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From contagion to polarization
Asymmetric mainstream party responses to a challenger party in Japan’s immigration politics
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Abstract
Why do mainstream parties respond differently to the emergence of radical challenger parties? Existing research
argues that the electoral success of niche parties often induces mainstream parties to adopt more restrictive positions on
immigration. However, little attention has been paid to how mainstream parties respond before challenger parties become
electorally dominant or whether those responses necessarily produce policy convergence. This paper examines these questions
through the case of Japan following the parliamentary emergence of Sanseitō in Sanseitō. 2022. “Sanseitō DIY taimuzu, No. 2 [Sanseitō DIY times, No.
2].” [URL].
Drawing on Meguid, Bonnie M. 2008. Party Competition Between Unequals:
Strategies and Electoral Fortunes in Western Europe. Cambridge University Press. position, salience, and ownership (PSO)
theory, Petrocik, John R. 1996. “Issue Ownership in Presidential
Elections, with a 1980 Case Study.” American Journal of Political
Science 40 (3):825–50. theory of issue ownership, and recent scholarship on
political norm change, the study analyzes parliamentary debates, party documents, and the niversity of Tokyo–Asahi candidate
survey covering thirteen election cycles from 2009 to 2026. The evidence reveals markedly asymmetric responses among Japan’s
mainstream parties. The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) shifted sharply toward more restrictive immigration positions during the
2024–2026 electoral cycle, whereas the Constitutional Democratic Party (CDP) continued to strengthen a rights-based and
multicultural discourse. Sanseitō’s emergence coincided not with policy contagion but with widening ideological polarization
between Japan’s major parties.
The findings suggest that challenger parties can reshape political competition even without substantial electoral
success. By reframing immigration from an administrative issue into one centered on national identity and cultural security,
Sanseitō contributed to redefining elite political discourse. The Japanese case shows that challenger parties can deepen
ideological polarization through asymmetric mainstream responses where convergence models would predict accommodation.
抄録
主流政党はなぜ、急進的な挑戦政党の台頭に対して異なる反応を示すのか。既存の研究は、ニッチ政党の選挙的成功が主流政党をより制限的な移民政策へと向かわせることが多いと論じてきた。しかし、チャレンジャー政党が選挙において支配的な地位を確立する以前に主流政党がどのように反応するか、またそうした反応が必ずしも政策の収斂をもたらすか否かについては、これまで十分な検討がなされてこなかった。本稿は、2022年の参政党の国会進出を契機とする日本の事例を通じて、これらの問いを検討する。
Meguid, Bonnie M. 2008. Party Competition Between Unequals:
Strategies and Electoral Fortunes in Western Europe. Cambridge University Press. の位置・顕出性・所有権(PSO)理論、Petrocik, John R. 1996. “Issue Ownership in Presidential
Elections, with a 1980 Case Study.” American Journal of Political
Science 40 (3):825–50. のイシュー・オーナーシップ理論、および政治的規範変化に関する近年の研究に依拠しつつ、本研究は議会での議論と党文書を分析し、その記録を2009年から2026年にかけての13回の選挙サイクルにわたる東京大学谷口研究室・朝日新聞社共同調査(UTokyo-Asahi
Survey)に照らし合わせる。得られた知見は、日本の主流政党間に顕著な非対称的反応が存在することを明らかにする。自由民主党(LDP)は2024〜2026年の選挙サイクルにおいて移民政策をより制限的な方向へと大きく転換させた一方、立憲民主党(CDP)は権利基盤・多文化主義的な言説をさらに強化した。参政党の台頭は、政策の伝播(contagion)としてではなく、日本の主要政党間におけるイデオロギー的分極化の拡大として現れたのである。
本研究の知見は、チャレンジャー政党が実質的な大きな選挙的成功を収めずとも政治競争のあり方を再編しうることを示唆している。参政党は移民を行政的な課題から国民アイデンティティおよび文化的安全保障を中心とする課題へと再定義することを通じて、エリート層の政治的言説の再定義に寄与した。日本の事例は、収斂モデルが適応(accommodation)を予測するような状況下においても、チャレンジャー政党が主流政党の非対称的な反応を通じてイデオロギー的分極化を深化させうることを示している。
キーワード:移民政策、政党間競争、主要政党の対応、イシュー・オーナーシップ、日本
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Theoretical framework and analytical expectations
- 2.1Mainstream party responses to niche party entry
- 2.2Issue ownership, norm change, and mainstream amplification
- 2.3Japan as a deviant case
- 2.4Analytical expectations
- 3.Data and analytical approach
- 3.1Data
- 3.2Measures
- 3.3Variable construction
- 3.4Party classification
- 3.5Analytical strategy
- 4.Parliamentary discourse, 2022–2026
- 4.1Sanseitō’s discourse
- 4.1.1The genealogy of ‘Japanese First’
- 4.1.2The parliamentary record
- 4.2LDP discourse: Continuity and change
- 4.2.1The securitizing turn in policy
- 4.3CDP discourse
- 4.3.1The rights-based policy architecture
- 4.3.2A centrist reframing: The Centrist Reform Alliance
- 4.1Sanseitō’s discourse
- 5.Survey evidence: Divergent party trajectories, 2009–2026
- 5.1Sanseitō: Uniform restrictionism across all cycles and items
- 5.2The LDP: A delayed shift toward restrictionism
- 5.3The CDP: Reinforcing liberal positioning
- 5.4The emerging axis of party competition
- 5.5Immigration as an electoral issue
- 5.6Summary
- 6.Discussion
- 6.1Asymmetric mainstream: Responses to a challenger party
- 6.2Immigration as a question of political norms
- 6.3Japan and the comparative literature
- 6.4Limitations and future research
- 6.5Conclusion
- Notes
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