Article In: Journal of Language and Politics: Online-First Articles
It takes two to tango
Euroscepticism and contestation within and outside the EU
This content is being prepared for publication; it may be subject to changes.
Abstract
Recent analyses examine the role of crisis in the emergence of the populist/anti- populist discourse and the confluence of populism and Euroscepticism at the party level. In this article, the study focuses on the analysis of the main political actors in the EU institutions, by examining the channels and discourses adopted by different actors in the (de)legitimation of the EU. The focus is on the transnational contestation (DiEM25, Democracy in Europe Movement 2025 and VOLT), following the model of analysis of the mutual construction and reproduction. The analysis shows that the antagonized discourse used by the mainstream narrative further reinforces populism and provides a breeding ground for populism to consolidate itself, while weakening the possible impact of the legitimizing representation of Euroscepticism in the EP.
Article outline
- Introduction
- Euroscepticism and the EU crisis
- Research design and methodology
- Progressive Euroalternativism
- The antagonistic narrative
- Patterns of blame and the antagonistic construction
- Discussion and conclusion
- Author queries
References
References (50)
Brack, Nathalie. 2015. “The roles of Eurosceptic Members of the European Parliament and their implications for the EU.” International Political Science Review 36 (3): 337–350.
Caiani, Manuela and Manès Weisskircher. 2020. “How many ‘Europes’? Left-Wing and Right-Wing Social Movements and their Visions of Europe.” In The Handbook of Contemporary European Social Movements, ed. by Cristina Flesher Fominaya and Ramón Feenstra, 30–45, London: Routledge.
Carta, Caterina and Jean-Frédéric Morin. ed. 2014. EU Foreign Policy through the Lens of Discourse Analysis. Making Sense of Diversity, Farnham: Ashgate.
Comai, Giorgio. 2017. “Crisis? What Crisis?” European Data Journalism Network. Brussels. Accessed at: [URL]
della Porta, Donatella, Hara Kouki, & Joseba Fernández. 2017. “Left’s Love and Hate for Europe: Syriza, Podemos and Critical Visions of Europe During the Crisis.” In Euroscepticism, democracy and the media. Communicating Europe, Contesting Europe, ed. by Manuela Caiani and Simona Guerra, 219–240. Basingstoke: Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology.
De Wilde, Pieter and Hans-Jörg Trenz. 2012. “Denouncing European integration: Euroscepticism as polity contestation.” European Journal of Social Theory 15 (4): 537–544.
DiEM25. n.d. Accessed at: [URL]
. 2016. “A Manifesto for Democratising Europe.” Accessed at: [URL]
Dutceac Segesten, Anamaria and Micheal Bossetta. 2019. “Can Euroscepticism Contribute to a European Public Sphere? The Europeanization of Media Discourses on Euroscepticism across Six Countries.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 57 (5): 1051–1070.
FitzGibbon, John. 2013a. “Another Europe is possible’ and the end of Euroscepticism? Addressing the fine-line between opposing Europe and offering a Euro-alternative.” Paper prepared for presentation to the UACES 43rd Annual Conference, Leeds, 2–4 September. Accessed at: [URL]
. 2013b. “Citizens against Europe? Civil society and Eurosceptic protest in Ireland, the United Kingdom, and Denmark.” Journal of Common Market Studies 51 (1): 105–121.
FitzGibbon, John and Simona Guerra. 2019. Transnational Euroscepticism vs. Transnational Euroalternativism. Paper presented to the 2019 ECPR General Conference. Wrocław, 2–4 September.
Gabel, Matthew J. 1998. Interests and Integration. Market Liberalization, Public Opinion and European Union. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
Galpin, Charlotte and Hans-Jörg Trenz. 2017. “The Spiral of Euroscepticism: Media Negativity, Framing and Opposition to the EU.” In Euroscepticism, Democracy and the Media: Communicating Europe, Contesting Europe, ed. by Manuela Caiani and Simona Guerra, 49–72, Basingstoke: Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology.
Glynos, Jason and Aurelien Mondon. 2016. “The political logic of the populist hype. The case of the right-wing populism’s ‘meteoric rise’ and its relation to the status quo.” POPULISMUS Working Paper No. 4. Thessaloniki. Accessed at: [URL]
Guerra, Simona. 2019. “‘Immigration, that’s what everyone’s thinking about …’ The 2016 British EU referendum seen in the eyes of the beholder.” Journal of Language and Politics 18 (5): 651–670.
Havlík, Vratislav and Vít Hloušek. 2024. “Where Have All the ‘Exiters’ Gone? Contextualising the Concept of Hard Euroscepticism.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, Early View,
Jessop, Bob. 2015. “The Symptomatology of Crises, Reading Crises and Learning from Them: Some Critical Realist Reflections.” Journal of Critical Realism 14 (3): 238–271.
Jones, Erik. 2015. “Broken Europe.” 4 July. Accessed at: [URL]
Kopecký, Petr and Cas Mudde. 2002. “The Two Sides of Euroscepticism: Party Positions on European Integration in East Central Europe.” European Union Politics 3 (3): 297–326.
Krzyżanowski, Michał. 2020a. “Normalization and the Discursive Construction of ‘New’ Norms and ‘New’ Normality: Discourse in the Paradoxes of Populism and Neoliberalism.” Social Semiotics 30 (4): 431–448.
. 2020b. “Discursive Shifts and the Normalisation of Racism: Imaginaries of Immigration, Moral Panics and the Discourse of Contemporary Right-Wing Populism.” Social Semiotics 30 (4): 503–527.
. 2010. The Discursive Construction of European Identities: A Multi- Level Approach to Discourse and Identity in the Transforming European Union. Berlin: Peter Lang.
Krzyżanowski, Michał, Ruth Wodak, Hannah Bradby, Mattias Gardell, Aristotle Kallis, Natalia Krzyżanowska, Cas Mudde and Jens Rydgren. 2023. “Discourses and Practices of the ‘New Normal’. Towards an interdisciplinary research agenda on crisis and the normalization of anti- and post-democratic action.” Journal of Language and Politics 22 (4): 415–437.
Lambert, Harry. 2016. “Yanis Varoufakis: Europe is sliding back into the 1930s and we need a new movement.” 9 February. Accessed at: [URL]
McDonnell, Duncan and Annika Werner. 2019. International Populism. The Radical Right in the European Parliament. London: Hurst Publishers.
Mudde, Cas. 2019. “The far right may not have cleaned up, but its influence now dominates Europe.” The Guardian. 28 May. Accessed at: [URL]
Pirro, Andrea L. P., Paul Taggart. 2018. “The populist politics of Euroscepticism in times of crisis: A framework for analysis.” Politics 38 (3): 253–262.
Pirro, Andrea L. P., Paul Taggart, Stijn van Kessel. 2018. “The populist politics of Euroscepticism in times of crisis: Comparative conclusions.” Politics 38 (3): 378–390.
Rankin, Jennifer. 2019. “EU faces ‘nationalist nightmare’ in next five years, says Verhofstadt.” The Guardian. 5 March. Accessed at: [URL]
Reisigl, Martin and Ruth Wodak. 2009. “The discourse-historical approach.” In Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, ed by Michael Reisigl and Ruth Wodak, 87–121, London: Sage Publications, 2nd ed.
Stavrakakis, Yannis. 2020. “The (discursive) limits of (Left) populism.” Journal of Language and Politics 20 (1): 162–177.
Stavrakakis, Yannis, Giorgos Katsambekis, Alexandros Kioupkiolis, Nikos Nikisianis & Thomas Siomos. 2018. “Populism, anti-populism and crisis.” Contemporay Political Theory 171: 4–27.
Taggart, Paul. 1998. “A Touchstone of Dissent: Euroscepticism in Contemporary Western European Party Systems.” European Journal of Political Research 33 (3): 363–388.
. 2019. “Party-based hard Euroscepticism in the 2019 European Parliament elections.” In Euroflections. Leading academics on the European Elections 2019, ed. by Niklas Bolin, Kajsa Falasca, Marie Grusell, and Lars Nord, 26–27, Mid Sweden University, Demicom., Sundsvall.
Taggart, Paul and Aleks Szczerbiak. 2002. “The Party Politics of Euroscepticism in EU Member States and Candidate States. SEI Working Paper No. 51, Opposing Europe Research Network Working Paper No. 6. Falmer, Brighton: Sussex European Institute, University of Sussex.
Usherwood, Simon. 2014. “The Eurosceptic Paradox.” EPERN Blog. 9 June. Falmer, Brighton: Sussex European Institute, University of Sussex. Accessed at: [URL]
Varoufakis, Yanis. 2019a. “Our Plan for a European Spring — DiEM25.” Thoughts for the Post–World. Accessed at: [URL]
. 2019b. Accessed at: [URL]
. 2019c. “DiEM25. The European Spring Event on Austerity, Xenophobia, the Euro and the Environment.” Thoughts for a Post-2008 World. Accessed at: [URL]
. 2017. “The campaign goes on: Did the ECB break the law in closing Greece’s banks? Sign the petition today!” Thoughts for the Post–2008 World. Accessed at: [URL]
Verhofstadt, Guy. 2019. Accessed at: [URL]
. 2018. Accessed at: [URL]
. 2013. “Plenary Speech on State of the Union.” Accessed at: [URL]
VOLT. n.d. Accessed at: [URL]
. 2019. Accessed at: [URL]
Wodak, Ruth and Michał Krzyżanowski. (eds.) (2008). Qualitative Discourse Analysis in the Social Sciences. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Zappettini, Franco and Samuel Bennett. 2022. “Reimagining Europe and its (dis)integration (De)legitimising the EU’s project in times of crisis.” Journal of language and Politics 21 (2): 191–207.