Language learning is frequently justified as a vehicle for promoting intercultural communication and understanding, and language-in-education policies have increasingly come to reflect this preoccupation in their rhetoric. This paper will examine the ways in which concepts relating to interculturality are constructed in Japanese language policy documents. It will explore in particular the ways in which ideologies of nationalism and Japanese identity have an impact on understandings of the nature and purpose of interculturality and how these are developed discursively in Japanese language-in-education policy documents. Language policies construct a discourse of interculturality which focuses on the development of a nationalistic adherence to a particular conceptualisation of Japanese identity, which is unique, homogenous, and monolithic. These themes will be discussed in the contexts of Japanese policy documents relating to foreign language teaching and Japanese language spread.
Befu, H.1993. ‘Nationalism and nihonjinron’. In Cultural nationalism in East Asia: Representation and identity, edited by Befu, H. Berkeley, CA: Institute of East Asian Studies.
Befu, H.2001. Hegemony of homogeneity: An anthropological analysis of Nihonjinron. Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press.
Bhabha, H.1992. ‘Post-colonial authority and post-modern guilt’. In Cultural studies, edited by Grossberg, L.; Nelson, P.; Treichler, P.. London: Routledge.
Byram, M.1989. Cultural studies in foreign language education. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Considine, M.1994. Public policy. A critical approach. Melbourne: Macmillan.
Crozet, C.; Liddicoat, A. J.; Lo Bianco, J.1999. ‘Intercultural competence: From language policy to language education’. In Striving for the third place: Intercultural competence through language education, edited by Crozet, C.; Liddicoat, A. J.; Lo Bianco, J. Canberra: Language Australia.
Dale, P.1986. The myth of Japanese uniqueness. London: Routledge.
Eastman, C. M.1983. Language planning: An introduction. San Francisco: Chandler and Sharp.
Ehara, T.1992. ‘The internationalization of education’. In The internationalization of Japan, edited by Hook, G.; Weiner, M.. London & New York: Routledge.
Gjerde, P; Onishi, M.2000. ‘Selves, cultures, and nations: The psychological imagination of “the Japanese” in the era of globalization’. Human Development 431: 216–226.
Hashimoto, K.2000. ‘“Internationalization” is “Japanisation”: Japan's foreign language education and national identity’. Journal of Intercultural Studies 21 (1): 39–51.
Johnson, C.1983. ‘The internationalization of the Japanese economy’. In The challenge of Japan’s internationalization: Organization and culture, edited by Mannari, H.; Befu, H. New York and Hyogo: Kodansha International Ltd and Kwansei Gakuin University.
Kaplan, R. B., and Baldauf, R. B.. 1997. Language planning: From practice to theory. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Kosaku, Y.1992. Cultural nationalism in contemporary Japan: A sociological enquiry. New York: Routledge.
Kramsch, C.1993. Context and culture in language education. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kramsch, C; Holden, T.1994. ‘Redefining literacy in a foreign language’. Die Unterrichtspraxis 27 (1), 28–35.
Kubota, R.2002. ‘The impact of globalization on language teaching in Japan’. In Globalization and language teaching, edited by Block, D.; Cameron, D. London: Routledge.
Liddicoat, A.2004. ‘The conceptualisation of the cultural component of language teaching in Australian language-in-education policy’. Journal of multilingual and multicultural development 25 (4): 297–317.
Liddicoat, A.; Crozet, C.; Lo Bianco, J.1999. ‘Striving for the third place: Consequences and implications’. In Striving for the third place intercultural competence through language education, edited by Lo Bianco, J.; Liddicoat, A.; Crozet, C. Canberra: Language Australia.
Maher, J.; Yashiro, K.1995. ‘Multilingual Japan: An introduction’. In Multilingual Japan, edited by Maher, J.; Yashiro, K. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Masden, K.1997. ‘The impact of Ministry of Education policy on pluralism in Japanese education: An examination of recent issues’. In Emerging pluralism in Asia and the Pacific, edited by Wu, D.; McQueen, H.; Yamanoto, Y. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
MEXT. 2004a. REX: ‘Regional and educational exchanges for mutual understanding’ [Japanese]. Accessed 9 September 2005. Available from: [URL].
MEXT. 2004b. REX: ‘Kinds of activities done under the REX Program’ [Japanese]. Accessed 9 September 2005. Available from: [URL].
MEXT. 2004c. ‘Pre-departure intensive training program’ [Japanese]. Accessed 9 September 2005. Available from: [URL].
Miller, R.1982. Japan’s modern myth: The language and beyond. New York and Tokyo: Weatherhill.
Monbusho. 2002a. ‘The course of study for lower secondary school: Foreign languages’. Japan: MEXT. Accessed 12 August 2004. Available from: [URL].
Monbusho. 2002b. ‘The course of study for lower secondary school: Foreign languages’ [Japanese]. Japan: MEXT. Accessed 12 August 2004.
Monbusho. 2002c. ‘Developing a strategic plan to cultivate ‘Japanese With English Abilities’ to improve English and Japanese abilities’ [Japanese]. Japan: MEXT. Accessed 12 August 2004. Available from: [URL].
Morita, T.1988. Education reform and studies of Japanese people and culture [Japanese]. Tokyo: Shin Nihon Shuppansha.
Mouer, R.; Sugimoto, Y.1986. Images of Japanese society: A study on the structure of social reality. London and New York: Kegan Paul International.
Murphy-Shigematsu, S.1993. ‘Multiethnic Japan and the monoethnic myth’. MELUS 18 (4): 63–80.
Murphy-Shigematsu, S.2002. ‘Multiethnic Japan’. Social Science Journal Japan 15 (54): 45–45i.
Nagata, Y.1995. ‘The “culture” of Japanese language teaching in Australia’. Japanese Studies 15 (2): 1–15.
Nakamura, K.2002. ‘Cultivating global literacy through English as an international language (EIL) education in Japan: A new paradigm for global education’. International Education Journal 31: 64–74.
Ogoura, K.2004. ‘The importance of Japanese-language education around the world – helping Japan exert an even greater influence in the global community’ [Japanese]. Accessed 9 September 2005. Available from: [URL].
Schiffman, H.1996. Linguistic culture and language policy. London: Routledge.
Steele, R.; Suozo, A.1994. Teaching French culture: theory and practice. Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook.
Suzuki, T.1995. Can Japanese become an international language? [Japanese]. Tokyo: Kodansha.
Toyama, A.2002. ‘Regarding the establishment of an action plan to cultivate “Japanese with English abilities”’ [Japanese]. Accessed 12 August 2004. Available from: [URL].
Toyota, T.1988a. ‘Japanese studies for Japanese language teaching’ [Japanese]. Japanese Language Teaching 631: 16–29.
Toyota, T.1988b. ‘Japanese way of life in Japanese language education’ [Japanese]. Japanese Language Education 631: 16–29.
Yoshino, K.1992. Cultural nationalism in contemporary Japan: A sociological enquiry. London and New York: Routledge.
Zarate, G.1986. Enseigner une culture étrangère. Paris: Hachette.
Zarate, G.1993. Représentations de l’étranger et didactique des langues. Paris: Didier.
Cited by (17)
Cited by 17 other publications
Munezane, Yoko
2023. Interculturality in language education in the Japanese context. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development► pp. 1 ff.
Ong, Teresa Wai See
2022. ‘No Face Mask, No Entry!’: Dissecting Multilingual COVID-19 Related Public Health Signs in Penang, Malaysia. In COVID-19 and a World of Ad Hoc Geographies, ► pp. 2413 ff.
Liddicoat, Anthony J. & Kerry Taylor-Leech
2021. Agency in language planning and policy. Current Issues in Language Planning 22:1-2 ► pp. 1 ff.
Katsara, Ourania
2020. Towards Building Intercultural Competence for Greek and International ERASMUS Students. In Rethinking Education Across Borders, ► pp. 289 ff.
O’Neill, Fiona
2020. Language, Professional Expertise and Identity. In The Intercultural Professional, ► pp. 1 ff.
O’Neill, Fiona
2020. The Intercultural Professional: Rewriting the Self. In The Intercultural Professional, ► pp. 213 ff.
Rivers, Damian J.
2020. Contributions of National Identity and Personality to Foreign Language Communication and Contact Attitudes in Japan. Journal of Language, Identity & Education 19:6 ► pp. 379 ff.
Avineri, Netta
2019. “Nested Interculturality”: Dispositions and Practices for Navigating Tensions in Immersion Experiences. In Redefining Teaching Competence through Immersive Programs, ► pp. 37 ff.
Taira, Kazufumi
2019. A systematic form of Japanization in Okinawa: Japanese identity construction through a Japanization discourse in textbooks and a textbook guide. International Studies in Sociology of Education 28:2 ► pp. 110 ff.
Bouchard, Jeremie
2017. Methodological Groundwork. In Ideology, Agency, and Intercultural Communicative Competence [Intercultural Communication and Language Education, ], ► pp. 121 ff.
Bouchard, Jeremie
2017. Nihonjinron, Native-Speakerism, and EFL Classroom Discourse and Practice. In Ideology, Agency, and Intercultural Communicative Competence [Intercultural Communication and Language Education, ], ► pp. 209 ff.
Bouchard, Jeremie
2017. Nihonjinron, Native-Speakerism, and Recent MEXT Policies on EFL Education. In Ideology, Agency, and Intercultural Communicative Competence [Intercultural Communication and Language Education, ], ► pp. 159 ff.
Bouchard, Jeremie
2017. ICC, Nihonjinron and Native-Speakerism. In Ideology, Agency, and Intercultural Communicative Competence [Intercultural Communication and Language Education, ], ► pp. 19 ff.
Kirkpatrick, Andy & Anthony J. Liddicoat
2017. Language education policy and practice in East and Southeast Asia. Language Teaching 50:2 ► pp. 155 ff.
Pigott, Julian
2015. English-as-Panacea: Untangling Ideology from Experience in Compulsory English Education in Japan. In Resistance to the Known, ► pp. 216 ff.
Premaratne, Dilhara D.
2015. Globalisation, language planning and language rights: the recent script policy measures adopted by Japan and the People's Republic of China. Current Issues in Language Planning 16:4 ► pp. 425 ff.
McAlinden, Maggie
2014. Can Teachers Know Learners’ Minds? Teacher Empathy and Learner Body Language in English Language Teaching. In Critical Perspectives on Language Education [Multilingual Education, 11], ► pp. 71 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 31 december 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.