List of figures

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Figure 2.1Structure of KENC2023

Figure 2.2Illustration of speakers’ metadata in Sketch Engine

Figure 3.1Demographics of Kuwait 1910–2024

Figure 3.2Map of Kuwait 1922 (Alhajeri, 2017: 245)

Figure 3.3Kuwaiti postal stamps, 1950s (Jamal, 2006: 207)

Figure 3.4Kuwaiti postal stamps post-independence
(Jamal, 2006: 277)

Figure 3.5National borders of Kuwait

Figure 3.6Kuwaiti Oil team (KPC, 2025)

Figure 3.7Free Kuwait pins

Figure 4.1Distribution of KIT tokens by gender in KENC2023

Figure 4.2Position of KIT tokens in KENC2023 compared with RP

Figure 4.3Pronunciation of six by speaker B-M14-AG1 (KENC2023)

Figure 4.4Distribution of DRESS tokens by gender in KENC2023

Figure 4.5Position of DRESS tokens in KENC2023
compared with RP

Figure 4.6Pronunciation of ice cream by speaker B-F02-AG2 (KENC2023)

Figure 4.7Pronunciation of face by a BrE reference speaker (Dynamic Dialects)

Figure 4.8Pronunciation of say by speaker B-M08-AG1 (KENC2023)

Figure 4.9Pronunciation of play by speaker H-F14-AG1 (KENC2023)

Figure 4.10Pronunciation of play by speaker H-M08-AG1 (KENC2023)

Figure 4.11Pronunciation of goat by a BrE reference speaker (Dynamic Dialects)

Figure 4.12Pronunciation of road by speaker H-M05-AG1 (KENC2023)

Figure 4.13Pronunciation of real with dark [ɫ] by a BrE reference speaker (Dynamic Dialects)

Figure 4.14Pronunciation of cool by speaker H-M05-AG1 (KENC2023)

Figure 4.15Pronunciation of red by a BrE reference speaker
(Dynamic Dialects)

Figure 4.16Pronunciation of red by speaker B-M09-AG2 (KENC2023)

Figure 4.17Pronunciation of train by speaker B-F03-AG2 (KENC2023)

Figure 4.18Pronunciation of cure by speaker H-F06-AG1 (KENC2023)

Figure 5.1Frequency (pmw) and distribution of inshallah
and hopefully across subcorpora in KENC2023

Figure 6.1Dendrogram: quite + ADJ in KENC2023,
BNC2014 and OANC

Figure 6.2Adjective positioning clusters in Kuwaiti English,
BrE and AmE