In:Verbal Aggression in Contemporary Polish: A usage-based and perception-oriented study
Artur Świątek
[IMPACT: Studies in Language, Culture and Society 57] 2026
► pp. v–vii
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Table of contents
List of tables
List of figures and charts
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Chapter 1.Language of violence defined in Polish and English
1.1Aggression and verbal aggression defined in Polish
1.2Linguistic violence defined in Polish
1.3Verbal aggression and its expressions
Chapter 2.Research on verbal aggression in Polish and English
2.1Research on (verbal) aggression in Polish
2.2Research on aggression in contemporary Polish linguistics
2.3Aggression as a distinct form of linguistic action
2.4Forms of language / linguistic aggression
2.5Manifestations of linguistic aggression
2.6Research on verbal aggression in Polish and English
2.7Verbal aggression among Polish children and adolescents
2.8Reasons for using violence and aggression in children and
adolescents
2.9Verbal aggression and language of aggression — ways of
defining
2.10Sources of the occurrence and functions of the language
of aggression in children and adolescents
of aggression in children and adolescents
2.11Counteracting aggressive language in children and adolescents
2.12Verbal aggression in miscellaneous environments
2.12.1Verbal aggression in schools
2.12.1.1The context of Polish school environment
2.12.2Verbal aggression in the media
Chapter 3.Hate speech in Poland and abroad
3.1Hate speech defined in Poland
3.2Hate speech defined abroad
3.3Hate speech researched in Poland
3.4Hate speech researched abroad
Chapter 4.Verbal aggression survey
4.1Survey methodology
4.2Research hypotheses and procedures
4.3Survey respondents (Personal information)
4.4Results of the survey
4.5Categorisation of the listed nouns by respondents in terms
of verbal aggressiveness
of verbal aggressiveness
4.6The aggression questionnaire in terms of verbal aggression
part
4.7The verbal aggressiveness scale
4.8The survey — situations in context (NKJP — corpus part)
4.9Evaluation of the survey by respondents
Chapter 5.Corpus study: Hate speech detection
5.1Hate speech detector analyser
5.2Individual words
5.2.1Nawrzucać (Eng. hurl abuse)
5.2.2Śmieć (Eng. trash)
5.2.3Gorszący (Eng. shameful)
5.2.4Potwarz (Eng. slander)
5.2.5kreatury (Eng. creeps)
5.2.6Sprzedawczyki (Eng. rats)
5.2.7mieszać z błotem (Eng. mud-sling)
5.2.8Opluskiwać (Eng. bash)
5.2.9Zohydzać (Eng. disgust)
5.2.10Pogróżka (Eng. threat)
5.2.11Dziura (Eng. backwater)
5.2.12Groźba (Eng. menace)
5.2.13Pruć (Eng. blast away)
5.3Words in contexts
5.3.1Context 1
5.3.2Context 2
5.3.3Context 3
5.3.4Context 4
5.3.5Context 5
5.4Corpus-based discussion of hate speech detection
5.5Summary of corpus findings
Chapter 6.Discussion and conclusions
6.1Overview of findings
6.2Perception of verbal aggression in isolated lexical items
6.3Limited differences between verbs and nouns
6.4Contextualisation and its limited but observable effect
6.5Respondents’ behaviour and self perception
6.6Social variables: Gender and religion
6.7Prototypical aggressive expressions
6.8Situational perception of aggression
6.9Corpus-based perspective on verbal aggression and hate speech
6.10Theoretical implications
6.11Methodological implications
6.12Limitations
6.13Evaluation of hypotheses
6.14Final conclusions
Bibliography
Appendices
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
