In:Person Reference and Interaction in Umpila and Kuuku Ya’u Narrative
Clair Hill
[Culture and Language Use 26] 2026
► pp. xix–xx
List of abbreviations
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Abbreviations used in glosses
1
first person
2
second person
3
third person
ABL
ablative
ACC
accusative
CAUS
causative
DAT
dative
dem
demonstrative
DIR
directional
dist1
demonstrative distal grade 1
dist2
demonstrative distal grade 2
dist3
demonstrative distal grade 3
DM
demonstrative marker
DUB
dubitative
ERG
ergative
exc
exclusive
FUT
future
GEN
genitive
IGNOR
ignorative
IMP
imperative
inc
inclusive
INTJ
interjection
LOC
locative
MOD
mood/modal
NEG
negative
NF
non-future
NMLZ
nominalization
NOM
nominative
NSG
non-singular
PATHOS
pathos ‘poor thing’ clitic
pl/PL
plural
PRED
predicator
PRES.CONT
present continuous
PRIV
privative
PROG
progressive
prox
proximal
RFL
reflexive
RDP
reduplication
SG/sg
singular
VBLZ
verbaliser
Glosses used for kin-terms
B
brother
C
child
D
daughter
e
elder
F
father
H
husband
M
mother
S
son
W
wife
y
younger
Z
sister
♀
female anchor
♂
male anchor
