Article In: The Mental Lexicon: Online-First Articles
Effects of vocabulary size on the perception of L2 phonological categories
This content is being prepared for publication; it may be subject to changes.
Abstract
For decades, bilingualism has been a topic of interest in speech perception research. Published studies aim to
explain whether and how one can acquire phonological categories from an additional language that are not present in the first one.
There is also an ongoing hypothesis that the size of second-language vocabulary contributes to the effective acquisition of L2
phonological categories. However, few studies have investigated this issue in foreign language learning (i.e., when a language is
learned in a context where it is not widely spoken in the surrounding community). This is what the present study aims to
investigate. An experiment consisting of an auditory AX categorization task and a vocabulary size test was conducted with 27
Brazilian Portuguese speakers. The results indicate a potential association between a more extensive second-language vocabulary
and the ability to contrast L1 and L2 sounds more effectively.
Article outline
- Speech Perception of L2 Phonological Categories
- Methods
- Participants
- Stimuli
- Analyses
- Results
- Discussion
- Notes
- Author queries
References References
References (38)
Balas, A. (2018). English
vowel perception by Polish advanced learners of English. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue
Canadienne de
Linguistique, 63(3), 309–338.
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., Walker, S. (2015). Fitting
Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. Journal of Statistical
Software, 67(1), 1–48.
Best, Catherine. (1995). A
direct realist view of cross-language speech perception. In book:
Speech perception and linguistic experience: theoretical and methodological issues
(pp.171–204) Publisher: Timonium: New York Press
Best, C., & Tyler, M. (2007). Nonnative
and second-language speech perception: Commonalities and
complementarities. In O.-S. Bohn & M. J. Munro (Eds.), Language
experience in second language speech learning: In honor of James Emil
Flege, 13–34. John Benjamins.
Boersma, Paul & Weenink, David. (2025). Praat:
doing phonetics by computer [Computer program]. Version
6.4.46, retrieved 20 October
2025 from [URL]
Bundgaard-Nielsen, Rikke & Best, Catherine & Tyler, Michael. (2011). Vocabulary
size matters: The assimilation of second-language Australian English vowels to first-language Japanese vowel
categories. Applied
Psycholinguistics, 32(1), 51–67.
Bundgaard-Nielsen, R. L., Best, C. T., Kroos, C., & Tyler, M. D. (2012). Second
language learners’ vocabulary expansion is associated with improved second language vowel
intelligibility. Applied
Psycholinguistics, 33(3), 643–664.
Council of Europe (2020). Common
European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, teaching, assessment — Companion volume, Council of Europe
Publishing, Strasbourg, available at [URL]
Cochrane, R. M. (1980). The
acquisition of /r/ and /l/ by Japanese children and adults learning English as a second
language. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural
Development, 1(4), 331–360.
Dai, H., Versfeld, N. J., & Green, D. M. (1996). The
optimum decision rules in the same-different paradigm. Perception &
Psychophysics, 58(1), 1–9.
Escudero, P., Boersma, P., Rauber, A. S., Bion, R. A. H. (2009). A
cross-dialect acoustic description of vowels: Brazilian and European Portuguese. Journal of the
Acoustical Society of
America, 126(3), 1379–1393.
Flege, J. E. (1995). Second
language speech learning: Theory, findings, and problems. In W. Strange (Ed.), Speech
perception and linguistic experience: Issues in cross-language
research, 233–277. Timonium, MD: York Press.
(2003). Assessing
constraints on second-language segmental production and
perception. In N. O. Schiller & A. S. Meyer (Eds.), Phonetics
and phonology in language comprehension and production: Differences and
similarities, 319–355. Berlin; New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-089509-9.
Gass, S. M., & Selinker, L. (2008). Second
language acquisition: An introductory course (3rd
ed.) [hardcover]. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-8058-5497-8.
Georgiou, G. P., Perfilieva, N. V., & Tenizi, M. (2020). Vocabulary
Size Leads to Better Attunement to L2 Phonetic Differences: Clues from Russian Learners of
English. Language Learning and
Development, 16(4), 382–398.
Hautus, M. J. Corrections
for extreme proportions and their biasing effects on estimated values ofd′. Behavior Research
Methods, Instruments, &
Computers 271, 46–51 (1995).
John Fox (2003). Effect Displays
in R for Generalized Linear Models. Journal of Statistical
Software, 8(15), 1–27.
Kingston, J., & Macmillan, N. A. (1995). Integrality
of nasalization and F 1 in vowels in isolation and before oral and nasal consonants: A detection-theoretic application of the
Garner paradigm. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America, 97(2), 1261–1285.
Knoblauch, K. (2023). psyphy:
Functions for Analyzing Psychophysical. Data in R. 〈〉, R package version 0.3, 〈[URL]〉.
Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., Christensen, R. H. B. (2017). lmerTest
Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models. Journal of Statistical
Software, 82(13), 1–26.
Lemhöfer, K., & Broersma, M. (2012). Introducing
LexTALE: A quick and valid Lexical Test for Advanced Learners of English. Behavior Research
Methods, 441, 325–343.
Liberman, A., Harris, K., Hoffman, H. & Griffith, B. (1957). The
Discrimination of Speech Sounds within and across Phoneme Boundaries. Journal of Experimental
Psychology. 541, 358–368.
Llompart, M. (2021). Phonetic
categorization ability and vocabulary size contribute to the encoding of difficult second-language phonological contrasts into
the lexicon. Bilingualism: Language and
Cognition, 24(3), 481–496.
Macmillan, N. A. (2002). Signal
detection theory. In: Stevens’ handbook of experimental
psychology. 3rd ed. Hal Pashler, editor-in-chief. Volume
4: Methodology in experimental
psychology, p. 43–90.
Macmillan, N. A., Kaplan, H. L., & Creelman, C. D. (1977). The
psychophysics of categorical perception. Psychological
Review, 84(5), 452–471.
Macmillan, N. A., & Creelman, C. D. (1990). Response
bias: Characteristics of detection theory, threshold theory, and “nonparametric”
indexes. Psychological
bulletin, 107(3), 401.
Rauber, Andreia & Escudero, Paola & Bion, Ricardo & Baptista, Barbara. (2005). The
interrelation between the perception and production of English vowels by native speakers of Brazilian
Portuguese. Proceedings of
Interspeech, 2913–2916.
R Core Team (2025). R: A Language and
Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. 〈[URL]〉.
Schouten, M. E. H., & Van Hessen, A. J. (1992). Modeling
phoneme perception. I: Categorical perception. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America, 92(4), 1841–1855.
Song, J. Y., & Eckman, F. (2024). The
relationship between L2 learners’ production and perception of English vowels: The role of native-speaker acoustic patterns in
production. Second Language
Research, 41(2), 309–338. (Original work published
2025)
Souza, H. K. (2017). Brazilian
EFL learners’ awareness about L2 phones: Is mall pronounced as ‘mal’? Trabalhos em Linguística
Aplicada, 56(1), 235–258.
Van Hessen, A. J., & Schouten, M. E. H. (1992). Modeling
phoneme perception. II: A model of stop consonant discrimination. The Journal of the Acoustical
Society of
America, 92(4), 1856–1868.
Van Leussen, J.-W., & Escudero, P. (2015). Learning
to perceive and recognize a second language: the L2LP model revised. Frontiers in
Psychology, 61.
Boersma, Paul & Weenink, David (2022). Praat:
doing phonetics by computer ƐComputer program]. Version 6.2.18,
retrieved 2 September
2022 from [URL]