Article In: Pragmatics and Society: Online-First Articles
Navigating the continuum of harmful speech
Racist discourse and the escalation to violence on social media
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Abstract
This article examines escalation in racist discourse on Greek X by tracing two recurrent formulations: δεν ακούς ελληνικά (‘you don’t hear any Greek’) and καθαρίστε την Ελλάδα (‘clean Greece’). The dataset comprises 180 publicly accessible posts (May 2012–January 2024), sampled across migration-salient periods and analysed as posts-in-context. Reflexive thematic analysis maps patterns and guides exemplar selection. Combining Wodak’s Discourse-Historical Approach with a speech-act lens, we track escalation through three pragmatic diagnostics: shifts in illocutionary force, uptake-licensing, and perlocutionary design. ‘You don’t hear any Greek’ functions as a portable grievance: a deictically anchored sensory claim condensing fears of linguistic and cultural displacement, paired with criminalisation and threat topoi. This crisis framing can be re-keyed into directives culminating in ‘clean Greece’, where purity metaphors and dehumanising nomination lower moral barriers and recruit audiences for violent responses. We conclude by mapping findings onto a graduated response framework aligned to the degree of escalation.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Theoretical background
- 2.1Racist speech, hate speech, and incitement: A discourse-pragmatic view
- 2.2Contextual sensitivity, ECRI guidelines, and dangerous speech indicators
- 3.Method
- 3.1Analytical framework
- 3.2Data collection
- 3.3Reflexive thematic analysis
- 3.4Limitations
- 4.Data analysis
- 4.1From cultural anxiety to explicit exclusion: δεν ακούς ελληνικά (‘you don’t hear any Greek’)
- 4.1.1Victim reversal and crisis talk
- 4.1.2Criminalisation and threat framing
- 4.2From metaphorical cleansing to incitement to violence: καθαρίστε την Ελλάδα (‘clean Greece’)
- 4.2.1Bordering and expulsion remedies
- 4.2.2Escalatory harm and violence signals
- 4.1From cultural anxiety to explicit exclusion: δεν ακούς ελληνικά (‘you don’t hear any Greek’)
- 5.Discussion and conclusions
- Note
- Author queries
References
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