Article In: Historiographia Linguistica: Online-First Articles
Louis-Lucien Bonaparte, nineteenth-century English dialects, and nineteenth-century dialectology
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Abstract
Louis-Lucien Bonaparte is a key figure in Euskara studies and in documenting the dialectal interrelationships among Romance languages, but he was also engaged in describing and distinguishing English dialects. As with other languages, he outlined differences among English dialects by having native speakers of those dialects translate books of the Bible into them. This article examines the practice of translation as a means of recording language variation and Bonaparte’s commitment to it and describes the English dialect program he developed. Dialect translation exposed the need for a phonetic alphabet, which Bonaparte lacked, although several attempts at such an alphabet were in progress at the time. As a result, he was necessarily concerned about the dialectal accuracy of the translations he commissioned. Bonaparte gifted one of his translators, Henry Baird, with a specially bound and illustrated collection of his English dialect pamphlets, now held in the Madeline Kripke Collection of Historical Lexicography at the Lilly Library, Indiana University. Into that collection, Baird tipped in letters from Bonaparte about the problems of phonetic representation in the Biblical translations — transcribed in the article — which provide us with concrete evidence of Bonaparte’s method, as well as his concerns about it.
Résumé
Louis-Lucien Bonaparte a joué un rôle clé dans les études basques et dans la documentation des interrelations dialectales au sein des langues romanes, mais il s’est aussi impliqué dans la description et la différenciation des dialectes anglais. De même que pour les autres langues, afin de mettre en exergue les différences entre les dialectes de l’anglais, il demandait à des locuteurs natifs de traduire dans ces derniers des livres de la Bible. Dans cet article, nous examinons la pratique de la traduction en tant que méthode de relevé de la variation dialectale, et l’adhésion de Bonaparte à cette méthode, et nous décrivons le programme de dialectologie anglaise qu’il développa. Les traductions en dialecte ont mis en évidence le besoin d’un alphabet phonétique, dont Bonaparte était dépourvu, bien qu’à l’époque plusieurs tentatives fussent en cours d’élaboration. En conséquence, il avait nécessairement pour souci d’assurer l’exactitude dialectale des traductions qu’il commanditait. A l’un de ses traducteurs, Henry Baird, Bonaparte fit don d’un recueil de ses livrets de dialectes anglais, spécialement reliés et illustrés pour l’occasion. L’exemplaire se trouve maintenant à la Madeline Kripke Collection of Historical Lexicography de la Lilly Library à l’Université d’Indiana. Dans ce recueil, Baird inséra des lettres de Bonaparte concernant les problèmes de la représentation phonétique dans les traductions de la Bible — transcrites dans cet article — lettres grâce auxquelles nous disposons de preuves concrètes de la méthode de Bonaparte et des préoccupations qui l’animaient.
Zusammenfassung
Louis-Lucien Bonaparte war nicht nur eine Schlüsselfigur in der Erforschung des Baskischen sowie der Dialektzusammenhänge zwischen romanischen Sprachen, sondern er beschäftigte sich auch intensiv mit der Abgrenzung und Beschreibung englischer Dialekte. Wie bei anderen Sprachen erfasste er Unterschiede zwischen diesen Dialekten aufgrund selbst erhobener Daten von Dialektsprechern, die für ihn Teile der Bibel übersetzten. Dieser Artikel untersucht, wie Bonaparte die Übersetzungsmethode als Mittel zur Erfassung sprachlicher Variation einsetzte und beschreibt das von ihm entwickelte Programm zur Erforschung englischer Dialekte. Seine Übersetzungsmethode erforderte ein phonetisches Alphabet, über das Bonaparte damals noch nicht verfügte, obwohl bereits mehrere Versuche unternommen worden waren, ein solches Alphabet zu entwickeln. Ihn trieb denn auch die Sorge um, dass die in Auftrag gegebenen Übersetzungen die Dialekte präzise erfassen. Bonaparte schenkte einem der Übersetzer, Henry Baird, eine gebundene und illustrierte Sammlung seiner englischen Dialektschriften, die sich heute in der Madeline Kripke Collection of Historical Lexicography der Lilly Library an der Indiana University befindet. Die Sammlung enthält Briefe Bonapartes, die von Baird eingefügt wurden. Darin beschäftigt sich Bonaparte mit Fragen der phonetischen Wiedergabe in den Bibelübersetzungen (im Artikel werden Transkriptionen geboten), die uns konkrete Hinweise auf seine Methode und seine diesbezüglichen Überlegungen liefern.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Bonaparte among the philologists
- 2.1Bonaparte’s reputation among nineteenth-century philologists and twentieth-century dialectologists
- 2.2Bonaparte’s English and scots translations
- 2.3Dialect translation and dialectology
- 3.Bonaparte, Baird, and phonetic transciption
- 3.1Where book history intersects with the history of linguistics
- 3.2Bonaparte’s letters to Baird
- 3.2.1Letter No. 1
- 3.2.2Letter No. 2
- 3.2.3Letter No. 3
- 3.3Bonaparte, orthography, and mid-nineteenth-century dialectology
- 4.Conclusions
- Notes
- Author queries
References
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