape, in E. Shohamy & D. Gorter (Eds.) Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the scenery, (pp. 55–69). New York/London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Clemente, M., A. I. Andrade and F. Martins
2012 “Learning to read the world, learning to look at the linguistic landscape: A primary school study.” In Linguistic Landscapes, Multilingualism and Social Change, ed. by C. Hélot, M. Barni, R. Janssens and C. Bagna, 267–285. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Collins, J. and S. Slembrouck
2004 “Reading shop windows in globalized neighborhoods: Multilingual literacy practices and indexicality.” Working Papers on Language, Power and Identity 21: 1–19.Google Scholar
Coluzzi, P.
2009 “The Italian linguistic landscape: The cases of Milan and Udine.” International Journal of Multilingualism 6 (3): 298–312. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Cook, V.
2013 “The language of the street.” Applied Linguistics Review 4(1): 43–81. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Coupland, N.
2012 “Bilingualism on display: The framing of Welsh and English in Welsh public spaces.” Language in Society 41: 1–27. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Coupland, N. and P. Garrett
2010 “Linguistic landscapes, discursive frames and metacultural performance: The case of Welsh Patagonia.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 205: 7–36. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Dagenais, D., D. Moore, C. Sabatier, P. Lamarre and F. Armand
2009 “Linguistic landscape and language awareness.” In Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery, ed. by E. Shohamy and D. Gorter, 253–269. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Daveluy, M. and J. Ferguson
2009 “Scripted urbanity in the Canadian north.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 19: 78–100. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dimova, S.
2007 “English shop signs in Macedonia.” English Today 23: 18–24. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Dowling, T.
2012 “Translated for the dogs: Language use in Cape Town signage.” Language Matters 43(2): 240–262.  DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Dray, S.
2010 “Ideological struggles on signage in Jamaica.” In Semiotic Landscapes: Language, Image, Space, ed. by A. Jaworski and C. Thurlow, 102–122. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Du Plessis, T.
2011 “Language visibility and language removal: A South African case study in linguistic landscape change.” Communicatio 37(2): 194–224.  DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2012 “The role of language policy in linguistic landscape changes in a rural area of the Free State Province of South Africa.” Language Matters 43(2): 263–282. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Edelman, L.
2006 “The linguistic landscape of Kalverstraat: A pilot study.” In Artikelen van de Vijfde sociolinguïstische conferentie, ed. by T. Koole, J. Nortier and B. Tahitu, 148–155. Delft: Eburon.Google Scholar
2009 “What’s in a name? Classification of proper names by language.” In Linguistic landscape: Expanding the scenery, ed. by E. Shohamy and D. Gorter, 141–154. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Franco-Rodríguez, J. M.
2009 “Interpreting the linguistic trais of linguistic landscapes as ethnolinguistic vitality: Methodological approach.” Revista Electronica de Lingüistica Aplicada 8: 1–15.Google Scholar
Franco-Rodriguez, J. M.
2011 “Linguistic landscape and language maintenance: The case of Los Angeles and Miami-Dade counties.” In Culture and Language: Multidisciplinary Case Studies, ed. by M. Morris, 69–122. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Gonçalves, K.
2012 “Semiotic landscapes and discourses of place within a Portuguese-speaking neighborhood.” InterDisciplinary Journal of Portuguese Diaspora Studies 1(1): 71–99.Google Scholar
Goffman, E.
1974 Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York, NY: Harper & Row.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Gorter, D.
2006 “Further possibilities for linguistic landscape research.” In Linguistic landscape – A New Approach to Multilingualism, ed. by D. Gorter, 81–89. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
2009 “The linguistic landscape in Rome: Aspects of multilingualism and diversity.” In Roma Multietnica: I cambiamenti nel panorama linguistico/Changes in the Linguistic Landscape, ed. by R. Bracalenti, D. Gorter, I. Catia, F. Santonico and C. Valente, 15–55. Rome: Edup SRL.Google Scholar
2012 “Minority language researchers and their role in policy development.” Language Culture and Curriculum 25(1): 87–100. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2013 “Linguistic landscapes in a multilingual world.” ARAL – Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 33: 190–212. DOI:
CrossRef DOI logo with hyperlink to permanent DOI
. DOI: DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gorter, D. and J. Cenoz
2008 “Knowledge about language and linguistic landscape.” In Encyclopedia of Language and Education, vol 6: Knowledge about Language (2nd edn), ed. by J. Cenoz and N. H. Hornberger, 343–355. New York: Springer.DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2014 “Linguistic landscapes inside multilingual schools.” In: Challenges for Language Education and Policy: Making Space for People, ed. by B. Spolsky, M. Tannenbaum and O. Inbar. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gorter, D., J. Aiestaran and J. Cenoz
2012 “The revitalization of Basque and the linguistic landscape of Donostia-San Sebastián.” In Minority Languages in the Linguistic Landscape, ed. by D. Gorter, H. F. Marten and L. Van Mensel, 148–163. Basingstroke: Palgrave-Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gorter, D., H. F. Marten and L. Van Mensel
(eds) 2012 Minority Languages in the Linguistic Landscape. Basingstroke: Palgrave-Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Griffin, J. L.
2001 “Global English invades Bulgaria.” English Today 17 (4): 54–60. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2004 T”he presence of written English on the streets of Rome.” English Today 20 (2): 3–8. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hancock, A.
2012 “Capturing the linguistic landscape of Edinburgh: A pedagogical tool to investigate student teachers’ understandings of cultural and linguistic diversity.” In Linguistic Landscapes, Multilingualism and Social Change, ed. by C. Hélot, M. Barni, R. Janssens and C. Bagna, 249–266. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Haugen, E.
1972 The Ecology of Language. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hornsby, M.
2008 “The incongruence of the Breton linguistic landscape for young speakers of Breton.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 29(2): 127–138.  DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Huebner, T.
2006 “Bangkok’s linguistic landscapes: Environmental print, codemixing, and language change.” In Linguistic Landscape: A New Approach to Multilingualism, ed. by D. Gorter, 31–51. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Hult, F. M.
2003 “English on the streets of Sweden: “An ecolinguistic view of two cities and a language policy.” Working Papers in Educational Linguistics 19: 43–63.Google Scholar
2013 “Drive-thru linguistic landscaping: Constructing a linguistically dominant place in a bilingual space.” International Journal of Bilingualism. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jackendoff, R.
1983 Semantics and Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
Jaworski, A.
2010 “Linguistic landscapes on postcards: Tourist mediation and the sociolinguistic communities of contact.” Sociolinguistic Studies 4 (3): 469–594.Google Scholar
Jaworski, A. and C. Thurlow
(eds) 2010 Semiotic Landscapes: Language, Image, Space. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Jaworski, A. and S. Yeung
2010 “Life in the Garden of Eden: The naming and imagery of residential Hong Kong.” In Linguistic Landscape in the City, ed. by E. Shohamy, E. Ben-Rafael and M. Barni, 153–181. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Kallen, J.
2009 “Tourism and representation in the Irish linguistic landscape.” In Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the scenery, ed. by E. Shohamy and D. Gorter, 270–283. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kallen, J. L.
2010 “Changing landscapes: Language, space and policy in the Dublin linguistic landscape.” In Semiotic Landscapes: Language, Image, Space, ed. by A. Jaworski and C. Thurlow, 41–58. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Kasanga, L. A.
2010 “Streetwise English and French advertising in multilingual DR Congo: Symbolism, modernity, and cosmopolitan identity.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 206: 181–205.  DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2012 “Mapping the linguistic landscape of a commercial neighbourhood in Central Phnom Penh.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 33(5): 1–15. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kotze, C. R. and T. Du Plessis
2010 “Language visibility in the Xhariep – A comparison of the linguistic landscape of three neighbouring towns.” Language Matters 41(1): 72–96. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lado, B.
2011 “Linguistic landscape as a reflection of the linguistic and ideological conflict in the Valencian Community.” International Journal of Multilingualism 8(2): 135–150.  DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
LaDousa, C.
2007 “ ‘Witty House Name’: Visual expression, interpretive practice, and uneven agency in a midwestern college town.” Journal of American Folklore 120(478): 445–481.  DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lai, M.
2013 “The linguistic landscape of Hong Kong after the change of sovereignty.” International Journal of Multilingualism 10(3): 37–41.  DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Landry, R. and R. Y. Bourhis
1997 “Linguistic landscape and ethnolinguistic vitality: An empirical study.” Journal of Language and Social Psychology 16: 23–49. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Lanza, E. and H. Woldemariam
2013 “Indexing modernity: English and branding in the linguistic landscape of Addis Ababa.” International Journal of Bilingualism. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lazdina, S. and H. F. Marten
2009 “The ‘Linguistic Landscape’ method as a tool in research and education of multilingualism: Experiences from a project in the Baltic states. In Multilingualism – Proceedings of the 23rd Scandinavian conference of linguistics, ed. by A. Saxena and Å. Viberg, 212–225. Uppsala University: Acta Universitats Upsaliensis. http://​uu​.diva​-portal​.org​/smash​/get​/diva2:275878​/FULLTEXT03Google Scholar
Leclerc, J.
1989 La guerre des langues dans l’affichage. Montréal: VLB Editeur.Google Scholar
Leeman, J. and G. Modan
2009 “Commodified language in Chinatown: A contextualized approach to linguistic landscape.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 13: 332–362. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2010 “Selling the city: Language, ethnicity and commodified space.” In Linguistic Landscape in the City, ed. by E. Shohamy, E. Ben-Rafael and M. Barni, 182–198. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Leung, G. Y. and M.-H. Wu
2012 “Linguistic landscape and heritage language literacy education: A case study of linguistic rescaling in Philadelphia Chinatown.” Written Language & Literacy 15(1): 114–140. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lou, J.
2007 “Revitalizing Chinatown into a heterotopia: A geosemiotic analysis of shop signs in Washington, D. C.’s Chinatown.” Space and Culture 10: 170–194. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2010 “Chinese in the side: The marginalization of Chinese in the linguistic and social landscapes of Chinatown in Washington, DC.” In Linguistic Landscape in the City, ed. by E. Shohamy, E. Ben-Rafael and M. Barni, 96–114. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Macalister, J.
2010 “Emerging voices or linguistic silence?: Examining a New Zealand linguistic landscape.” Multilingua 29: 55–75. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
2012 “Language policies, language planning and linguistic landscapes in Timor-Leste.” Language Problems & Language Planning 36(1): 25–45.  DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
MacGregor, L.
2003 “The language of shop signs in Tokyo.” English Today 19 (1): 18–23. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Malinowski, D.
2009 “Authorship in the linguistic landscape: A multimodal-performative view.” In Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery, ed. by E. Shohamy and D. Gorter, 107–125. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Marten, H. F.
2012 “ ‘Latgalian is not a language’: Linguistic landscapes in eastern Latvia and how they reflect centralist attitudes.” In Minority Languages in the Linguistic Landscape, ed. by D. Gorter, H. F. Marten and L. Van Mensel, 19–35. Basingstroke: Palgrave-Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mautner, G.
2012 “Language, space and the law: A study of directive signs.” The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law (IJSLL) 19(2): 189–217. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
McArthur, T.
2000 “Interanto: The global language of signs.” English Today 16 (1): 33–43. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
McCormick, K. and R. K. Agnihotri
2009 “Forms and functions of English in multilingual signage.” English Today 25(3): 11. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Milani, T.
2013 “Whither linguistic landscapes? The sexed facets of ordinary signs.” Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies 53. Tilburg: Tilburg University. Retrieved from http://​www​.tilburguniversity​.edu​/upload​/8bb66cff​-8b94​-4270​-8e5f​-f35f3e620a89​_TPCS​_53​_Milani​.pdfGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, T. D.
2010 “ ‘A Latino community takes hold’: Reproducing semiotic landscapes in media discourse.” In Semiotic Landscapes: Language, Image, Space, ed. by A. Jaworski and C. Thurlow, 168–186. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Moriarty, M.
2012 “Language ideological debates in the linguistic landscape of an Irish tourist town. In Minority Languages in the Linguistic Landscape, ed. by D. Gorter, H. F. Marten and L. Van Mensel, 74–89. Basingstroke: Palgrave-Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2013 “Contesting language ideologies in the linguistic landscape of an Irish tourist town.” International Journal of Bilingualism. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Muth, S.
2012 “The linguistic landscapes of Chişinău and Vilnius: Linguistic landscape and the representation of minority languages in two post-Soviet capitals.” In Minority Languages in the Linguistic Landscape, ed. by D. Gorter, H. F. Marten and L. Van Mensel, 204–224. Basingstroke: Palgrave-Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nash, J.
2013 “Landscape underwater, underwater landscapes: Kangaroo Island diving site names as elements of the linguistic landscape.” Landscape Research 38(3): 394–400.  DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ong, K. K. W., J. F. Ghesquière and S. K. Serwe
2013 “Frenglish shop signs in Singapore – Creative and novel blending of French and English in the shop fronts of beauty and food businesses in Singapore.” English Today 29(3): 19–25. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nunes, P., L. Onofri, J. Cenoz and D. Gorter
2008 “Language diversity in urban landscapes: An econometric study.” Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei Working Paper 199. On-line at: www​.bepress​.com​/feem​/paper199.Google Scholar
Onofri, L., P. A. L. D. Nunes, J. Cenoz and D. Gorter
2013 “Linguistic diversity and preferences: Econometric evidence from European cities.” Journal of Economics and Econometrics 56 (1): 39–60.Google Scholar
Papen, U.
2012 “Commercial discourses, gentrification and citizens’ protest: The linguistic landscape of Prenzlauer Berg, Berlin.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 16(1): 56–80. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Pavlenko, A.
2010 “Linguistic landscape of Kyiv, Ukraine: A diachronic study.” In Linguistic Landscape in the City, ed. by E. Shohamy, E. Ben-Rafael and M. Barni, 133–150. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Pietikäinen, S., P. Lane, H. Salo and S. Laihiala
2011 “Frozen actions in the Arctic linguistic landscape: A nexus analysis of language processes in visual space.” International Journal of Multilingualism 8: 277–298. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Pietikainen, S.
2013 “Spatial interaction in Samiland: Regulative and transitory chronotopes in the dynamic multilingual landscape of an indigenous Sami village.” International Journal of Bilingualism. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Poveda, D.
2012 “Literacy artifacts and the semiotic landscape of a Spanish secondary school.” Reading Research Quarterly 47(1): 61–88. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Puzey, G.
2011a “Signscapes and minority languages: Language conflict on the street.” In Word on the Street: Reading, Writing and Inhabiting Public Space, ed. by E. Foust and S. Fuggle. London: Institute of Germanic and Romance Studies.Google Scholar
2011b “New research directions in toponomastics and linguistic landscapes.” Onoma 46: 211–226. DOI logo.Google Scholar
2012 “Two-way traffic: How linguistic landscapes reflect and influence the politics of language.” In Minority Languages in the Linguistic Landscape, ed. by D. Gorter, H. F. Marten and L. Van Mensel, 127–148. Basingstroke: Palgrave-Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Radtke, O. and X. Yuan
2011 “‘Please don’t climb trees and pick flowers for the sake of life’ – Making sense of bilingual tourism signs in China.” Language and Intercultural Communication 11(4): 389–407. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Reh, M.
2004 “Multilingual writing: A reader-oriented typology – with examples from Lira Municipality (Uganda).” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 170: 1–41. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Rosenbaum, Y., E. Nadel, R. L. Cooper and J. Fishman
1977 “English on Keren Kayemet Street.” In The Spread of English: The Sociology of English as an Additional Language, ed. by J. A. Fishman, R. L. Cooper and A. W. Conrad, 179–196. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Ross, N. J.
1997 “Signs of International English.” English Today 13: 29–33. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rowland, L.
2013 “The pedagogical benefits of a linguistic landscape project in Japan.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 16(4): 494–505. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Sabatier, P. A. and H. C. Jenkins-Smith
1999 “The Advocacy Coalition Framework: An assessment.” In Theories of the Policy Process, ed. by P. A. Sabatier, 117–166. Boulder, Oxford: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Salo, H.
2012 “Using linguistic landscape to examine the visibility of Sámi languages in the North Calotte.” In Minority Languages in the Linguistic Landscape, ed. by D. Gorter, H. F. Marten and L. Van Mensel, 243–260. Basingstroke: Palgrave-Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sayer, P.
2010 “Using the linguistic landscape as a pedagogical resource.” ELT Journal 64(2): 143–154. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schlick, M.
2002 “The English of shop signs in Europe.” English Today 18: 3–7. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2003 “The English of shop signs in Europe.” English Today 19: 3–17. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Scollon, R. and S. Wong Scollon
2003 Discourses in Place. London: Routledge. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Sebba, M.
2010 “Discourses in transit.” In Semiotic Landscapes: Language, Image, Space, ed. by A. Jaworski and C. Thurlow, 59–76. London: Continuum. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
2013 “The visual construction of language hierarchy: The case of banknotes, coins and stamps.” Journal of Language and Politics 12: 101–125. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Shohamy, E.
2006 Language Policy: Hidden Agendas and New Approaches. New York: Routledge.DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2012 “Linguistic landscapes and multilingualism.” In The Routledge Handbook of Multilingualism, ed. by M. Martin-Jones, A. Blackledge and A. Creese, 538–551. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Shohamy, E. and D. Gorter
2009 “Introduction.” In Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery, ed. by E. Shohamy and D. Gorter, 1–10. New York: Routledge.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Shohamy, E. and S. Waksman
2009 “Linguistic landscape as an ecological arena: Modalities, meanings, negotiations, education.” In Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery, ed. by E. Shohamy and D. Gorter, 313–331. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
2012 “Talking back to the Tel Aviv centennial: LL responses to top-down agendas.” In Linguistic Landscapes, Multilingualism and Social Change, ed. by C. Hélot, M. Barni, R. Janssens and C. Bagna, 109–126. Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Shohamy, E. and M. A. Ghazaleh-Mahajneh
2012 “Linguistic landscape as a tool for interpreting language vitality: Arabic as a ‘minority’ language in Israel.” In Minority Languages in the Linguistic Landscape, ed. by D. Gorter, H. F. Marten and L. Van Mensel, 89–108. Basingstroke: Palgrave-Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sloboda, M., E. Szabó-Gilinger, D. Vigers and L. Šimičić
2010 “Carrying out a language policy change: Advocacy coalitions and the management of linguistic landscape.” Current Issues in Language Planning 11 (2): 95–113. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Spolsky, B.
2009a “Prolegomena to a sociolinguistic theory of public signage.” In Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery, ed. by E. Shohamy and D. Gorter, 25–39. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
2009b Language Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Spolsky, B. and R. L. Cooper
1991 The Languages of Jerusalem. Oxford: Clarendon.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Stewart, P. and R. Fawcett
2004 “Shop signs in some small towns in Northern Portugal.” English Today 20: 56–58. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Stroud, C. and S. Mpendukana
2009 “Towards a material ethnography of linguistic landscape: Multilingualism, mobility and space in a South African township.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 13(3): 363–386. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2010 “Multilingual signage: A multimodal approach to discourses of consumption in a South African township.” Social Semiotics 20(5): 469–493.  DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Szabó-Gilinger, E., M. Sloboda, L. Šimičić and D. Vigers
2012 “Discourse coalitions for and against minority languages on signs: Linguistic landscape as a social issue.” In Minority Languages in the Linguistic Landscape, ed. by D. Gorter, H. F. Marten and L. Van Mensel, 263–280. Basingstroke: Palgrave-Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tan, P. K. W.
2009 “Building names in Singapore: Multilingualism of a different kind.” In Names in Multi-Lingual, Multi-Cultural and Multi-Ethnic Contact: Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress of Onomastic Sciences, ed. by W. Ahrens, S. Embleton and A. Lapierre, 929–942. Toronto: York University. Retrieved from http://​pi​.library​.yorku​.ca​/dspace​/bitstream​/handle​/10315​/4036​/icos23​_929​.pdf​?sequence​=1Google Scholar
Troyer, R. A.
2012 “English in the Thai linguistic netscape.” World Englishes 31(1): 93–112. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tufi, S. and R. Blackwood
2010 “Trademarks in the linguistic landscape: Methodological and theoretical challenges in qualifying brand names in the public space.” International Journal of Multilingualism 7 (3): 197–210. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tulp, S. M.
1978 “Reklame en tweetaligheid: Een onderzoek naar de geographische verspreiding van franstalige en nederlandstalige affiches in Brussel.” Taal en sociale integratie 1: 261–288.Google Scholar
Van Mensel, L. and J. Darquennes
2012 “All is quiet on the eastern front? Language contact along the French-German language border in Belgium.” In Minority Languages in the Linguistic Landscape, ed. by D. Gorter, H. F. Marten and L. Van Mensel, 164–180. Basingstroke: Palgrave-Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Vigers, D.
2013 “Signs of absence: Language and memory in the linguistic landscape of Brittany.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 223: 171–187. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Yanguas, I.
2009 “The linguistic landscape of two Hispanic neighborhoods in Washington D. C.” Revista Electrónica de Lingüística Aplicada 8: 30–44.Google Scholar