Cover not available

In:The Sounds of New Orleans: A sociophonetic study
Dana Serditova
[Varieties of English Around the World G74] 2026
► pp. 196–212

References

This content is being prepared for publication; it may be subject to changes.
Abrahams, Roger D., Nick Spitzer, John F. Szwed, and Robert Farris Thompson. 2006. Blues for New Orleans: Mardi Gras and America’s Creole Soul. United States: University of Pennsylvania Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Agha, Asif. 2007. Language and Social Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Allbritten, Rachael Meghan. 2011. “Sounding Southern: Phonetic features and dialect perceptions.” PhD diss., Georgetown University.
Anderson, Bridget L. 1999. “Source-language transfer and vowel accommodation in the patterning of Cherokee English /ai/ and /oi/.” American Speech 74(4): 339–368.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2002. “Dialect leveling and/ai/monophthongization among African American Detroiters.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 6(1): 86–98. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2008. Migration, Accommodation and Language Change: Language at the Intersection of Regional and Ethnic Identity. Houndmills, England: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Arthur, Stanley Clisby. 1966. Old New Orleans. New Orleans, LA: Arthur Publications.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ash, Sharon. 1982. The Vocalization of /L/ in Philadelphia. A Dissertation in Linguistics. PhD diss., Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.
Audacity Team. 2026. Audacity®: Free Audio Editor and Recorder [Computer Program]. Version 3.7.5. Retrieved from [URL].
Austen, Martha. 2020. “Production and perception of the Pin-Pen merger.” Journal of Linguistic Geography 8(2): 115–126. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Baccinelli, Maggy. 2015. New Orleans Neighbourhoods: A Cultural Guide. Charleston, SC: The History Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bailey, George. 2019. “Working with sociophonetic data in R.” Workshop, delivered at the University of Sheffield.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bailey, Guy, and Cynthia Bernstein. 1989. “Methodology of a phonological survey of Texas.” Journal of English Linguistics 22(1): 6–16. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bailey, Guy, Tom Wikle, Jan Tillery, and Lori Sand. 1996. “The linguistic consequences of catastrophic events.” J. Arnold, Renee Blake, and Brad Davidson (eds.). Sociolinguistic variation: data, theory, and analysis: selected papers from NWAV 23 at Stanford. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University, 435–51.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bailey, Guy, and Jan Tillery. 1996. “The Persistence of Southern American English.” Journal of English Linguistics, 24(4): 308–321. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bailey, Guy, and Erik Thomas. 1998. “Some aspects of African-American Vernacular English phonology.” In: Mufwene, Salikoko S., John R. Rickford, Guy Bailey, and John Baugh (eds.), African-American English: structure, history, and use. Routledge, London: 85–109.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bakos, Jon. 2013. “A Comparison of the Speech Patterns and Dialect Attitudes of Oklahoma”. PhD diss., Oklahoma State University.
Bar-el, Leora, Laura Felton Rosulek, and Lisa Sprowls. 2017. “Montana English and its Place in the West”. In: Speech in the Western States Volume 2: The Mountain West. Valerie Fridland, Tyler Kendall, Betsy Evans and Alicia Wassink (eds.), Publication of the American Dialect Society (PADS) 77(1): 107–138. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Baranowski, Maciej. 2008. “The Southern shift in a marginally Southern dialect.” University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 14(2): 35–43.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2013a. “On the role of social factors in the loss of phonemic distinctions.” English Language and Linguistics 17(02): 271–295. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2013b. “Ethnicity and sound change: African American English in Charleston, SC.” University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 19(2): 2.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Barthé, Darryl Jr. 2021. Becoming American in Creole New Orleans 1896–1949. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Basso, Etolia S. (ed.) 1948. The World from Jackson Square. New York: Farrar, Straus and Company.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1994. “English in New Zealand.” In: Burchfield, R. (Ed.), The Cambridge History of the English Language. English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Development, 5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 82–429. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Berger, Marshall D. 1980. New York City and the antebellum South: the Maritime connection. In J. L. Dillard, Perspectives on American English, Mouton: New York. 135–41. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Berrey, Lester. 1940. Southern mountain dialect in America speech, 15(1): 45–54. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Berry, Jason. 2018. City of a Million Dreams: A History of New Orleans at Year 300. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Beukema, Frits and Hulk, Aafke. 1986. Linguistics in Netherlands. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bigham, Douglas S. 2005. “The movement of front vowel allophones before nasals in Southern Illinois White Vernacular English (the PIN PEN merger).” PhD diss., The University of Texas at Austin.
Bissell, Marie, and Katie Carmichael. 2022. ““Dialect B” on the Mississippi: An acoustic study of /aw/ raising patterns in Greater New Orleans, Louisiana.” Laboratory Phonology: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Phonology, 13(1), 7: 1–24. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Blanton, M. J. V. 1989. New Orleans English. In W. Ferris and C. Wilson (Eds.), The encyclopedia of Southern cultures, 780–781. University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Blassingame, John W. 1973. Black New Orleans: 1860–1880. Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Boersma, Paul, and David Weenink. 2023. Praat: doing phonetics by computer [Computer program]. Version 6.3.10, retrieved 3 May 2023 from [URL].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Borowsky, T., 2001. The vocalisation of dark-l. I: Australian English. In: Blair, D., Collins, P. (Eds.), English in Australia. John Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 69–87.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Borowsky, Toni, and Barbara Horvath. 1997. “L-vocalisation in Australian English.” In: Hinskens, F., van Hout, R., Leo Wetzels, W. (Eds.), Variation, Change and Phonological Theory. John Benjamins, Amsterdam, 101–123. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bougere, Buddy. 2007. New Orleans Now. New Orleans: NewOrleansBuddy.com Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Brato, Thorsten. 2004. Current trends in the English of adolescents in Glasgow. Unpublished Master’s dissertation. Duisburg, Germany: University of Duisburg-Essen.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Brennan, Pamela. 1983. “Postvocalic /-r/ in New Orleans” M.A. thesis, University of New Orleans.
Brown, Vivian R. 1990. “The social and linguistic history of a merger: /ɪ/ and /ɛ/ before nasals in Southern American English”. Ph.D. diss., Texas A & M University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1991. ”Evolution of the merger of /ɛ/ and /ɪ/ in Tennessee.” American Speech 66: 303–315. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1993. “Linking data from oral and written sources to trace and characterize a sound change in progress: The merger of /ɛ/ and /ɪ/ before nasals. In Proceedings of the International Congress of Dialectology, Volume 3: Regional Variation, Colloquial and Standard Language, Wolfgang Viereck (ed.), 80–94. Stuttgart: Steiner.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Campanella, Richard. 2008. Bienville’s Dilemma: A Historical Geography of New Orleans. Lafayette: University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Campanella, Richard, and Marina Campanella. 2000. New Orleans Then and Now. Gretna: Pelican Publishing Company.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Capers, Gerald M. 1965. Occupied City: New Orleans under the Federals 1862–1865. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carmichael, Katie. 2014. “I never thought I had an accent until the hurricane”: Sociolinguistic Variation in Post-Katrina Greater New Orleans [Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University]. OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center. [URL].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2017. “Displacement and local linguistic practices: R-lessness in post-Katrina Greater New Orleans.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 21(5): 696–719. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2018. “Cajuns as Southe(r)ne(r)s? An Examination of Variable r-Lessness in Cajun English.” In: Language Variety in the New South, eds. Reaser, Jeffrey et al. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2020a. “The rise of Canadian raising of /au/ in New Orleans English.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 147: 554–567. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2020b. “(æ)fter the storm: An Examination of the short-a system in Greater New Orleans.” Language Variation and Change: 1–25. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2023. “Locating place in variationist sociolinguistics: Making the case for ethnographically informed multidimensional place orientation metrics.” Journal of Linguistic Geography: 1–13. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2025. “New Orleans English”. In Kingsley Bolton (ed), The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of World Englishes. Wiley-Blackwell, 2698–2710. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carmichael, Katie, and Kara Becker. 2018. “The New York City — New Orleans connection: Evidence from constraint ranking comparison.” Language Variation and Change 30(3), 287–314. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carmichael, Katie, Lynn Clark, and Jennifer Hay. 2022. “Lessons learned: the long view.” Linguistics Vanguard 8(s3): 353–362. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carmichael, Katie, and Nathalie Dajko. 2016. “Ain’t dere no more: New Orleans language and local nostalgia in Vic & Nat’ly Comics.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 26(3): 234–258. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carmichael, Katie, and Aaron J. Dinkin. 2025. “Making a Merger: Social and Linguistic Factors in the Low-Back Merger in New Orleans English.” Journal of English Linguistics 53(2): 137–162. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carmichael, Katie, and Paul E. Reed. 2025. Language and Place. Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carmichael, Katie, and Annette D’Onofrio. 2023. ““Our Southern is Different than Southern Southern”: Geographic Perceptions of Southern and Northern US English Dialect features in New Orleans English.” U. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 29.2.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carver, Craig M. 1993. “Regional speech variation in Wisconsin.” Frazer, Timothy (ed.) “Heartland” English: Variation and transition in the American Midwest. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 199–214.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cassidy, Ron. 2011. Let the Good Times Roll: The Story of New Orleans. Manchester: Brookfield’s Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Champagne, Christian. 2010. “Yat.” In Barclay, Lee (ed.), New Orleans: What Can’t Be Lost. Lafayette, LA: University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny. 1982. Variation in an English Dialect. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Christovich, Mary Louise (ed.). 1968. 250 Years of Life in New Orleans. New Orleans: Friends of the Cabildo, Louisiana State Museum.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chung, Hyunju. 2022. “Acoustic Characteristics of Pre- and Post-vocalic /l/: Patterns from One Southern White Vernacular English.” Language and Speech, 65(2): 513–52. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Coggshall, Elizabeth L. and Kara Becker. 2009. “The vowel phonologies of African American and white New York City residents.” American Dialect Society 94(1), 101–128. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cohen, Jennifer, Donna Haig Friedman, and Christopher Winship. 2012. “Afterword.” In Olson, M. G., Karen Stornelli, and Maia Victoire (eds.), Not Meant to Live Like This: Weathering of the Storm of Our Lives in New Orleans. Washington, DC: ATD Fourth World Publications.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cristófaro-Silva, Thaïs, and Marco Antônio de Oliveira. 2001. “Lateral Vocalization in Brazilian Portuguese.” Paper presented at the 3rd UKLVC-University of York — England-July.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Curtis, Nathaniel Cortlandt. 1933. New Orleans: Its Old Houses, Shops and Public Buildings. Philadelphia and London: J.B. Lippincott Company.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dajko, Nathalie, and Shana Walton (eds.). 2019. Language in Louisiana: Community and Culture. University Press of Mississippi. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dajko, Nathalie, and Katie Carmichael. 2023. “Plus ça Change… Perceptions of New Orleans English Before and After the Storm.” Journal of English Linguistics 51(2): 95–132. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Davis, Jack. 2015. “Katrina + 10”. In Spielman, David G., The Katrina Decade: Images of an Altered City. New Orleans, LA: The Historic New Orleans Collection.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Davis, Marci. 2010. “Making Groceries.” In Barclay, Lee (ed.), New Orleans: What Can’t Be Lost. Lafayette, LA: University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dekker, Ryan. 2022. “‘Southern Accent’ Features in Local News: Comparing Columbus, Georgia to Lexington, Kentucky.” Collections 894: 4539.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dessens, Nathalie. 2007. From Saint Domingue to New Orleans: Migration and Influences. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2015. Creole City: A Chronicle of Early American New Orleans. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dillard, J. L. 1985. Language and linguistic research in Louisiana. In Nicholas Spitzer (ed.) Louisiana folklife: A guide to the state. Moran Colographics, Inc.: Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 41–42.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dinkin, Aaron J., and Katie Carmichael. 2024. “When PALMs are in your THOUGHTs, you head south: Evidence for diffusion of the low-back vowel system from New York to New Orleans.” American Speech, 99 (4): 385–409. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dodsworth, Robin. 2005. Linguistic variation and the sociological imagination. Ph.D. Thesis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (Ann Arbor: ProQuest/UMI. Publication No. 3192844).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dokhtzeynal, Shima. 2020. “Second-generation Persians’ Participation in the Oklahoma Dialect.” Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics, 42. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Domínguez, Virginia R. 1986. White by Definition: Social Classification in Creole Louisiana. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dorrill, George. 2003. “Sounding Southern: a look at the phonology of English in the South.” English in the Southern United States, (eds.) S. J. Nagle and S. L. Sanders, 119–25. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dufour, Charles. 1980. New Orleans. New Orleans: LSU/Louisiana Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dunbar-Nelson, Alice Moore. 2000. “People of Color in Louisiana.” In Kein, Sybil (ed.), Creole: The History and Legacy of Louisiana’s Free People of Color. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Durian, David. 2008. “The Vocalization of /l/ in Urban Blue Collar Columbus, OH African American Vernacular English: A Quantitative Sociophonetic Analysis.” OSUWPL 58: 30–51.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Eberhardt, Maeve. 2009. “The sociolinguistics of ethnicity in Pittsburgh.” Language and Linguistics Compass 3(6): 1443–1454. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Eble, Connie. 2012. “Food Vocabulary in New Orleans.” Southern Journal of Linguistics 36(1): 70–81.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 1980. “Clothing and geography in a suburban high school.” In Researching American Culture, ed. CP Kottak, 139–44. Ann Arbor: Univ. Mich. Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2008. “Variation and the indexical field.” Journal of sociolinguistics, 12(4), 453–476. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2012. “Three waves of variation study: The emergence of meaning in the study of sociolinguistic variation.” Annual review of Anthropology, 41(1), 87–100. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Edwards, Walter F. 1997. “The variable persistence of Southern Vernacular Sounds in the speech of inner-city Black Detroiters.” In Cynthia Bernstein, Thomas Nunnally and Robin Sabino (eds.), Language Variety in the South Revisited, 76–86. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
ELAN (Version 6.5) [Computer software]. 2023. Nijmegen: Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, The Language Archive. Retrieved from [URL].
Feagin, Crawford. 1986. More evidence for vowel change in the South. Diversity and diachrony. (ed.) D. Sankoff, 83–95. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2000. “Sound change in the South.” American Speech 75(4): 342–344. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Feng, Siyuan, Olya Kudina, Bence Mark Halpern, and Odette Scharenborg. 2021. “Quantifying bias in automatic speech recognition.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.15122.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Feng, Siyuan, Bence Mark Halpern, Olya Kudina, and Odette Scharenborg. 2024. “Towards inclusive automatic speech recognition.” Computer Speech & Language 84: 101567. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fick, Emma. 2017. Snippets of New Orleans. Lafayette: University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fischer, Ann Kathrin, Nina Kleczkowski, and Arne Ziegler. 2022. “Phonetic variation and its spatial distribution in urban Austria: /l/-vocalization as a sociolinguistic marker?.” Journal of Linguistic Geography 10(1): 34–45. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fix, Sonya. 2011. “Dark-Skinned White Girls”: Linguistic and Ideological Variation Among White Women with African American Ties in the Urban Midwest. Ph.D. Thesis, New York University, New York, NY.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Flucker, Turry and Phoenix Savage. 2010. African Americans of New Orleans. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Foreman, Josh and Ryan Starrett. 2020. Hidden History of New Orleans. Charleston, SC: The History Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fortier, Alcée. 1886. “The French Language in Louisiana and the [Black]-French Dialect.” Translations of the Modern Language Association of America 1884–85, 2: 96–111.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fortier, James J. A. (ed.). 1938. The Story of Jean ad Pierre Lafitte: The Pirate-Patriots. New Orleans: Louisiana State Museum.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fox, Robert Allen, and Ewa Jacewicz. 2009. “Cross-dialectal variation in formant dynamics of American English vowels.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 126(5), 2603–2618. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Franco, Cheree. 2023. “The City’s Beach, Run by the People.” Places Journal. Accessed 02 Jan 2024. Url: [URL]. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fridland, Valerie. 2003. ““Tie, tied and tight”: The expansion of /ai/ monophthongization in African-American and European-American speech in Memphis, Tennessee.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 7(3): 279–298. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2012. “Rebel vowels: How vowel shift patterns are reshaping speech in the modern South.” Language and Linguistics Compass 6(3): 183–192. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Garvey, Joan B. and Mary Lou Widmer. 1982. Beautiful Crescent: A History of New Orleans. New Orleans, LA: Garmer Press, Inc.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gauthreaux, Alan G. 2014. Italian Louisiana. Charleston, SC: The History Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Geenberg, Katherine. 2014. “The other California: Marginalization and sociolinguistic variation in Trinity County.” PhD diss., Stanford University.
Gehman, Mary. 1988. Women and New Orleans. New Orleans, LA: Margaret Media, Inc.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gelinas, Nicole. 2020. “After Katrina.” City Journal, 4 Sept. 2020, Url: [URL].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gessinger, Iona, Bernd Möbius, Sébastien Le Maguer, Eran Raveh, and Ingmar Steiner. 2021. “Phonetic accommodation in interaction with a virtual language learning tutor: A Wizard-of-Oz study.” Journal of Phonetics 86: 101029. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gick, Bryan. 2002. “The American Intrusive L.” American Speech, 77(2): 167–183. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gick, Bryan, A. Min Kang, and D. H. Whalen. 2002. “MRI evidence for commonality in the post-oral articulations of English vowels and liquids.” Journal of Phonetics 30(3): 357–371. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Giles, Stephen B., and Kenneth Moll. 1975. “Cinefluorographic study of selected allophones of English /l/.” Phonetica 31: 206–227. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gordon, Matthew J. 2010. “The sociolinguistic construction of the urban/rural divide in Missouri.” In Paper presentation at the 39th annual meeting on New Ways of Analyzing Variation (NWAV 39), San Antonio, Texas.
Greene, Rebecca. 2010. “Language, ideology, and identity in rural Eastern Kentucky.” PhD diss., Stanford University.
Greet, William. 1934. Southern speech. Culture in the South. ed. by W. Couch, 594–615. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Guenin-Lelle, Dianne. 2016. The Story of French New Orleans. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Haddad, Zoe. 2019. “Oklahoma voices in the workplace: Regional dialects and their effects on employability.” PhD diss., Oklahoma State University.
Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo. 1992a. “The formation of Afro-Creole culture.” In: Hirsch, Arnold R. and Joseph Logsdon (eds.). Creole New Orleans: Race and Americanization. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1992b. Africans in Colonial Louisiana: Development of Afro-Creole Culture in the Eighteenth Century. Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hall-Lew, Lauren. 2009. “Ethnicity and Phonetic Variation in a San Francisco Neighborhood.” Unpublished Stanford University dissertation.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hall-Lew, Lauren, and Sonya Fix. 2012. “Perceptual coding reliability of (L)-vocalization in casual speech data.” Lingua 122(7): 794–809. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hall-Lew, Lauren, and Nola Stephens. 2012. “Country Talk.” Journal of English Linguistics, 40(3): 256–280. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hamilton, Sarah, and Hazen, Kirk. 2009. “Dialect Research in Appalachia: A Family Case Study.” West Virginia History: A Journal of Regional Studies 3(1): 81–107. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hardcastle, William and William Barry. 1989. “Articulatory and perceptual factors in /l/ vocalizations in English.” Journal of the International Phonetic Association 15(2): 3–17. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Harrison, J. A. 1882. “The Creole Patois to Louisiana.” American Journal of Philology, 3: 285–96. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hay, Jennifer, Paul Warren, and Katie Drager. 2006. “Factors influencing speech perception in the context of a merger-in-progress.” Journal of phonetics 34 (4): 458–484. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hayes, Bruce. 2000. “Gradient well-formedness in Optimality Theory.” In Joost Dekkers, Frank van der Leeuw, and Jeroen van de Weijer (eds.), Optimality Theory: Phonology, Syntax, and Acquisition, 88–120. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hazen, Kirk. 2004. “Some cases of the syllable in Southern English.” Southern Journal of Linguistics 28: 64–80.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2022 ”English in the U.S. South.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Retrieved 12 Jan. 2023, from [URL]. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hazen, Kirk and Ellen Fluharty. 2004. “Defining Appalachian English.” In Margaret Bender (ed.), Linguistic diversity in the South: Changing codes, practices, and ideology, Southern Anthropological Society Proceedings 37, 50–65. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hazen, Kirk and Sarah Hamilton. 2008. “A Dialect Turned Inside Out.” Journal of English Linguistics 36:2, 105–128. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heaton, Hayley. 2014. “Case closed?: A phonetic study of Southern authenticity in The Closer and CSI: Miami.” Master’s thesis. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
. 2016. “Representing American Southern prosody in the media: Prosodic style- shifting in two Southern television characters.” Speech Prosody 2016: 649–653. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heselwood, B., McChrystal, L., 2000. Gender, accent features and voicing in Panjabi-English bilingual children. Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics 8, 45–70.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2004. “Mergers, near-mergers and phonological interpretation.” In: Kay, Christian; Hough, Carole and Wotherspoon, Irené (eds.). New Perspectives on English Historical Linguistics, vol. II: Lexis and Transmission. Amsterdam: Benjamins: 125–137. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hirsch, Arnold R. and Joseph Logsdon (eds.). 1992. Creole New Orleans: Race and Americanization. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Horvath, Barbara M. and Ronald J. Horvath. 2002. “The geolinguistics of /l/ vocalization in Australia and New Zealand.” Journal of Sociolinguistics, 6: 319–346. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hualde, José Ignacio, Marissa Barlaz, and Tatiana Luchkina. 2022. “Acoustic differentiation of allophones of /aɪ/ in Chicagoland English: Statistical comparison of formant trajectories.” Journal of the International Phonetic Association 52(2): 197–227. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hubbell, Allan F. 1950. The Pronunciation of English in New York City. NY: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Huber, Leonard V. 1965. New Orleans As It Was In 1814–1815. New Orleans: The Battle of New Orleans, 150th Anniversary Committee of Louisiana.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1980. Creole Collage: Reflections on the Colourful Customs of Latter-Day New Orleans Creoles. Lafayette, LA: Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Southwestern Louisiana.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Irons, Terry. 2007. “On the Southern Shift in Appalachian English.” University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 13: 121–34.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Istre, Elista. 2018. Creoles of Southern Louisiana. Lafayette, LA: University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ito, Kiwako and Kathryn Campbell-Kibler. 2011. “Speaker-adaptation to /I/-/E/ Merger: An Eye-tracking Study.” Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS). Hong Kong.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jamsu, Jermay, Patrick Callier, and Jinsok Lee. 2009. “A Diachronic Study of Monophthongization in Washington DC.” Conference Abstract, NWAV 38, University of Ottawa.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Johnson, Daniel E. 2015. “Quantifying Overlap with Bhattacharyya’s Affinity.” New Ways of Analyzing Variation, NWAV-44, Toronto, October 25.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Johnson, W., and David Britain, 2007. “L-vocalisation a natural phenomenon: explorations in sociophonology.” Language Sciences 29, 294–315. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Johnstone, Barbara. 2013. Speaking Pittsburghese: The Story of a Dialect. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Johnstone, Barbara, Daniel Baumgardt, Maeve Eberhardt, and Scott Kiesling. 2015. Pittsburgh Speech and Pittsburghese. Berlin, München, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jongkind, Anke P., and Pieter van Reenen. 2011. “The vocalization of /l/ in standard Dutch.” In: Agris Timuska (ed.), Proceedings of the IVth International Conference of Dialectologists and Geolinguists, University of Latvia Riga.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jung, Nathalie A. 2011. “Real-time changes in the vowel system of Central Texas English.” In: Texas Linguistics Forum, 54: 72.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kein, Sybil. 2000. “Louisiana Creole Food Culture.” In Kein, Sybil (ed.), Creole: The History and Legacy of Louisiana’s Free People of Color. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kendall, Tyler and Erik R. Thomas. 2010. Vowels: vowel manipulation, normalization, and plotting in R. R package. [URL].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kiesling, Scott Fabius. 1998. “Men’s identities and sociolinguistic variation: The case of fraternity men.” Journal of Sociolinguistics, 2(1), 69–99. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Koenecke, Allison, Andrew Nam, Emily Lake, Joe Nudell, Minnie Quartey, Zion Mengesha, Connor Toups, John R. Rickford, Dan Jurafsky, and Sharad Goel. 2020. “Racial disparities in automated speech recognition.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117(14): 7684–7689. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Koops, Christian, Elizabeth Gentry, and Andrew Pantos. 2008. “The effect of perceived speaker age on the perception of PIN and PEN vowels in Houston, Texas.” University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 14(2): 12.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kurath, Hans, and Raven I. McDavid, Jr. 1961. The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States: Based Upon the Collections of the Linguistic Atlas of the Eastern United States. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P. Rpt. U of Alabama P, 1982.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Laborde, Errol, and Peggy Scott Laborde. 2017. New Orleans: The First 300 Years. Gretna: Pelican Publishing Company.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Laborde, Katheryn Krotzer. 2010. Do Not Open: the Discarded Refrigerators of Post-Katrina New Orleans. Jefferson, NC, and London: McFarland & Company, Inc.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1966. The social stratification of English in New York City. Washington D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1972a. Sociolinguistic patterns. Washington D.C.: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1972b. “Some Principles of Linguistic Methodology.” Language in Society, 1: 97–120. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1972c. Language in the Inner City. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1972d[1963]. The social motivation of a sound change. In Sociolinguistic Patterns, 1–42. Originally published in Word 19: 273–309.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1993. “The unobservability of structure and its linguistic consequences.” Paper presented at NWAV 22, University of Ottawa.
. 1994. Principles of linguistic change. Volume 1: Internal factors. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2001. Principles of linguistic change. Volume 2: Social factors. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2007. Transmission and Diffusion. Language 83(2). 344–387.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Labov, William, and Sharon Ash. 1997. Understanding Birminham. Language variety in the south revisited, (eds.) C. Bernstein, T. Nunnally and R. Sabino, 508–73. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Labov, William, Sharon Ash, and Charles Boberg. 2006. The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Labov, William, Paul Cohen, Clarence Robins, and John Lewis. 1968. A study of the Non-Standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican Speakers in New York City, V. 1: Phonological and Grammatical Analysis. Washington, DC: Office of Education, Bureau of Research/ERIC.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Landers, Molly. 2022. “Rootedness and Pre-Lateral Mergers in Oklahoma.” M.Sc. Thesis, Oklahoma State University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Larmouth, Donald and Marjorie Remsing. 1993. ““Kentuck” English in Wisconsin’s Cutover Region.” In “Heartland” English: Variation and Transition in the American Midwest, ed. by Timothy Frazer. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press: 215–228. The Law Library of Louisiana. Url: [URL] (accessed 29.09.2022).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Leemann, Adrian, Marie-José Kolly, Iwar Werlen, David Britain, and Dieter Studer-Joho. 2014. “The diffusion of /l/-vocalization in Swiss German.” Language Variation and Change 26(2): 191–218. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lin, Susan, Sallyanne Palethorpe, and Felicity Cox. 2012. “An ultrasound exploration of Australian English/CVl/words.” In 14th Australasian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology, 105–108.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Liu, Chunxi, Michael Picheny, Leda Sarı, Pooja Chitkara, Alex Xiao, Xiaohui Zhang, Mark Chou, Andres Alvarado, Caner Hazirbas, and Yatharth Saraf. 2022. “Towards measuring fairness in speech recognition: Casual conversations dataset transcriptions.” In ICASSP 2022–2022 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 6162–6166. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lugo, Liza. 2014. How Do Hurricane Katrina’s Winds Blow? Racism in 21st-Century New Orleans. Santa Barbra, CA: Praeger.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lüdecke, Daniel. 2018. “ggeffects: Tidy Data Frames of Marginal Effects from Regression Models.” Journal of Open Source Software, 3: 26, 772. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ma, Marcus and Lelia Glass. 2022. BedWord: A New Automated Pipeline for Interview Transcription for Linguistic Analysis and Vowel Extraction with DARLA. Presented at New Ways of Analying Variation 50 (NWAV 50), October 15th. Stanford University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Marco-Cortiel, Anna Katharina. 2014. “L-vocalization: Its Transfer into English in the Speech of Bulgarian English Learners.” School of Education and Leadership Student Capstone Theses and Dissertations, 41.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Markl, Nina. 2022. “Language variation and algorithmic bias: understanding algorithmic bias in British English automatic speech recognition.” In Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 521–534. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Martin, Joan M. 2000. “Plaçage and the Louisiana Gens de Couleur Libre.” In Kein, Sybil (ed.), Creole: The History and Legacy of Louisiana’s Free People of Color. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Martin, Joshua L. 2022. “Automatic Speech Recognition Systems, Spoken Corpora, and African American Language: An Examination of Linguistic Bias and Morphosyntactic Features.” PhD diss., University of Florida.
Martins, Rosemari Lorenz, and Bruna Melo de Lima. 2019. “Influências da vocalização da lateral/l/na escrita de alunos do 3º e 4º ano do Ensino Fundamental/Influences of Lateral/l/Vocalization in the Writing of 3rd and 4th Grade of Elementary School Students.” Caligrama: Revista de Estudos Românicos 24(2): 41–56. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Martinez, Elsie and Margaret LeCorgne. 1986. Uptown/Downtown: Growing Up in New Orleans. Lafayette, LA: University of Southwestern Louisiana.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McAuliffe, Michael, Michaela Socolof, Sarah Mihuc, Michael Wagner, and Morgan Sonderegger. 2017. Montreal Forced Aligner: trainable text-speech alignment using Kaldi. In Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the International Speech Communication Association. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McAuliffe, Michael, Michaela Socolof, Elias Stengel-Eskin, Sarah Mihuc, Michael Wagner, and Morgan Sonderegger. 2023. Montreal Forced Aligner [Computer program]. Version 2.0.0.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McCool, Sam. 1982. Sam McCool’s new Pittsburghese: How to speak like a Pittsburgher. Pittsburgh: Hayford Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McDavid Jr, Raven. 1948. “Postvocalic ⁄ r ⁄ in South Carolina: a social analysis.” American Speech 23: 194–203. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McDavid Jr, Raven., Raymond O’Cain, and George T. Dorrill. 1979. Linguistic atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McElhinny, Bonnie. 1999. “More on the Third Dialect of English: Linguistic Constraints on the Use of Three Phonological Variables in Pittsburgh.” Language Variation and Change 11: 171–95. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McFee, Brian, Matt McVicar, Daniel Faronbi, Iran Roman, Matan Gover, Stefan Balke, Scott Seyfarth, et al. 2023. “Librosa/librosa: 0.10.0.post2”. Zenodo. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McLaughlin-Stonham, Hilary. 2020. From slavery to civil rights: On the streetcars of New Orleans 1830s-present. Liverpool University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McNeely, Samuel S. 2001. Crescent City Boy: Growing Up in New Orleans in the 1920’s and 30’s. Pensacola Beach, FL: Sam McNeely.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mengesha, Zion, Courtney Heldreth, Michal Lahav, Juliana Sublewski, and Elyse Tuennerman. 2021. ““I don’t Think These Devices are Very Culturally Sensitive.” — Impact of Automated Speech Recognition Errors on African Americans.” Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 4: 169. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mercier, Alfred. 1880. “Etude sur la langue créole en Louisiane.” Comptes rendus de l’Athénée Louisianais I: 378–83.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Merrill, Ellen C. 2005. Germans of Louisiana. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing Company.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Milroy, Lesley. 1980. Language and Social Networks. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael and Connie Eble. 2004. “Historical perspectives on the pin/pen merger in Southern American English.” In Curzan, Anne, and Kimberly Emmons (eds). Studies in the History of the English Language II: Unfolding Conversations. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Moreton, Elliott, and Erik R. Thomas. 2007. “Origins of Canadian Raising in voiceless-coda effects: A case study in phonologization.” Laboratory phonology 9, Jennifer S. Cole and José H. Hualde (eds.), 37–64. Berlin: Mouton.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Morgan, Lucia C. 1969. “North Carolina Accents.” Southern Speech Journal 34: 223–29. Rev. and rpt. in A Various Language: Perspectives on American Dialects. Ed. Juanita V. Williamson and Virginia M. Burke. New York: Holt, 1971. 268–279. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Morris, Leon. 2015. Homage New Orleans: A personal journey in search of the roots of rock and pop. Melbourne, Australia: Leon Morris.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Morris, Thomas D. 1996. Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619–1860. Univ of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mucciaccio, Francesca. 2009. “A gaggle a’ Y’ats” and other stories: tracing the effects of ideology on language change through indexical formation in Y’at. Unpublished Reed College Honors thesis.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Narayanan, Shrikanth S., Abeer A. Alwan, and Katherine Haker. 1997. “Toward articulatory-acoustic models for liquid approximants based on MRI and EPG data. Part I. The laterals.” Journal of the Acoustic Society of America 101: 1064–1077. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Newman, Michael. 2014. New York City English. Berlin, München, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nycz, Jennifer, and Lauren Hall-Lew. 2013. “Best practices in measuring vowel merger.” In Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics 166ASA, 20: 1. Acoustical Society of America. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nylund, Anastasia. 2013. Phonological Variation at the Intersection of Ethnoracial Identity, Place, and Style in Washington, D.C. Ph.D. Thesis, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Olson, M. G., Karen Stornelli, and Maia Victoire (eds.). 2012. Not Meant to Live Like This: Weathering of the Storm of Our Lives in New Orleans. Washington, DC: ATD Fourth World Publications.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
O’Shaughnessy, Douglas. 2023 “How Do Computers Understand Human Speech?”. Acoustics Today 19(4): 32–40. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Parham, Angel Adams. 2012. “Caribbean and Creole in New Orleans”. In Munro, Martin, and Cella Britton (eds.), American Creoles: The Francophone Caribbean and the American South. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Patterson, Kami. 2010. “Sno-balls.” In Barclay, Lee (ed.), New Orleans: What Can’t Be Lost. Lafayette, LA: University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pederson, Lee. 1965. “The pronunciation of English in metropolitan Chicago: Vowels and consonants.” Publication of the American Dialect Society 44.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pederson, Lee, Susan McDaniel and Carol Adams (eds.). 1986. Linguistic atlas of the Gulf States. 7 vols. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Podesva, Robert J., Annette D’onofrio, Janneke Van Hofwegen, and Seung Kyung Kim. 2015. “Country ideology and the California vowel shift.” Language Variation and Change 27(2): 157–186. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 1996. “Whaddayaknow?: The Modes of Folk Linguistic Awareness.” Language Awareness 5(1): 40–74. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Prichard, Hillary. 2010. “Linguistic variation and change in Atlanta, Georgia.” University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 16: 141–9.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Przedlacka, J., 2001. Estuary English and RP: some recent findings. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 36, 35–50.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
R Core Team. 2025. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL: [URL].
Recasens, Daniel. 1996. “An Articulatory-Perceptual Account of Vocalization and Elision of Dark /l/ in the Romance Languages”. Language and Speech 39(1): 63–89. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2012. “A Cross-Language Acoustic Study of Initial and Final Allophones of /l/. Speech Communication 54(3): 368–383. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Reddy, Sravana and James Stanford. 2015. A Web Application for Automated Dialect Analysis. In Proceedings of NAACL-HLT 2015. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Reed, Paul E. 2016. “Sounding Appalachian:/ai/monophthongization, rising pitch accents, and rootedness.” PhD diss., University of South Carolina.
2020. “Phonological Possibilities in Appalachian Englishes”. In Hazen, K. Appalachian Englishes in the Twenty-First Century. (First edition. ed.). Morgantown: West Virginia University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Reinecke, George F. 1951. “New Orleans Pronunciation among Children and Educated Adults.” M.A. thesis, Tulane University.
Rickford, John R. 1986. “The need for new approaches to social class analysis in sociolinguistics.” Language and Communication, 6(3), 215–221. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rightor, Henry (ed.). 1900. Standard History of New Orleans, Louisiana. Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Company.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rivlin, Gary. 2015. Katrina: After the Flood. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Robert, J., Webbie, M., & others. (2018). Pydub. GitHub. Retrieved from [URL].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. 2007. Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rosenfelder, Ingrid; Fruehwald, Josef; Evanini, Keelan; Seyfarth, Scott; Gorman, Kyle; Prichard, Hilary; Yuan, Jiahong; 2014. FAVE (Forced Alignment and Vowel Extraction) Program Suite v1.2.2 10.5281/zenodo.22281.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rosenfelder, Ingrid, Josef Fruehwald, Christian Brickhouse, Keelan Evanini, Scott Seyfarth, Kyle Gorman, Hilary Prichard, and Jiahong Yuan. 2022. FAVE (Forced Alignment and Vowel Extraction) Program Suite v2. 0.0 /zenodo.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rubrecht, August Weston. 1971. Regional phonological variants in Louisiana speech. PhD diss., University of Florida.
Rummel-Lindig, Noah I. 2020. “Dialect Divisions in the Treasure State.” ScholarWorks at University of Montana.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sanders, Isabel and Cindy Schoenberger. 1988. The Historic Garden District. New Orleans: Voulez-Vous, Inc.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sato, Shinji. 2009. “London L vocalization.” Departmental bulletin paper: 15–37.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Scanlon, Michael, and Alicia Beckford Wassink. 2010. “Using acoustic trajectory information in studies of merger.” University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 16(2): 19.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schafer, Judith Kelleher. 1981. “New Orleans slavery in 1850 as seen in advertisements.” The Journal of Southern History 47(1): 33–56. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2003. Becoming Free, Remaining Free. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schoux Casey, Christina. 2016. “Ya Heard Me? Rhoticity in Post-Katrina New Orleans English.” American Speech 91 (2): 166–199. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2018. ““YOU MUST BE SOME KIND OF [kɹɛɪə: zɪ], YEAH”: Towards a New Orleans English Phonology.” In The 26th Scandinavian Conference on Linguistics, 112–126. Cambridge Scholars Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2019. “Do You Know What It Means?: New Orleans English.” In Dajko, Nathalie, Shana Walton, and Connie Eble (eds.). Language in Louisiana: Community and Culture, 173–202. (America’s Third Coast Series) (p. iii). University Press of Mississippi.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2020. “De-colonizing New Orleans: Social Aid and Pleasure Club Second Lines.” In G. Agger, J. R. Christensen, B. R. Graham, M. Jensen, J. Kirk, and B. Sørensen (Eds.), Life after lines: Tim Ingold across the humanities (1. OA edition ed., 99–122). Aalborg Universitetsforlag.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Scobbie, James M., and Marianne Pouplier. 2010. “The role of syllable structure in external sandhi: an EPG study of vocalization and retraction in word-final English /l/.” Journal of Phonetics 38: 240–259. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Scobbie, James M., and Alan A. Wrench. 2003. “An articulatory investigation of word-final /l/ and /l/-sandhi in three dialects of English.” In Proceedings of the XVth ICPhS, Barcelona: 1871–1874.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Selmer, Carl. 1933. “Velarization and u-vocalization of l in German dialects.” PMLA 48(1): 220–244. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Serditova, Dana, and Katie Carmichael. 2025. “Meet Me on Tomorrow by Your Mama’s House: A sociolinguistic investigation of phrasal constructions in New Orleans English.” Lingua 328: 104040. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Serditova, Dana, and Kevin Tang. 2026. A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Automatic Speech Recognition Bias in Newcastle English. arXiv preprint arXiv:2603.24549.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Serditova, Dana, Kevin Tang, and Jochen Steffens. 2025. “Automatic Speech Recognition Biases in Newcastle English: an Error Analysis”. Proc. Interspeech 2025, 3204–3208, Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Shriver, Debra. 2012. In the Spirit of New Orleans. New York: Assouline Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Silverstein, Michael. 1981. “The Limits of Awareness.” Sociolinguistic Working Paper 84. Austin, TX: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2003. “Indexical Order and the Dialectics of Sociolinguistic Life. In: Language & Communication 23/3–4: 193–229. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sivertsen, E., 1960. Cockney Phonology. Oslo University Press, Oslo.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sizemore, McKenzie. 2020. “The perception of regional dialect in the state of Alabama.” MSc. Thesis, The University of Alabama.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sledd, James H. 1966. “Breaking, umlaut, and the Southern drawl.” Language 42: 18–41. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Solorzano, Isaiah. 2019. “The PIN/PEN Merger.” Kansas State University Undergraduate Research Conference.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sproat, Richard and Osamu Fujimura. 1993. “Allophonic variation in English /l/ and its implications for phonetic implementation.” Journal of phonetics 21, 3: 291–311. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stacey, Truman. 1990. Louisiana’s French Heritage. Lafayette, LA: Acadian House Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stanley, Joey. 2021. “Beyond midpoints: Vowel dynamics of the low-back-merger shift.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America ,150 (4): A69–A69. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Starr, Frederick S. 1985. New Orleans Unmasqued. New Orleans/New York: Édition Dedeaux.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1998. Southern Comfort: The Garden District of New Orleans. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stuart-Smith, J., Timmins, C., Tweedie, F., 2006. Conservation and innovation in a traditional dialect: L-vocalization in Glaswegian. English World Wide 27(1): 71–87. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tallant, Robert (ed.). 1952. New Orleans City Guide. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Thomas, C. K. 1958. An introduction to the phonetics of American English. New York, NY: The Ronald Press Company.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Thomas, Erik R. 2001. “An acoustic analysis of vowel variation in New World English.” Publication of the American Dialect Society 85. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2004. “Rural Southern white accents.” In Edgar W. Schneider, Kate Burridge, Bernd Kortmann, Rajend Mesthrie and Clive Upton (eds.). A handbook of the varieties of English. Volume 1: Phonology, 300–324. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2008. “Rural Southern white accents.” In E. W. Schneider (ed.) Varieties of English — the Americas and the Caribbean, 87–114. Mouton de Gruyter: Berlin. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Thomas, Erik R. and Tyler Kendall. 2007. NORM: The vowel normalization and plotting suite. Online Resource. lvc.uoregon.edu/norm/index.php.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Thomas, Julia. 2013 “Gender and /aɪ/ monophthongization in African American English.” Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 449–463.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tillery, Jan. 1992. The locus of linguistic variation in Oklahoma. Stillwater: Oklahoma State University dissertation.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tillery, Jan, and Guy Bailey. 2004. “The urban South: phonology.” In A handbook of varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology, ed. E. Schneider, K. Burridge, B. Kortmann, R. Mesthrie and C. Upton, 325–337. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Timmins, C., Tweedie, F., Stuart-Smith, J., 2004. Accent Change in Glaswegian (1997 corpus): Results for Consonant Variables. Department of English Language, University of Glasgow.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Todaka, Yuichi. 2002. “The vowel merger of [ε] and [I] in Tidewater Virginia dialect.” Bulletin of Miyazaki Municipal University Faculty of Humanities 9(1): 119–136.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tollfree, L. 1999. South East London English: discrete versus continuous modelling of consonantal reduction. In: Foulkes, P., Docherty, G. J. (Eds.), Urban Voices. Arnold, London, 163–184.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tresidder, Argus. 1937. “The speech of the Shenandoah valley.” American Speech 12: 284–8. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1986. Dialects in contact. 1st ed. Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Turton, Danielle. 2017. “Categorical or gradient? An ultrasound investigation of/l/-darkening and vocalization in varieties of English.” Laboratory Phonology 8(1): 13. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ueberwasser, Simone. 2017. “The graphic realization of/l/-vocalization in Swiss German WhatsApp messages.” Media Corpora for the Humanities (cmccorpora17), 73.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
U.S. Census Bureau. “U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: New Orleans city, Louisiana”. Data.Census.Gov. [[URL]] (Accessed 20.05.2026).
Van Herk, Gerard. 2015. “The English Origins Hypothesis.” In Sonja L. Lanehart (eds), The Oxford Handbook of African American Language. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Van Hofwegen, Janneke. 2010. “Apparent-time evolution of /l/ in one African American community.” Language Variation and Change, 22(3): 373–396. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Van Reenen, Pieter. 1986. “The vocalization of /l/ in standard Dutch, a pilot study of ongoing change.” Linguistics in the Netherlands 1986: 189–198. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Vaughn, Charlotte, and Tyler Kendall. 2018. “Listener sensitivity to probabilistic conditioning of sociolinguistic variables: The case of (ING).” Journal of Memory and Language 103: 58–73. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Vidal, Cécile. 2019. Caribbean New Orleans: empire, race, and the making of a slave society. UNC Press Books. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Vollmann, Ralf, Bettina Hobel, Thorsten Seifter, and Florian Pokorny. 2017. “The spread of /l/-vocalization in Styria.” In: Moosmüller, Sylvia, Carolin Schmid, and Manfred Sellner (eds.), Phonetik in und über Östereich, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Warren, Ron, and Sean A. Fulop. 2014. “The merged vowel of PIN and PEN as realized in Bakersfield, California.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 135(4). 2292. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wassink, Alicia Beckford, Cady Gansen, and Isabel Bartholomew. 2022. “Uneven success: automatic speech recognition and ethnicity-related dialects.” Speech Communication 140: 50–70. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wells, J. C., 1982. Accents of English. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wheatley, Katherine. 1934. “Southern standards.” American Speech 9: 36–45. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Widmer, Mary Lou. 1993. New Orleans in the Twenties. Gretna: Pelican Publishing Company.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wilkerson, Isabel. 2020. Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents. New York: Random House.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wilson, George. 1934. “Some unrecorded Southern vowels.” American Speech 9: 209–13. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wilson, William Julius. 2012. “Foreword.” In Olson, M. G., Karen Stornelli, and Maia Victoire (eds.), Not Meant to Live Like This: Weathering of the Storm of Our Lives in New Orleans. Washington, DC: ATD Fourth World Publications.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wise, C. M. 1933. “Southern American dialect.” American Speech 8(2): 37–43. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt and Donna Christian. 1976. Appalachian Speech. Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt and Nathalie Schilling-Estes. 1998. American English: Dialects and Variation. Wiley.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wolfram Walt and Nathalie Schilling-Estes. 2016. American English: Dialects and Variation. Third ed. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wright, Susan. 1989. “The effects of style and speaking rate on /l/ vocalisation in local Cambridge English.” York Papers in Linguistics 13: 355–365.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Xu, Robert. 2019. “Ongoing change of PIN/PEN vowels in California’s Central Valley.” International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS 2019) conference.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Yavas, Mehmet. 2011. Applied English Phonology. — 2nd ed. Malden, MA/Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zellou, Georgia, Michelle Cohn, and Bruno Ferenc Segedin. 2021. “Age-and gender-related differences in speech alignment toward humans and voice-AI.” Frontiers in Communication 5: 1–11. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zhang, Tong, Mark Hasegawa-Johnson, and Stephen E. Levinson. 2006. “Extraction of pragmatic and semantic salience from spontaneous spoken English.” Speech Communication 48(3–4): 437–462. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zhang, Yuanyuan, Yixuan Zhang, Bence Mark Halpern, Tanvina Patel, and Odette Scharenborg. 2022. “Mitigating bias against non-native accents.” In Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, INTERSPEECH, vol. 2022, 3168–3172. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue