Cover not available

In:English in Kuwait: Development, status and usage
Mohammad A.N. Alenezi
[Varieties of English Around the World G73] 2026
► pp. 211–227

References

This content is being prepared for publication; it may be subject to changes.
Abdulrahman, Y. 2011, June 17. “The Tattoo Has Arrived.” Alanba. Accessed June 7, 2025. [URL].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Addewaniya. 2009. “The McChicken Kuwaiti … and the Chicken Nugget Kuwaiti.” D1ya. Accessed June 7, 2025. [URL].
Ahlberg, M., and P. Andersson. 2013. “Towards Automatic Tracking of Lexical Change: Linking Historical Lexical Resources.” In Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Historical Linguistics at NODALIDA 2013. NEALT Proceedings Series 18 / Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings 87: 1–10.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Akbar, R. 2007. “Students’ and Teachers’ Attitudes Towards Kuwaiti English Code-Switching.” PhD diss., Cardiff University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Akbar, R., H. Taqi, and T. Sadiq. 2020. “Arabizi in Kuwait: An Emerging Case of Digraphia.” Language and Communication 74: 204–216. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Al-Abdullah, S., and M. A. Almutairi. 2024. “Vowel Epenthesis in the Pronunciation of English Consonant Clusters by Kuwaiti EFL Learners.” Journal of Language Teaching and Research 15 (2): 664–673. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alammar, L. 2020. The Pact We Made. Glasgow: Borough Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2021. Silence Is a Sense. North Carolina: Algonquin Books.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Al-Azmi, W. 1991. The Political History of Kuwait Through British Documents. London: Riad El-Rayyes Books Ltd.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alazzawie, A. 2014. “The Discourse Marker Wa in Standard Arabic: A Syntactic and Semantic Analysis.” Theory and Practice in Language Studies 4 (10): 2008–2015. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Al-Badawi, K. 2012. “An Analysis of Phonetic, Morphological and Syntactic Errors in English: A Case Study of Saudi BA Students at King Khalid University.” International Journal of Social Science and Humanity 2 (6): 536–38.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Aldaihani, S. M., and S. K. Al-Houti. 2021. “Perception of English Fricatives (/v/, /ʒ/) by Undergraduate Kuwaiti Arabic Learners.” International Journal of Linguistics and Communication 9 (2): 1–17. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Al-Ebrahim, A. 2015. “The National Identity.” Al-Anba. Accessed June 7, 2025. [URL].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alfehaid, M. 2015. “Pronunciation Problems Arab Speakers Encounter While Learning English.” International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research 6 (10): 581–582.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alfoudari, G. 2017. The Sonnet. Kuwait: Sukoun.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alfwaress, F., E. A. Maaitah, S. Al-Khateeb, and Z. A. Zama. 2015. “The Relationship of Vocal Tract Dimensions and Substitution of the Palatal Approximant /j/ for the Alveolar Trill /r/.” International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 17 (5): 518–526. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Algharabali, N. 2010. “Two Cultures, One Room: Investigating Language and Gender in Kuwait.” PhD diss., Queen Mary University of London.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Algharabali, N., and H. Taqi. 2018. “Performing Speaking ‘Ungrammatical’ American English: A Kuwaiti Linguistic Phenomenon.” Open Journal of Modern Linguistics 8 (6): 242–261. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alghazali, T. 2020. “The Functions of (Inshallah) God Willing in Iraqi Dialect.” International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development 10 (3): 10569–10574.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alhajeri, A. 2017. History of Kuwait: The Emirate and the State. Kuwait: KFAS.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Al-Harahsheh, A. M. A. 2014. “Language and Gender Differences in Jordanian Spoken Arabic: A Sociolinguistics Perspective.” Theory and Practice in Language Studies 4 (5): 872. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alharbi, E. 2021. “Initiating and Responding with a wAllah-Prefaced Turn: A Study of Contemporary Arabic Interactional Grammar.” PhD diss., Macquarie University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Al-Hatim, A. 2004. Min Huna Bada’at Alkuweyt [From here Kuwait began]. Beirut: Alaşriyah Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Al-Hbeshi, N. 2020. Reign of Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah (1945–1965). Kuwait: Thaat Assalaasil.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alkanderi, Y. 2010. Change and Modernity: The Kuwaiti Family. Kuwait: Kuwait University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Al-Khawaldeh, A. 2018. “Uses of the Discourse Marker Wallahi in Jordanian Spoken Arabic: A Pragma-Discourse Perspective.” International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 8 (6): 114–123. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Al-Kulaib, E. M. 2010. The Acquisition of English and Arabic Existential Constructions. PhD diss., University of Kansas.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Al-Loughani, S. 2019, January 24. “Historian: Old Maps Document Presence of Kuwait Since 17th Century.” Kuwait News Agency (KUNA). Accessed June 7, 2025. [URL].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Almaosherji, A. 2015. Memento Mori. Kuwait: Dar Assalaam.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Almatrouk, F. 2019. Like a Lagoon. Kuwait: Dar Salma.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Almdaires, F. 2010. Islamic Extremism in Kuwait: From the Muslim Brotherhood to Al-Qaeda and Other Islamic Political Groups. London: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Almoaily, M. 2012. “Language Variation in Gulf Pidgin Arabic.” PhD diss., Newcastle University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Al-Mutairi, M. A. 2020. “Kachru’s Three Concentric Circles Model of English Language: An Overview of Criticism and the Place of Kuwait in It.” English Language Teaching 13 (1): 85–88. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alnajjar, G. 1988. “Elements of Kuwaiti Economic History.” In Elements of the Social History of Kuwait, ed. by G. Alnajjar, 7–16. Kuwait: Kuwait Social Association Publications.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alnakib, M. 2014. The Hidden Light of Objects. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2022. An Unlasting Home: A Novel. New York: Mariner Books.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alnouri, A. 1960. The Story of Education in Kuwait: From 1300 to 1360 Hijri. Kuwait: That Alsalaasil.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alotaibi, A. 2014. “The Comprehension of English Lexical Collocations by Kuwaiti EFL Learners.” International Journal of English Language and Linguistics Research 2 (3): 1–12.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2016a. “The Acquisition of the English Locative Alternation by Kuwaiti EFL Learners.” International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 5 (1): 65–73.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2016b. “The Use of Inflectional Morphemes by Kuwaiti EFL Learners.” English Language and Literature Studies 6 (3): 32–41. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2016c. “An Analysis of Compliment Responses by Kuwaiti EFL Learners: A Pragmatic Approach.” European Scientific Journal 12 (10): 74–89. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alotaibi, A., and H. Alajmi. 2015. “The Acquisition of the Passive Alternation by Kuwaiti EFL Learners.” International Journal of English Linguistics 5 (1): 44–52. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alotaibi, A., and M. Alotaibi. 2015. “The Acquisition of Binomials by Kuwaiti EFL Learners.” International Journal of English Linguistics 5 (3): 63. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alotaibi, A., S. H. Wu, and S. Alrabah. 2018. “Challenges in Learning English Prepositions by Kuwaiti EFL Learners: A Call for Bridging the Gap in Kuwait’s New English Language Curriculum.” Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 5 (11): 516–530.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alotaibi, M., and A. Alotaibi. 2017. “On the Acquisition of the Prenominal Adjective Order by Kuwaiti EFL Learners.” Advances in Language and Literary Studies 8 (1): 1–8. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alowayed, A. 2020. Kuwaiti Tales. Kuwait: Afaaq.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alqarhi, A. 2019. “Arabic Phonology.” English Linguistics Research 8 (4): 9–17. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alqenaie, S. 2011. “Kuwaiti Arabic: A Socio-Phonological Perspective.” PhD diss., Durham University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alrabah, S., S. Wu, and H. Aldaihani. 2016. “English Teachers’ Use of Learners’ L1 (Arabic) in College Classrooms in Kuwait.” English Language Teaching 9 (1): 1–11. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Al-Rawi, M. 2012. “Four Grammatical Features of Saudi English: Charting the Influence of Arabic on the Syntax of English in Saudi Arabia.” English Today 28 (2): 32–38. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alrawi, M., N. AlShurafa, and T. Elyas. 2022. “Saudi English: A Descriptive Analysis of English Language Variations in Saudi Arabia.” Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 51 (4): 865–884. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alrowaished, A. 2014. Is It Scary? Self-published.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alsaeed, A. 2012. Sad Man Dancing. Self-published.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alsahli, M. 2012. “The Emergence of the State of Kuwait and Its Political, Social and Economical Realities.” PhD diss., University of Sunderland.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alsalem, M. N., S. Alghazo, and M. Jarrah. 2025. “Cultural Nuances in Subtitling the Religious Discourse Marker Wallah in Jordanian Drama into English.” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 12 (1): 1–8.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alshammari, S. 2017. Notes on the Flesh. Malta: Faraxa Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alshammari, S., and R. Chahin. 2021. “Hip-Hop in the Arab World and Kuwait.” New Middle Eastern Studies 11 (2): 74–86.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alsharekh, A. 2018. “Love or Country: A Difficult Choice for Women in Kuwait.” Arabian Humanities 10.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alshatti, A., and F. Jamali. 2023. “Can Language Show-off Promote Social Status and Solidarity? An Explanatory Study of the Cognitive Attitudes of Kuwaitis towards Arabic-English Code-switching in Kuwaiti Social Domains.” World Journal of English Language 13 (8): 11–25. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alshurafa, N. 2009. “Linguistic Variations and Use of the 21st Century Arabicisation of English.” Paper presented at Applied Linguistics Conference, 27–28 March, Oxford University, UK.
Altabtabai, A. 2017. Nostalgic Rain: Galaxies Away. San Diego: Midship Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2020. Nostalgic Rain: Worlds in Decay. San Diego: Midship Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Al-Wagayaan, K. 2014. Culture in Kuwait. Kuwait: KFAS.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alyagout, N. 2017. The Waltz of This and That. California: CreateSpace.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2018. Motorbikes and Camels. Oregon: Luminare Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2019a. When Haboob Sings. Columbus, OH: Gatekeeper Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2019b. Not. Self-published.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alyousifi, M. 2018. Kuwait: From Emergence to Independence. Beirut: Arab Institute for Research and Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2016. “Using the Corpus-Driven Method to Chart Discourse-Pragmatic Change.” In Discourse-Pragmatic Variation and Change in English: New Methods and Insights, ed. by H. Pichler, 21–40. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Anderwald, L. 2017. “World Englishes and Dialectology.” In Oxford Handbook of World Englishes, ed. by M. Filppula, and D. Sharma, 252–271. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Aquino, L. H., and C. J. Aquino. 2024. “Morphological and Syntactic Characteristics of Adjectives in Philippine English: A Corpus-Based Description.” In Proceedings of the 38th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, ed. by N. Oco, S. N. Dita, A. M. Borlongan, and J.-B. Kim, 1458–1467. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Aryan, N. 2013. Dark Sun. Kuwait: Authorhouse.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Atkinson, P., and M. Hammersley. 2007. Ethnography: Principles in Practice. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bailey, G., and P. Cukor-Avila. 2025. “The Dynamic Model and the Evolution of African American English.” In World Englishes in the 21st Century: New Perspectives and Challenges to the Dynamic Model, 46–67. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Baker, P. 2006. Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis. London: Continuum. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2010. Sociolinguistics and Corpus Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Baker, P., and G. Brookes. 2025. Masculinities and Language. Abingdon: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Baker, P., and J. Egbert. 2016. “Introduction.” In Triangulating Methodological Approaches in Corpus-Linguistic Research, ed. by P. Baker, and J. Egbert, 1–19. London: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Baker, P., and T. McEnery. 2015. “Introduction.” In Corpora and Discourse Studies: Integrating Discourse and Corpora, ed. by P. Baker, and T. McEnery, 1–19. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Baker, P., C. Gabrielatos, and T. McEnery. 2013. “Sketching Muslims: A Corpus-Driven Analysis of Representations Around the Word ‘Muslim’ in the British Press 1998–2009.” Applied Linguistics 34 (3): 255–278. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Baker, P., C. Gabrielatos, M. Khosravinik, M. Krzyżanowski, T. McEnery, and R. Wodak. 2008. “A Useful Methodological Synergy? Combining Critical Discourse Analysis and Corpus Linguistics to Examine Discourses of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the UK Press.” Discourse and Society 19 (3): 273–306. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bakir, M. 1986. “Sex Differences in the Approximation to Standard Arabic: A Case Study.” Anthropological Linguistics 28 (1): 3–9.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bamgbose, A. 1998. “Torn Between the Norms: Innovations in World Englishes.” World Englishes 17 (1): 1–14. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bao, Z. 2017. “The Systemic Nature of Substratum Transfer.” In Oxford Handbook of World Englishes, ed. by M. Filppula, J. Klemola, and D. Sharma, 621–638. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bautista, M. L. S. 2004. “The Verb in Philippine English: A Preliminary Analysis of Modal Would.” World Englishes 23 (1): 113–128. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bernaisch, T., A. Suad, and A. Saeed. 2024. “Particle Verbs versus Simplex Verbs in Maldivian English.” World Englishes, 1–21.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bernaisch, T., S. T. Gries, and J. Mukherjee. 2014. “The Dative Alternation in South Asian Englishes: Modelling Predictors and Predicting Prototypes.” English World-Wide 35 (1): 7–31. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Berns, M. 2012. “World Englishes: What It Is, What They Are.” Plenary address delivered at the 39th Meeting of MEXTESOL, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, October 18, 2012.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bhatt, R. 2004. “Indian English: Syntax.” In A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool, Vol. 2, ed. by B. Kortmann, K. Burridge, R. Mesthrie, and E. Schneider, 1016–1030. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2010. “Corpus-Based and Corpus-Driven Analyses of Language Variation.” In Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Analysis, ed. by B. Heine, and H. Narrog, 159–191. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Biber, D., S. Johansson, G. Leech, S. Conrad, and E. Finegan. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2021. Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bickerton, D. 1981/2016. Roots of Language. Berlin: Language Science Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Biermeier, T. 2008. Word-Formation in New Englishes: A Corpus-Based Analysis. Berlin: LIT.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2014. “Compounding and Suffixation in World Englishes.” In The Evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and Beyond, ed. by S. Buschfeld, T. Hoffmann, M. Huber, and A. Kautzsch, 312–330. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bin Naser, M. 2020. The Comparative Dictionary of Kuwaiti Idioms. Kuwait City: Dar Basma.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bin Naser, M., and S. Alqenaie. 2019. Dictionary of Euphemisms. Kuwait City: Afaaq Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bjelaković, A. 2017. “The Vowels of Contemporary RP: Vowel Formant Measurements for BBC Newsreaders.” English Language and Linguistics 21 (3): 501–532. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Boersma, P. 2013. “Acoustic Analysis.” In Research Methods in Linguistics, ed. by R. J. Podesva and D. Sharma, 375–97. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Boersma, P., and D. Weenink. 2014. Praat: Doing Phonetics by Computer, version 6.4.27. [URL].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bolton, K. 2005. “Where WE Stands: Approaches, Issues, and Debate in World Englishes.” World Englishes 24 (1): 69–83. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2006. “Varieties of World Englishes.” In Handbook of World Englishes, ed. by B. Kachru, Y. Kachru, and C. Nelson, 289–312. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Brato, T. 2020. “English in Ghana: Extra- and Intra-Territorial Forces in a Developmental Perspective.” In Modelling World Englishes, ed. by S. Buschfeld, and A. Kautzsch, 371–396. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Brezina, V. 2018. Statistics in Corpus Linguistics: A Practical Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Brinton, L. 1996. Pragmatic Markers in English: Grammaticalization and Discourse Functions. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bruthiaux, P. 2003. “Squaring the Circles: Issues in Modeling English Worldwide.” International Journal of Applied Linguistics 13 (2): 159–178. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bruyn, A. 1996. “On Identifying Instances of Grammaticalization in Creole Languages.” In Changing Meanings, Changing Functions: Papers Relating to Grammaticalization in Contact Languages, ed. by P. Baker, and A. Syea, 29–46. London: University of Westminster Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bryman, A. 2008. Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bucholtz, M., and K. Hall. 2005. “Identity and Interaction: A Sociocultural Linguistic Approach.” Discourse Studies 7 (4-5): 585–614. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2010. “Locating Identity in Language.” In Language and Identities, ed. by C. Llamas, and D. Watt, 18–28. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Burridge, K., and H. Manns. 2025. “Shapers of Slang: Australian English Through the Lens of the Dynamic Model.” In World Englishes in the 21st Century: New Perspectives and Challenges to the Dynamic Model, 340–357. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S. 2020a. “Language Acquisition and World Englishes.” In Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes, ed. by D. Schreier, M. Hundt, and E. Schneider, 559–584. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2020b. “Synopsis: Fine-Tuning the EIF Model.” In Modelling World Englishes, ed. by S. Buschfeld, and A. Kautzsch, 397–415. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S., A. Kautzsch, and E. Schneider. 2018. “From Colonial Dynamism to Current Transnationalism: A Unified View on Postcolonial and Nonpostcolonial Englishes.” In Modeling World Englishes: Assessing the Interplay of Emancipation and Globalization of ESL Varieties, ed. by S. Deshors, 15–44. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S., and A. Kautzsch. 2014. “English in Namibia: A First Approach.” English World-Wide 35 (2): 121–160. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2017. “Towards an Integrated Approach to Postcolonial and Non-Postcolonial Englishes.” World Englishes 36 (1): 104–126. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Buyabes, D. 2012. What’s Wrong with Faris? Self-published.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2016. After the Good Days. Kuwait: Afaaq Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carter, P., and J. Local. 2007. “F2 Variation in Newcastle and Leeds English Liquid Systems.” Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (2): 183–199. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cavallaro, F., B. Ng, and M. Seilhamer. 2014. “Singapore Colloquial English: Issues of Prestige and Identity.” World Englishes 33 (3): 378–397. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Central Statistical Bureau. 2025. Accessed June 7, 2025. [URL].
Clift, R., and F. Helani. 2010. “Inshallah: Religious Invocations in Arabic Topic Transition.” Language in Society 39 (3): 357–382. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Coates, J. 2013. Women, Men and Language. London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Collins, P. 2009. Modals and Quasi-modals in English. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2025. “Nonstandard Morphosyntactic Variation in English Worldwide.” In World Englishes in the 21st Century: New Perspectives and Challenges to the Dynamic Model, 203–223. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Comrie, B., M. Haspelmath, and B. Bickel. 2015. The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for Interlinear Morpheme-by-Morpheme Glosses. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Accessed April 30, 2026. [URL].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Copland, F. 2011. “Negotiating Face in Feedback Conferences: A Linguistic Ethnographic Analysis.” Journal of Pragmatics 43 (15): 3832–3843. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Copland, F., and A. Creese. 2015. Linguistic Ethnography: Collecting, Analysing and Presenting Data. London: Sage. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Danielewicz-Betz, A. 2016. “Face Saving Discursive Strategies of Negation: A Saudi-Japanese Comparison.” Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 12 (1): 23–51. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dashti, A. 2004. “English/Kuwaiti Arabic Code-Switching as a Strategy of Language Choice in Some Kuwaiti Families.” The Educational Journal 71 (18): 11–39.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2015. “The Role and Status of the English Language in Kuwait: How Is English Used as an Additional Language in the Middle East?” English Today 31 (3): 28–33. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dashti, A., and F. Dashti. 2015. “Is Kuwait TV Diglossic? A Sociolinguistic Investigation.” European Scientific Journal 11 (2): 1857–7881.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dashti, Y. 2017. Sheikh Mubarak Al-Kabeer Booth. Kuwait: NCCAL.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dauer, R. M. 1983. “Stress-Timing and Syllable-Timing Reanalyzed.” Journal of Phonetics 11 (1): 51–62. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Davies, M. 2015. “Introducing the 1.9 Billion Word Global Web-Based English Corpus (GloWbE).” The 21st Century Text 5. [URL].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
De Fina, A. 2006. “Group Identity, Narrative and Self-Representations.” In Discourse and Identity, ed. by A. De Fina, D. Schiffrin, and M. Bamberg, 351–375. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
de Lopez, K. L. 2013. “Clause-Final Man in Tyneside English.” In English Corpus Linguistics: Variation in Time, Space and Genre, ed. by G. Andersen and K. Bech. Leiden: Brill. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Deterding, D. 2007. Singapore English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Deuber, D. 2010. “Modal Verb Usage at the Interface of English and a Related Creole: A Corpus-Based Study of Can/Could and Will/Would in Trinidadian English.” Journal of English Linguistics 38 (2): 105–142. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Deuber, D., C. Biewer, S. Hackert, and M. Hilbert. 2012. “Will and Would in Selected New Englishes.” In Mapping Unity and Diversity World-Wide: Corpus-Based Studies of New Englishes, ed. by M. Hundt and U. Gut, 77–102. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Duranti, A. 1981. The Samoan Fono: A Sociolinguistic Study. Canberra: Australian National University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Eckert, P. 1989. “The Whole Women: Sex and Gender Differences in Variation.” Language Variation and Change 1 (3): 254–267. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2000. Language Variation as Social Practice: The Linguistic Construction of Identity in Belten High. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2012. “Three Waves of Variation Study: The Emergence of Meaning in the Study of Sociolinguistic Variation.” Annual Review of Anthropology 41: 87–100. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2018. “‘I’m an Anglophile, But…’ A Corpus-Assisted Discourse Study of Language Ideologies in the Netherlands.” In Modeling World Englishes: Assessing the Interplay of Emancipation and Globalization of ESL Varieties, ed. by S. Deshors, 163–186. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Edwards, J. 2023. The Sounds of English around the World: An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Egbert, J., and G. LaFlair. 2018. “Statistics for Categorical, Nonparametric, and Distribution-Free Data.” In Palgrave Handbook of Applied Linguistics Research Methodology, ed. by A. Phakiti, P. de Costa, L. Plonsky, and S. Starfield, 523–540. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
El-Dakhs, D. A. S., and M. M. Ahmed. 2024. “The Realization of the Speech Act of Suggestion in Alexandrian and Najdi Arabic: A Variational Pragmatic Study.” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 11 (1): 1–12. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Elyas, T., M. Alzahrani, and H. Widodo. 2021. “Translanguaging and ‘Culigion’ Features of Saudi English.” World Englishes 40 (2): 219–230. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fallatah, W. 2016. “Features of Saudi English Research Articles Abstracts.” Arab World English Journal 7: 368–79. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Farghal, M., and M. Al-Hamly. 2007. “Lexical Collocations in EFL Writing.” Journal of Asia TEFL 4 (2): 69–94.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Filppula, M., J. Klemola, and H. Paulasto. 2009. Vernacular Universals and Language Contacts: Evidence from Varieties of Englishes and Beyond. London: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fitzsimmons-Doolan, S. 2014. “Using Lexical Variables to Identify Language Ideologies in a Policy Corpus.” Corpora 9 (1): 57–82. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Flach, S. 2021. Collostructions: An R Implementation for the Family of Collostructional Methods. R package, version 0.2.0. [URL].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Flowerdew, L. 2012. “Corpus-Based Discourse Analysis.” In Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis, ed. by J. Gee, and M. Handford, 200–214. London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fraser, B. 1980. “Conversational Mitigation.” Journal of Pragmatics 4 (4): 341–350. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1996. “Pragmatic Markers.” Pragmatics 6: 167–190.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gabrielatos, C., and A. Marchi. 2011. “Keyness: Matching Metrics to Definitions.” Paper presented at Corpus Linguistics in the South: Theoretical-Methodological Challenges in Corpus Approaches to Discourse Studies and Some Ways of Addressing Them. Accessed June 11, 2025. [URL].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Galloway, N., and H. Rose. 2015. Introducing Global Englishes. London: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Garcia-Castro, L. 2020. “Structural Nativization in Postcolonial Englishes: The Complementation Profile of REMEMBER as a Case in Point.” Nordic Journal of English Studies 19 (1): 175–204. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gardner-Chloros, P. 2010. “Contact and Code-Switching.” In Handbook of Language Contact, ed. by R. Hickey, 188–207. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Greenbaum, S. 1988. “A Proposal for an International Computerized Corpus of English.” World Englishes 7 (3): 315–315. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gries, S. T. 2023. “Overhauling Collostructional Analysis: Towards More Descriptive Simplicity and More Explanatory Adequacy.” Cognitive Semantics 9 (3): 351–386. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gries, S. T., and A. Stefanowitsch. 2004. “Extending Collostructional Analysis: A Corpus-Based Perspective On ‘Alternations’.” International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 9 (1): 97–129. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gries, S. T., T. Bernaisch, and B. Heller. 2018. “A Corpus-Linguistic Account of the History of the Genitive Alternation in Singapore English.” In Modeling World Englishes: Assessing the Interplay of Emancipation and Globalization of ESL Varieties, ed. by S. Deshors, 245–279. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gupta, A. 1994. The Step-Tongue: Children’s English in Singapore. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hamad, M. 2014. “Contrastive Linguistic English Phonology Vs. Arabic Phonology.” International Journal of Education and Practice 2 (4): 96–103. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Haswell, C. 2013. “A Global Model of English: How New Modeling Can Improve the Appreciation of English Usage in the Asia Pacific Region.” Asia Pacific World 4 (2): 122–137. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hawkins, S., and J. Midgley. 2005. “Formant Frequencies of RP Monophthongs in Four Age Groups of Speakers.” Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (2): 183–199. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hayat, N. A., and Y. B. AlBader. 2022. “The McChicken Phenomenon: How Has English Become a Prevalent Language among Kuwaiti Youths.” World Journal of English Language 12 (6). Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heine, B., and T. Kuteva. 2010. “Contact and Grammaticalization.” In Handbook of Language Contact, ed. by R. Hickey, 86–105. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hennecke, I. 2013. “Pragmatic Markers in Manitoban French: A Corpus Linguistic and Psycholinguistic Investigation of Language Contact.” PhD diss., Ruhr-Universität Bochum.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2010. “Language Contact: Reconsideration and Reassessment.” In Handbook of Language Contact, ed. by R. Hickey, 1–28. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2025. “Evolving Near the Source: The Dynamic Model in Ireland.” In World Englishes in the 21st Century: New Perspectives and Challenges to the Dynamic Model, 25–45. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hoffman, M. 2014. “Sociolinguistic Interviews.” In Research Methods in Sociolinguistics: A Practical Guide, ed. by J. Holmes, and K. Hazen, 25–42. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Horezeanu, M. 2015. “You Want to Hear the Magic Word? Inshallah.” BAS British and American Studies 21: 193–204.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Huddleston, R. D., and G. K. Pullum. 2002. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hymes, D. 1974. The Foundations of Sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistic Ethnography. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ike, S., and J. D’Andgelo. 2020. “English in Japan: The Applicability of the EIF Model.” In Modelling World Englishes, ed. by S. Buschfeld, and A. Kautzsch, 179–201. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Irvine, T., and S. Gal. 2000. “Language Ideology and Linguistic Differentiation.” Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities, and Identities 81: 35–84.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jamal, M. 2006. History of Postal Services in Kuwait. Kuwait: Centre for Research and Studies on Kuwait.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jenkins, J. 2015. Global Englishes: A Resource Book for Students (3rd Edn). Oxon, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Johanson, L. 2002. “Contact-Induced Linguistic Change in a Code-Copying Framework.” In Language Change: The Interplay of Internal, External and Extra-Linguistic Factors, ed. by M. Jones, and E. Esch, 285–313. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Joyce, M. 1998. Kuwait 1945–1996: An Anglo-American Perspective. London: Frank Cass Publishers.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jucker, A. H., G. Schneider, I. Taavitsainen, and B. Breustedt. 2008. “Fishing for Compliments: Precision and Recall in Corpus-Linguistic Compliment Research.” In Speech Acts in the History of English, ed. by A. H. Jucker and I. Taavitsainen, 273–294. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kachru, B. 1965. “The Indianness in Indian English.” Word 21 (3): 391–410. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1985. “Standards, Codification and Sociolinguistic Realism: The English Language in the Outer Circle.” In English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures, ed. by R. Quirk, and H. Widdowson, 11–30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1992. “Teaching World Englishes.” In The Other Tongue: English Across Cultures, ed. by B. Kachru, 355–65. Urbana, Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kachru, B., Y. Kachru, and C. Nelson, eds. 2006. Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kamal, A. 2013. “Perceptions of Globalization Among English Language Students at Kuwait University: Voices of Ownership.” PhD diss., Canterbury Christ Church University, UK.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kendall, T. 2011. “Corpora from a Sociolinguistic Perspective.” Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada 11 (2): 361–89. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kermani, S. 2005. “Petro-Linguistics: The Emerging Nexus Between Oil, English, and Islam.” Journal of Language, Identity and Education 4 (2): 87–102. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Khalfaoui, A. 2017. “A Procedural Analysis of the Discourse Connective fa and Its Implications for Teaching Arabic as a Foreign Language.” Al-’Arabiyya 50: 1–24. [URL].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Khalifa, M. F. 2020. Errors in English Pronunciation among Arabic Speakers: Analysis and Remedies. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Khalil, F. A. M. 1981. “Evidence of Mother Tongue Interference in Foreign Language Acquisition: A Case Study of Kuwaiti Learners.” PhD diss., University College, Cardiff.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, A. 2017. “Research in World Englishes and International Communication.” In Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning: Volume III, ed. by E. Hinkel, 416–27. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kroskrity, P. 2004. “Language Ideologies.” In A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology, ed. by A. Duranti, 496–517. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kutlu, E., and R. Kircher. 2021. “A Corpus-Assisted Discourse Study of Attitudes Toward Spanish as a Heritage Language in Florida.” Language 6 (38): 1–18.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kuwait Petroleum Corporation. 2025. “Oil History.” Accessed June 7, 2025. [URL].
Ladefoged, P., and I. Maddieson. 1996. The Sounds of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lange, C., and S. Leuckert. 2020. Corpus Linguistics for World Englishes: A Guide for Research. London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lauwo, M. 2020. “Language Ideologies in Multilingual Tanzania: Parental Discourses, School Realities, and Contested Visions of Schooling.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 43 (7): 1–15.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lavidas, N., and A. Bergs. 2020. “On Historical Language Contact in English and Its Types: State of the Art and New Directions.” Linguistics Vanguard 6 (s2). Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lawson, E., J. Stuart-Smith, J. M. Scobbie, and S. Nakai. 2018a. “Seeing Speech: An Articulatory Web Resource for the Study of Phonetics.” University of Glasgow. [URL].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2018b. “Dynamic Dialects: An Articulatory Web Resource for the Study of Accents.” University of Glasgow. [URL].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2018c. “R and L in English.” In “Seeing Speech: An Articulatory Web Resource for the Study of Phonetics.” University of Glasgow. Accessed April 29, 2026. [URL].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lee, K. M. 2020. “Relative Clauses in a Modern Diachronic Corpus of Singapore English.” Asia Pacific Journal of Corpus Research 1 (1): 31–60.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Leisi, E., and C. Mair. 1999. Das heutige Englisch: Wesenszüge und Probleme [Contemporary English: Characteristics and Problems]. 8th edn. Heidelberg: C. Winter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Leuckert, S., and S. Rüdiger. 2021. “Discourse Markers and World Englishes.” World Englishes 40 (4): 482–87. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Levshina, N. 2014. “Geographic Variation of Quite + ADJ in Twenty National Varieties of English: A Pilot Study.” Yearbook of the German Cognitive Linguistics Association 2 (1): 109. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Li, E., and A. Mahboob. 2012. English Today: Forms, Functions, and Uses. Hong Kong: Pearson Education.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lim, L. 2020. “The Contribution of Language Contact to the Emergence of World Englishes.” In The Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes, ed. by D. Schreier, M. Hundt, and E. Schneider, 72–98. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Locher, A. 1890. With Star and Crescent. Chicago: Aetna Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lutfia, N. B. 2024. “The Accuracy of Non-English Major Students of Uin Ril in Pronouncing English Words with Alveolar Voiced Consonant.” PhD diss., Raden Intan State Islamic University of Lampung, Indonesia.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mackenzie, S., E. Olson, M. Clayards, and M. Wagner. 2018. “North American /l/ Both Darkens and Lightens Depending on Morphological Constituency and Segmental Context.” Laboratory Phonology 9 (1). Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Madsen, M. 2018. “Linguistic Ethnography: Studying English Language, Cultures and Practices.” In Routledge Handbook of English Language Studies, ed. by P. Seargeant, A. Hewings, and S. Pihlaja, 392–405. London: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mahboob, A., and T. Elyas. 2014. “English in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.” World Englishes 33 (1): 128–42. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mahmoud, A. 2014. “Simplification in Language Learning: What Do Learners Simplify?” Studies in English Language Teaching 2 (3): 275–80. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mahsain, F. 2014. “Motivations Behind Code-Switching Among Kuwaiti Bilingual Schools’ Students.” PhD diss., University of Manchester.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Makki, M., R. Al-Mugtaf, and J. Raii. 2021. “Arabs’ Problems with the Pronunciation of Some Consonants and Consonant Clusters.” International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education 13 (2): 1818–26.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Malallah, S. 2000. “English in an Arabic Environment: Current Attitudes to English Among Kuwait University Students.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 3 (1): 19–43. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Maloney, J., and M. Kessler. 2019. “Ethnography: Connecting the Local and the Global.” In Investigating World Englishes: Research Methodology and Practical Applications, ed. by I. De Costa, D. Crowther, and J. Maloney, 44–65. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Matras, Y. 2010. “Contact, Convergence, and Typology.” In Handbook of Language Contact, ed. by R. Hickey, 66–87. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McArthur, T. 1998. The English Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McCarthy, M., and A. O’Keeffe. 2003. “What’s in a Name? Vocatives in Casual Conversations and Radio Phone-in Calls.” In Corpus Analysis, ed. by P. Leistyna, and C. Meyer, 153–85. Amsterdam: Brill. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Meer, P., and D. Deuber. 2020. “Standard English in Trinidad: Multinormativity, Translocality, and Implications for the Dynamic Model and the EIF Model.” In Modelling World Englishes, ed. by S. Buschfeld, and A. Kautzsch, 274–97. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mehawesh, M. I., and A. A. Jaradat. 2015. “Inshallah: Extensive Flouting of Grice’s Maxim of Quality.” Asian Social Science 11 (4): 319. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Meinhoff, M., and J. Meinhoff. 1976. Observations of Students in English as a Second Language at Kuwait University: 1974–1976. ERIC Document ED139273.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mendoza-Denton, N. 2006. “Language and Identity.” In Handbook of Language Variation and Change, ed. by J. Chambers, P. Trudgill, and N. Schilling-Estes, 475–99. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mesthrie, R. 2017. “World Englishes, Second Language Acquisition, and Language Contact.” In Oxford Handbook of World Englishes, ed. by M. Filppula, J. Klemola, and D. Sharma, 175–93. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mesthrie, R., and R. Bhatt. 2008. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Meyer, I. 2001. “Extracting Knowledge-Rich Contexts for Terminography: A Conceptual and Methodological Framework.” In Recent Advances in Computational Terminology, ed. by D. Bourigault, C. Jacquemin, and M. L’Homme, 279–302. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Meyerhoff, M. 2011. Introducing Sociolinguistics. London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Migdadi, F., M. Badarneh, and K. Momani. 2010. “Divine Will and Its Extensions: Communicative Functions of Maašaallah in Colloquial Jordanian Arabic.” Communication Monographs 77 (4): 480–99. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Migge, B. 1998. “Substrate Influence in the Formation of the Surinamese Plantation Creole.” PhD diss., Ohio State University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2013. “The Eastern Maroon Creoles.” In Mouton World Atlas of Variation in English, ed. by B. Kortmann, and K. Lunkenheimer, 279–90. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Migge, B., and N. Smith. 2007. “Introduction: Substrate Influence in Creole Formation.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 22 (1): 1–15. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ministry of Education. 2025. Accessed June 7, 2025. [URL].
Moag, R. 1992. “The Life Cycle of Non-Native Englishes: A Case Study.” In The Other Tongue: English Across Cultures, ed. by B. Kachru, 233–52. Urbana, Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mohammad, E. 2008. “The Place of Writing in First Grade Kuwaiti English Education: A Sociological Case Study.” PhD diss., Queensland University of Technology.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mohammad, K. 1994. Foreign Words in Kuwaiti Arabic. Kuwait City: Afaaq Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Moore, A. R. 2023. “Linguistic Dissociation: A General Theory to Explain the Phenomenon of Linguistic Distancing Behaviours.” Applied Linguistics 44 (6): 1152–1171. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mughazy, M. 2001. “Discourse Particles Revisited: The Case of Wallahi in Egyptian Arabic.” In Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XV, ed. by D. B. Parkinson, and S. Farwaneh, 3–17. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mukherjee, J., and S. T. Gries. 2009. “Collostructional Nativisation in New Englishes.” English World-Wide 30 (1): 27–51. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Needle, J. M., and S. A. Tagliamonte. 2025. “Buddies, Dudes, and Bros of Ontario: Trends and Patterns of Vocative Change.” Journal of English Linguistics 53 (2): 107–136. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nelson, G., and G. Ozón. 2018. “World Englishes and Corpus Linguistics.” In World Englishes: Rethinking Paradigms, ed. by E. Low and A. Pakir, 189–204. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nelson, G., and R. Hongtao. 2012. “Particle Verbs in African Englishes: Nativization and Innovation.” In Mapping Unity and Diversity World-Wide: Corpus-Based Studies of New Englishes, 197–214. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Odlin, T. 1989. Language Transfer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ortmann, S. 2009. “Singapore: The Politics of Inventing National Identity.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 28 (4): 23–46. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Othman, A., and S. Abubaker. 2021. “Investigating Pronunciation Difficulties Encountered by Arab Students in Learning English Sounds.” Global Libyan Journal 50: 1–20.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
PACI. 2025. PACI Services. Accessed June 7, 2025. [URL].
Partington, A. 2004. “Corpora and Discourse, a Most Congruous Beast.” Corpora and Discourse 1: 11–20.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pennycook, A. 2010. Language as a Local Practice. London: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Popa, S. 2016. “Language Transfer in Second Language Acquisition: Some Effects of L1 Instruction Romanian on L2/L3 Learning Catalan/Spanish.” PhD diss., University of Lleida, Spain.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Quirk, R. 1962. The Use of English. London: Longman.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Quirk, R., S. Greenbaum, G. Leech, and J. Svartvik. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London and New York: Longman.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rampton, B. 2007. “Neo-Hymesian Linguistic Ethnography in the United Kingdom.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 11 (5): 584–607. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rayson, P. 2025. Log-Likelihood Wizard Spreadsheet [Microsoft Excel file]. UCREL, Lancaster University. [URL].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Richards, J. 1968. “Pronunciation Features of Thai Speakers of English.” Journal of the Linguistic Society of New Zealand 10 (11): 67–75.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ronan, P. 2020. “English in Ireland: Intra-Territorial Perspectives on Language Contact.” In Modelling World Englishes, ed. by S. Buschfeld, and A. Kautzsch, 322–346. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rüdiger, S. 2020. “English in South Korea: Applying the EIF Model.” In Modelling World Englishes, ed. by S. Buschfeld, and A. Kautzsch, 154–178. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rüdiger, S., T. Neumaier, S. Leuckert, and S. Buschfeld, eds. 2025. World Englishes in the 21st Century. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ryding, K. 2005. A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Salamah, S. 2019. 100 Pieces of Me. Kuwait: Hurouf.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sand, A. 2005. “Angloversals? Shared Morpho-Syntactic Features in Contact Varieties of English.” Postdoctoral thesis, University of Freiburg.
Sapir, E. 1949. Culture, Language and Personality: Selected Essays. California: University of California Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Saraceni, M. 2015. World Englishes: A Critical Analysis. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schneider, E. 1984. “A Bibliography of Writings on American and Canadian English (1965–1983).” In A Bibliography of Writings on Varieties of English, 1965–1983, ed. by W. Viereck et al., 225–309. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2003. “The Dynamics of New Englishes: From Identity Construction to Dialect Birth.” Language 79 (2): 233–281. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2004. “How to Trace Structural Nativization: Particle Verbs in World Englishes.” World Englishes 23 (2): 227–249. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2010. “Developmental Patterns of English: Similar or Different?” In Routledge Handbook of World Englishes, ed. by A. Kirkpatrick, 372–384. London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2011. English Around the World: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2012. “Exploring the Interface Between World Englishes and Second Language Acquisition.” Journal of English as a Lingua Franca 1 (1): 57–91. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2013. “English as a Contact Language: The ‘New Englishes’.” In English as a Contact Language, ed. by D. Schreier, and M. Hundt, 131–148. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2014. “New Reflections on the Evolutionary Dynamics of World Englishes.” World Englishes 33 (1): 9–32. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2016. “World Englishes on YouTube: Treasure Trove or Nightmare?” In World Englishes: New Theoretical and Methodological Considerations, ed. by E. Seoane, and C. Suárez-Gómez, 253–282. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2020. “English in North America: Accounting for Its Evolution.” In Modelling World Englishes, ed. by S. Buschfeld, and A. Kautzsch, 228–250. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schreier, D. 2020. “Englishes in Tristan da Cunha, St Helena, Bermuda and the Falkland Islands.” In Modelling World Englishes, ed. by S. Buschfeld, and A. Kautzsch, 298–321. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Seargeant, P. 2012. Exploring World Englishes: Language in a Global Context. London: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Shaheen, A. 1973. Foreign Words in Kuwaiti Arabic. Kuwait: Mataabi’ Sout Al-Khaleej.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sharma, D., and J. Rickford. 2009. “Aave/creole Copula Absence: A Critique of the Imperfect Learning Hypothesis.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 24 (1): 53–90. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Siegel, J. 2003. “Substrate Influence in Creoles and Second Language Acquisition.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 25 (2): 185–209. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Silverstein, M. 1979. “Language Structure and Linguistic Ideology.” In The Elements: A Parasession on Linguistic Units and Levels, ed. by P. Clyne et al., 193–247. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sketch Engine. 2025. LogDice. Accessed June 7, 2025. [URL].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Smith, S. 1999. Kuwait 1950–1965: Britain, the Al-Sabah, and Oil. Oxford: British Academy.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Spencer, B. 2011. “International Sporting Events in South Africa.” African Identities 9 (3): 267–278. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stefanowitsch, A., and S. T. Gries. 2003. “Collostructions: Investigating the Interaction of Words and Constructions.” International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 8 (2): 209–243. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Steger, M., and E. Schneider. 2012. “Complexity as a Function of Iconicity: The Case of Complement Clause Constructions in New Englishes.” In Linguistic Complexity: Second Language Acquisition, Indigenization, Contact, ed. by B. Kortmann and B. Szmrecsanyi, 156–191. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stocqueler, J. 1832. Through Untrodden Tracts of Khuzistan and Persia, Vol. I. London: Saunders and Otley.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Strauss, A., and J. Corbin. 1990. Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Strevens, P. 1982/1992. “English as an International Language.” In The Other Tongue: English Across Cultures, ed. by B. Kachru, 27–47. Urbana, Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, B., and M. Röthlisberger. 2020. “World Englishes from the Perspective of Dialect Typology.” In Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes, ed. by D. Schreier et al., 534–558. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, B., J. Grafmiller, B. Heller, and M. Röthlisberger. 2016. “Around the World in Three Alternations: Modeling Syntactic Variation in Varieties of English.” English World-Wide 37 (2): 109–37. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Taqi, H., and R. Akbar. 2015. “The Presentation of EIL in Kuwait: Students’ Expectations and Needs.” International Education Studies 8 (9): 14–24. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Taqi, H., N. Algharabali, and R. S. Akbar. 2018b. “The Realization of English Vowels by Kuwaiti Speakers.” International Journal of English Linguistics 8 (4): 1–13. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Taqi, H., N. Algharabali, and D. Almubayei. 2018a. “Identity or Prestige: The Chameleon Effect on EFL Pronunciation.” Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology 8 (2): 82–94. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Thomason, S. 2001. Language Contact: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Thomason, S., and T. Kaufman. 1988. Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Todd, L. 1982. Cameroon. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tognini-Bonelli, E. 2001. Corpus Linguistics at Work. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Torres, L., and K. Potowski. 2008. “A Comparative Study of Bilingual Discourse Markers in Chicago Mexican, Puerto Rican, and MexiRican Spanish.” International Journal of Bilingualism 12 (4): 263–279. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Trudgill, P., and J. Hannah. 1982/2017. International English: A Guide to Varieties of English Around the World. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tryzna, M., and H. Alsharoufi. 2017. “English Language Education Policy in Kuwait.” In English Language Education Policy in the Middle East and North Africa, ed. by R. Kirkpatrick, 77–91. Singapore: Springer. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tusting, K., and J. Maybin. 2007. “Linguistic Ethnography and Interdisciplinarity: Opening the Discussion.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 11 (5): 575–583. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tyrkkö, J., and J. Kopaczyk. 2018. “Present Applications and Future Directions in Pattern-Driven Approaches to Corpus Linguistics.” In Applications of Pattern-Driven Methods in Corpus Linguistics, ed. by J. Kopaczyk, and J. Tyrkkö, 1–12. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Van Rooy, B. 2010. “Social and Linguistic Perspectives on Variability in World Englishes.” World Englishes 29 (1): 3–20. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2024. World Englishes: The Local Lives of a Global Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Velázquez, I. 2013. “Individual Discourse, Language Ideology and Spanish Transmission in El Paso, Texas.” Critical Discourse Studies 10 (3): 245–262. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Vessey, R. 2017. “Corpus Approaches to Language Ideology.” Applied Linguistics 38 (3): 277–296. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Viereck, W., E. Schneider, and M. Görlach. 1984. A Bibliography of Writings on Varieties of English, 1965–1983. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wallis, S. 2020. Statistics in Corpus Linguistics Research: A New Approach. London: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wells, J. 1982. Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2003. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2017. “World Englishes and Creoles.” In Oxford Handbook of World Englishes, ed. by M. Filppula, J. Klemola, and D. Sharma, 194–210. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Winford, D., and B. Migge. 2007. “Substrate Influence on the Emergence of the TMA Systems of the Surinamese Creoles.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 22 (1): 73–99. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wolf, H., and F. Polzenhagen. 2009. World Englishes: A Cognitive Sociolinguistic Approach. Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Woolard, K. 2018. “Language, Identity, and Politics in Catalonia.” Brown Journal of World Affairs XXV (I): 21–40.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Youssef, V. 1990. “The Development of Linguistic Skills in Some Trinidadian Children: An Integrative Approach to Verb Phrase Development.” PhD diss., University of the West Indies.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zipp, L., and T. Bernaisch. 2012. “Particle Verbs Across First and Second Language Varieties of English.” In Mapping Unity and Diversity World-Wide: Corpus-Based Studies of New Englishes, ed. by M. Hundt and U. Gut, 167–196. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue