References
Beckner, C., Blythe, R., Bybee, J., Christiansen, M.H., Croft, W., Ellis, N.C., … Schoenemann, T
(2009) Language is a complex adaptive system: Position paper. Language Learning, 59(1), 1–26. Retrieved from [URL] DOI: DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Blythe, R.A., & Croft, W.A
(2009) The speech community in evolutionary language dynamics. InN.C. Ellis & D. Larsen-Freeman(Eds.), Language as a complex adaptive system (pp. 47–63). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Bybee, J
(1998) The emergent lexicon. CLS34: The Panels. Chicago Linguistics Society (pp. 421–435). Chicago, IL: Chicago Linguistic Society.Google Scholar
(2006) From usage to grammar: The mind’s response to repetition. Language, 82(4), 711–733. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chapelle, C.A
(1997) Call in the Year 2000: Still in search of research paradigms? Language Learning & Technology, 1(1), 19–43.Google Scholar
Colpaert, J
(2013) Peripatetic consideration on research challenges in CALL. InP. Hubbard, M. Schulze, & B. Smith(Eds.), Learner-computer interaction in language education (pp. 272–279). San Marcos, TX: Computer Assisted Language Instruction Consortium.Google Scholar
Corder, S.P
(1974) Error analysis. InJ.P.B. Allen & P. Corder(Eds.), The Edinburgh course in applied linguistics (Vol. 3, pp. 122–131). London, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Davis, B., & Simmt, E
(2003) Understanding learning systems: Mathematics education and complexity science. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 34(2), 137–167. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Davis, B., & Sumara, D
(2008) Complexity as a theory of education. Transnational Curriculum Inquiry, 5(2), 33–34.Google Scholar
de Bot, K., & Larsen-Freeman, D
(2011) Research second language development from a dynamic systems theory perspective. InM.H. Verspoor, K. de Bot & W. Lowie(Eds.), A dynamic approach to second languaged Development (pp.5–24). Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
de Bot, K., Lowie, W., & Verspoor, M
(2005) Dynamic systems theory and applied linguistics: The ultimate “so what”? International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 15(1), 116–118. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2007) A dynamic systems theory approach to second language acquisition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 10(1), 7–21. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dörnyei, Z
(2014) Researching complex dynamic systems: “Retrodictive qualitative modeling” in the language classroom. Language Teaching, 47(1), 80–81. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ellis, N.C., & Larsen-Freeman, D
(2006) Language emergence: Implications for applied linguistics: Introduction to the special issue. Applied Linguistics, 27(4), 558–589. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2009) Constructing a second language: Analyses and computational simulations of the emergence of linguistic constructions from usage. InN. C. Ellis & D. Larsen-Freeman(Eds.), Language as a complex adaptive system (pp.90–125). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Fischer, K., & Stefanowitsch, A
(2006) Konstruktionsgrammatik: Ein Überblick. InK. Fischer 
& A. Stefanowitsch(Eds.), Konstruktionsgrammatik. Von der Anwendung zur Theorie (pp. 3–17). Tübingen, Deutschland: Stauffenberg Verlag.Google Scholar
Fried, M., & Östman, J.-O
(2004) Construction grammar in a cross-language perspective. 
Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gee, J.P
(2006) Why game studies now? Video games: A new art form. Games & Culture, 1(1), 58–61. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gleick, J
(1987) Chaos: Making a new science. New York, N.Y.: Viking.Google Scholar
Heift, T., & Schulze, M
in press). Tutorial CALL. Language Teaching.
Herdina, P., & Jessner, U
(2002) A dynamic model of multilingualism: Perspectives of change in psycholinguistics. Clevedon, United Kingdom: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Hubbard, P., & Bradin-Siskin, C
(2004) Another look at tutorial CALL. ReCALL, 16(2), 448–461.   DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Klein, W
(1986) Second language acquisition. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Krashen, S.D
(1982) Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Oxford, United Kingdom: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Kuhn, T.S
(1996) The structure of scientific revolutions (3rd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lado, R
(1957) Linguistics across cultures: Applied linguistics for language teachers. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Lakoff, G
(1987) Women, fire, and dangerous things. What categories reveal about the mind. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Langacker, R.W
(1987) Foundations of cognitive grammar (Vol. 1). Theoretical Prerequisites. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
(2008) The relevance of cognitive grammar for language pedagogy. InS. De Knop & T. De Rycker(Eds.), Cognitive approaches to pedagogical grammar. A volume in honour of René Dirven (pp. 7–35). Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Lantolf, J.P
(2006) Language emergence: Implications for Applied Linguistics – A sociocultural perspective. Applied Linguistics, 27(4), 717–728. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lantolf, J.P., & Thorne, S.L
(2006) Sociocultural theory and the genesis of second language development. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lantolf, J.P., & Poehner, M
(2014) Sociocultural theory and the pedagogical imperative in L2 education. Vygotskian praxis and the research/practice divide. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Larsen-Freeman, D
(1997) Chaos/complexity science and second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 18(2), 141–165. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2002) Language acquisition and language use form a chaos/complexity theory perspective. InC. Kramsch(Ed.), Language acquisition and language socialization: Ecological perspectives (pp. 33–46). London, United Kingdom: Continuum.Google Scholar
(2006) The emergence of complexity, fluency, and accuracy in the oral and written production of five Chinese learners of English. Applied Linguistics, 27(4), 590–619. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Larsen-Freeman, D., & Cameron, L
(2008a) Complex systems and applied linguistics. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
(2008b) Research methodology on language development from a complex systems perspective. The Modern Language Journal, 92(2), 200–213. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Liou, H.-C
(2012) The roles of Second Life in a college computer assisted language learning (CALL) course in Taiwan, ROC. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 25(4), 365–382. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Long, M
(1996) The role of the linguistic environment in second language acquisition. InW.C. Ritchie & B.T. K(Eds.), Handbook of second language acquisition. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lorenz, E.N
(1993) The essence of chaos. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
MacWhinney, B
(2006) Emergentism – Use often and with care. Applied Linguistics, 27(4), 729–740. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Marek, M.W., & Wu, W.-C.V
(2014) Environmental factors affecting computer assisted language learning success: A complex dynamic systems conceptual model. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 27(6), 1–19. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Östman, J.-O., & Fried, M
Schulze, M
(2008) Modeling SLA processes using NLP. InC. Chapelle, Y.-R. Chung, & J. Xu(Eds.), Towards adaptive CALL: Natural language processing for diagnostic assessment (pp. 149–116). Ames, IA: Iowa State University.Google Scholar
Schulze, M., & Penner, N
(2008) Construction grammar in ICALL. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 21(5), 427–440. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Selinker, L
(1974) Interlanguage. InJ.C. Richards(Ed.), Error analysis: Perspectives on second language acquisition (pp. 31–54). London, United Kingdom: Longman.Google Scholar
(1992) Rediscovering interlanguage. London, United Kingdom: Longman.Google Scholar
Smith, B
(2005) The relationship between negotiated interaction, learner uptake, and lexical acquisition in task-based computer-mediated communication. TESOL Quarterly, 39(1), 33–58. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sockett, G
(2013) Understanding the online informal learning of English as a complex dynamic system: An emic approach. ReCALL, 25(1), 48–62. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sockett, G., & Toffoli, D
(2012) Beyond learner autonomy: A dynamic systems view of the informal learning of English in virtual online communities. ReCALL, 24(2), 138–151. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sorites paradox
(2014) Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from [URL]Google Scholar
Swain, M
(1985) Communicative competence: Some roles of comprehensible input and comprehensible output in its development. InS.M. Gass & C.G. Madden(Eds.), Input in second language acquisition (pp. 235–253). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Swain, M., Kinnear, P., & Steinman, L
(2011) Sociocultural theory in second language education: An introduction through narratives. Bristol, United Kingdom: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Thorne, S.L., Fischer, I., & Lu, X
(2012) The semiotic ecology and linguistic complexity of an online game world. ReCALL, 24(3), 279–301. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tomasello, M
(2003) Constructing a language: A usage-based theory of language acquisition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
(2007) Konstruktionsgrammatik und früher Erstsprachenerwerb. InK. Fischer 
& A. Stefanowitsch(Eds.), Konstruktionsgrammatik. Von der Anwendung zur Theorie (pp. 19–37). Tübingen, Deutschland: Stauffenberg Verlag.Google Scholar
Tuckerman, M.E
(2008) Reaction coordinates. Retrieved from [URL]
van Geert, P
(1994) Dynamic systems of development: Change between complexity and chaos. Hertfordshire, United Kingdom: Harvester Wheatsheaf.Google Scholar
van Geert, P., & van Dijk, M
(2002) Focus on variability: New tools to study intra-individual variability in developmental data. Infant Behaviour & Development, 25, 340–374. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
van Geert, P., & Steenbeck, H
(2005) Explaining after by before: Basic aspects of a dynamic systems approach to the study of development. Developmental Review, 25(3–4), 408–442. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Verspoor, M., de Bot, K., & Lowie, W
(2011) A dynamic approach to second language development: Methods and techniques. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wolf, C
(1979) Fortgesetzter Versuch. Aufsätze, Gespräche, Essays [Continued attempts. Articles, dialogues, essays]. Leipzig, Deutschland: Reclam-Verlag.Google Scholar
Zheng, D
(2012) Caring in the dynamics of design and languaging: Exploring second language learning in 3D virtual spaces. Language Sciences, 34(5), 543–558. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zheng, D., Young, M.F., Wagner, M.M., & Brewer, R.A
(2009) Negotiation for action: English language learning in game-based virtual worlds. The Modern Language Journal, 93, 489–511. DOI logoGoogle Scholar