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In:Creole Studies – Phylogenetic Approaches
Edited by Peter Bakker, Finn Borchsenius, Carsten Levisen and Eeva Sippola
[Not in series 211] 2017
► pp. 395–400

Language index

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Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at [email protected].

A

  • Adamawa 48, 147, 149, 151, 153–154, 158, 161, 165
    • Adamawa-Ubangi see Adamawa
  • African languages 3, 9, 19, 25, 82, 92, 94, 108, 118, 141–142, 146–147, 152–158, 161–167, 370, 393
    • West African languages 8, 46, 141–168
  • Afrikaans 6, 106, 225, 298, 305
  • Afro-Asiatic languages 72, 148, 153, 161
  • Afro-Chinchano Spanish 270, 273, 276, 278
  • Afro-Choteño Spanish 270, 272, 276, 278–282
  • Afro-Hispanic 4, 252, 269–287, 375, 377
  • Afro-Hispanic pidgin272
  • Afro-Peruvian Spanish273
  • Afro-Portuguese 252, 272
  • Afro-Yungueño Spanish 270–271, 277–287
  • Aikanã 61–62 , 72
  • Akan 47, 146, 148, 225
  • Alpine Romance languages38
  • Ambon Malay 49, 126–127, 148, 165
  • Amerindian 84, 224, 226
  • Amharic108
  • Andean Spanish 271, 274, 279
  • Anglo English 298, 300, 309, 345–346, 351, 355–356, 364, 383
  • Anglo-Melanesian 303–304, 306, 308, 310
  • Anglo-Surinamese 303–304, 306, 308, 310
  • Angolar 14, 47, 49, 73–74, 80, 82, 95, 105, 118, 127–128, 135, 148, 223, 245, 250, 252, 254, 258–259
  • Annobon 47, 49, 82, 105, 127, 135, 148, 245 ; see also Fa d’Ambô
  • Annobonese see Annobon
  • Antillais 108, 110, 179
  • Arabic 8, 19, 72, 87, 93, 126, 148, 154–155, 162, 167–168, 193–194, 196, 198–199, 201–203, 207–213
    • Arabic creoles 3, 8, 11, 13, 25, 86, 213
    • Arabic languages209 see also Gulf Arabic Pidgin, Juba Arabic (Creole), KiNubi Arabic Creole, Nubi Creole Arabic, Sudanese Arabic, Syrian Arabic, Egyptian Arabic
  • Arikapú 61–62, 71–72
  • Army creoles11
  • Asian creoles 3, 105, 121, 158, 165, 167, 241–242, 244–245, 247–249, 251, 253–255, 261–262, 264 see also Ibero-Asian creoles
    • Asian Portuguese 89, 223, 244, 247
  • Assamese 118, 199, 210
  • Atayal26
  • Atlantic creoles 8–9, 11, 21, 48, 80, 82, 87, 90, 92, 94, 105, 108, 111, 114–115, 135, 142, 154, 156, 161, 166, 175, 224, 242, 250, 253–255, 257, 261–262, 307, 377, 389
    • Atlantic English creoles 12, 225
    • Atlantic French179
  • Australian English 325, 345–346, 350–355, 357–358, 360, 362–364
  • Austronesian 7, 27, 38–39, 73, 94, 128, 150–151, 153–154, 161, 199
  • Ayisyen 298, 306–308, 319, 321–325, 326–328, 330, 332, 334–335, 337–338 ; see also Haitian Creole
  • Aymara 61–62, 72, 271, 274

B

  • Bambara 47, 146, 148
  • Bantu 8, 14, 19, 48, 118, 120, 147–154, 156–158, 162, 165, 223, 250, 261, 274
  • Bari 193–194, 198–199, 201–204, 206, 208–209, 211–212
  • Batavia Creole 49, 148, 248, 250–252, 254, 261
  • Batavia Creole Portuguese148
  • Bena 47, 148
  • Benuic225
  • Berbice Creole 3, 14, 70, 75, 81–82, 84, 95, 108, 157, 219, 220, 222–223, 225, 227–234, 236 see also Berbice Dutch
    • Berbice Dutch 74, 82–83, 87, 89–90, 105, 118, 128, 219, 222–223, 298–299, 305 ; see also Berbice Creole
  • Bislama 17, 125, 298–300, 302–309, 317–328, 330–332, 334–339, 346, 350–360, 362–364
    • Bislama blong Vila 350, 354
  • Bolivian Spanish282
  • Brahui 73 ; see also Dravidian
  • Brava Cape Verdean Creole250
  • British English 325, 351

C

  • Cameroon English Creole 135 see also Camtok Cameroon English
    • Pidgincreole 108, 122 ; see also Camtok
  • Camtok108
  • Cape Verdean 105, 118, 245, 250, 253, 262–263, 377 see also Kabuverdiano
    • Cape Verdean Creoles 72, 255, 257–258, 284
    • Cape Verdean Creole of Brava250
    • Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago 250, 258–259
    • Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente 250, 259
    • Cape Verdean Creole Portuguese284
    • Cape Verdean of Brava254
    • Cape Verdean of Santiago 254, 258–259
    • Cape Verdean of São Vicente 254, 259
  • Caribbean creoles 25, 93, 108, 121, 178, 182, 184, 262, 345, 356, 370
    • Caribbean English creoles 108, 110, 121
    • Caribbean Papiamentu249
    • Caribbean Spanish 270–271
  • Carriacou189
  • Casamancese Creole 250, 253–255, 257–259
  • Cavite Chabacano 250–251, 254, 274, 282, 378
  • Cayubaba 61–62, 72
  • Celtic 15, 19, 128
  • Central Southwest African 142 ; see also West African languages
  • Chabacano 81, 85, 88, 109, 148, 244–245, 250–251, 253–254, 256, 258–262, 264, 271, 274, 319, 321–329, 331–335, 337–338, 378
  • Chavacano 49, 343 ; see also Chabacano
  • Chinese 93, 361
  • Chinook Creole 126, 134 ; see also Chinuk Wawa
  • Chinook Jargon 7, 87 ; see also Chinuk Wawa
  • Chinuk Wawa 8, 22, 84, 87, 126, 130, 132, 148
  • Creolese256
  • Cross-River languages 154, 163
  • Cuban Spanish 15, 278, 280–282

D

  • Dagbani 47, 146, 148
  • Danish 6, 220, 353, 360–364
  • Defaka 47, 146, 149, 157
  • Dinka 198–199, 202, 209, 211–212
  • Diola 146, 149
  • Diola-Fogny 157–158, 165
  • Diu Creole Portuguese 13, 17
  • Diu Indo-Portuguese 250–251 ; see also Diu Creole Portuguese
  • Dogon 147, 149–150, 153–154, 157–158, 165
  • Dominican French Creole 104, 118, 176, 179, 181
  • Doyayo 47, 48, 146, 149, 154
  • Dravidian 7, 73, 94
  • Dungku338
  • Dutch 3, 8, 10, 64, 70, 75, 81, 87, 93, 133, 148–149, 154, 160, 185, 297–298, 300–303, 318–319, 322, 324–325, 327–328, 331, 334–338, 389–390
    • Dutch creoles 13–14, 70, 72, 82–83, 87, 89–90, 105, 118, 128, 167, 219–237, 244, 298–299, 305–307, 310, 370, 376 ; see also Virgin Islands Creole Dutch

E

  • Edoid 147, 149, 153
  • Efik 146, 149, 154, 163
  • Ega 149, 157–158, 165
  • Egyptian Arabic 47, 148, 154, 162
  • Engenni 146, 149
  • English 8, 14, 20, 64, 69, 72, 84, 87, 89–91, 94, 108–109, 111, 113, 115, 118–119, 122, 125, 133, 135, 148–149, 154, 160, 222, 225–226, 228, 244, 274, 295–298, 300–304, 306–310, 317–320, 322–336, 338–339, 345–358, 361–365, 371, 382–383, 389–390
    • English creoles 4, 11–15, 24–25, 80–82, 94, 104, 108–110, 118–119, 121–122, 125, 134–135, 158, 160, 177, 185, 189, 199, 210, 231, 242, 261, 287, 302–304, 306–310, 346–353, 354–358, 361–365, 370
    • English creole of Vanuatu 17 ; see also Bislama
  • Ermiteño 105, 245
  • Esperanto123
  • Ewe 8, 149
  • Ewondo 146, 149

F

  • Fa d’Ambô 127, 250, 252, 254, 257–259 ; see also Annobon
  • Finnish 13, 125, 127
  • Fon 8, 149, 157
  • Fongbe19
  • Franglais309
  • Frankofon Bislama350
  • French 3, 8, 10, 12–13, 15, 19–20, 22, 64, 69, 72–73, 76, 85, 90, 93–94, 108–109, 118, 122, 125, 148–149, 154, 160, 175–191, 199, 274, 297–298, 300–302, 305–310, 318–319, 321–328, 330, 333–335, 337–339, 347–348, 382, 389–390
  • French creoles 3, 11, 17, 25, 73, 75–76, 83–85, 93–94, 104–105, 128, 136, 157, 161, 170, 175–191, 199, 220, 225, 256–257, 306–307, 370–371, 377

G

  • Gã149
  • Gã-Dangme149
  • Gavião 61–62, 72
  • Gawwada93
  • Gbe 8, 19, 76, 132–133
  • German 83, 90, 108, 122, 148–149, 154, 160, 348
    • German creoles 90, 108
    • Germanic languages 46, 69, 90, 149, 153–154, 160–162, 164, 302, 325, 327, 336
    • Old High German93
  • Ghanaian Pidgin English261
  • Global Englishes 309, 348, 351
  • Grebo 47, 146, 149, 154
  • Greek 11, 93, 125
  • Grenada French Creole17
  • Guiné105
  • Guinea Creole Portuguese105
  • Guinea-Bissau Creole see Guinea-Bissau Kriyol
  • Guinea-Bissau Kriyol 72–74, 105, 118, 149, 157, 167, 245, 250, 254–255, 258–259, 263
  • Gulf Arabic Pidgin 213 ; see also Arabic creoles
  • Gullah 47, 49, 149, 160
  • Gurindji Kriol350
  • Guyanais 108, 176, 178–179, 181, 186
  • Guyanese English Creole122
  • Guyanese French Creole157

H

  • Haitian 19–20, 83–84, 94, 110, 118, 173, 178–179, 181–183, 185–187 see also Haitian Creole
    • Haitian Creole 7, 13, 19, 105, 108, 157, 173, 256–257
    • Haitian French Creole 84, 104 ; see also Haitian Creole
  • Hawai‘i Creole 11, 25, 21, 108, 122, 294, 302–308, 305–308, 308, 346
    • Hawaiian 11, 15, 25, 108, 122, 160, 353, 355–357, 360–362
    • Hawaiian Creole see Hawai‘i Creole
    • Hawaiian Creole English see Hawai‘i Creole
    • Hawaiian Pidgin English see Hawaiian
  • Hebrew125
  • Highland Andean Spanish274
  • Highland Ecuadorian Spanish272
  • Hiri Motu 87, 90, 94, 130, 132, 150, 158, 161–162, 165, 199, 210
  • Hmong Njua124
  • Hmong-Mien124

I

  • Iberian creoles 80, 105, 225, 241–264, 276, 371, 377–378
  • Ibero-Asian creoles 81, 247, 261
  • Iberoromance creoles 284, 294, 302, 307, 310, 325–326, 333
  • Icelandic48
  • Igbo 146, 150, 154, 225
  • Igboid 147, 150, 153
  • Ijo 14, 81, 83–84, 87, 118, 157, 167, 223–225, 227–231, 236
    • Eastern Ijo 14, 84, 87, 222, 225
    • Ijo-Kolokuma150
  • Ijoid languages 48, 147, 149–150, 153–154, 157–158, 165, 223–225, 305
  • Indian Creoles94
  • Indian Ocean creoles 8, 46, 48, 89, 95, 156, 178–179, 182, 184
    • Indian Ocean French 12, 105, 257
  • Indian Sign Language see Plains Indian Sign Language
  • Indigenous Englishes348
  • Indo-European 36, 43, 46, 120, 149, 151–153, 160–165, 199, 210, 371
  • Indo-Portuguese 7–8, 108, 110, 244, 246–249, 252–253, 259, 262, 264, 377
  • Indonesian 73–74, 120
  • Italian 19, 108, 122

J

  • Jahai333
  • Jamaican 82–83, 94, 105, 118, 150, 157–158, 167, 358 see also Jumiekan
    • Jamaican Creole English 8 ; see also Jumiekan
  • Jamsay 47, 146, 150
  • Japanese 14, 27, 148, 150, 154–155, 161, 163, 286, 371 ; see also Yilan Creole Japanese, Taiwan Creole Japanese
  • Japlish309
  • Japonic languages 44, 150, 153, 161
  • Juba Arabic Creole 3, 87, 126, 150, 163, 193–214, 390
  • Judeo-Spanish 274, 282
  • Jumiekan 298–300, 302–308, 319, 321, 323–329, 333–336, 338 ; see also Jamaican Creole
  • Jutlandic361

K

  • Kabuverdiano 298–299, 307–308, 319, 321–328, 331–332, 334–335, 337–338 see also Cape Verdean
    • Kabuverdianu 47, 49, 150 ; see also Cape Verdean
  • Kalabari230
  • Kande 47, 146, 150
  • Karipúna 47, 49, 150, 199, 209–212
  • Ket93
  • Kigiryama 47, 146, 150
  • KiKongo 132–133, 157, 167, 261
  • Kikuyu 47, 146, 150
  • KiMbundu 14, 223
  • KiNubi 47, 49, 72, 108, 128, 150, 161, 165
    • KiNubi Arabic Creole 122 ; see also KiNubi
  • Kisi 47, 146, 150
  • Kongo 47, 146, 150
  • Konkani248
    • Konkani-Marathi248
  • Korlai Creole 49, 73–74, 118, 125, 128, 150, 199, 209–214, 223, 251, 254
    • Korlai Portuguese Creole 91, 258 ; see also Korlai Creole
  • Koromfe 47, 146, 150
  • Koromu 349, 358, 364
  • Koyra Chiini 72, 74
  • Kréyol la Lwizyàn 298, 306–308 ; see also Louisiana creole
  • Krio 105, 118, 128, 150
  • Kriol 49, 150, 345, 362–362 ; see also Roper River Kriol
  • Kriyol 157, 167 ; see also Guinea-Bissau Kriyol
  • Kru 48, 147, 149, 153–154
  • Kuanua358
  • Kunama108
  • Kwa 8, 19, 48, 147–149, 153–154, 157–158, 165, 167, 250
  • Kwaza 61–62, 72

L

  • Latin 14, 19–20, 93
  • Latin American Spanish 279, 287
  • Latvian125
  • Lebanese Australian English350
  • Lingala 6, 120
  • Lingua Franca 105, 245
  • Lokono224
    • Louisiana Creole 108, 182, 185 ; see also Kréyol la Lwizyàn
    • Louisiana French Creole 178–180 ; see also Kréyol la Lwizyàn

M

  • Ma’a120
  • Maasai 198–199, 202, 209, 211–212, 217
  • Macau Creole 245, 252 ; see also Makista
  • Makhuwa 47, 146, 150
  • Makista 248, 252 ; see also Macau Creole
  • Malabar creoles252
  • Malacca Creole 245, 249–250, 319
  • Malay 120, 148, 150, 154, 161, 163, 248–249
  • Malayalam248
  • Malayo-Portuguese 246–247, 253, 262
  • Malayo-Sumbawan 150, 153, 161
  • Manange93
  • Mandarin 74, 83
    • Mandarin Chinese 93 ; see also Mandarin
  • Mande 48, 147–148, 152–153, 157–158, 165
  • Maori English 350, 354
  • Maroon creoles 11, 25–26, 94, 158, 185, 377
  • Martinique 47, 49, 108, 150, 179–183
  • Mauritian 19–20, 22, 43, 93–94, 108, 121 see also Morisyen
    • Mauritian Creole French 121, 136 ; see also Morisyen
  • Mbum 47–48, 146, 151, 154
  • Media Lengua120
  • Melanesian 83, 302, 328, 323, 328, 333–334, 339, 345, 354, 356, 358, 361, 364, 383
    • Melanesian Pidgin 83, 339
  • Mexican Spanish 274, 278–282, 325
  • Miao-Yao124
  • Michif 87, 120, 223, 256
  • Mina72
  • Mon-Khmer333
  • Morisyen 83, 151, 178–179, 181, 183, 298, 319, 321–328, 328, 330–331, 333–335, 337–338 ; see also Mauritian Creole
  • Motu 90, 128, 151, 154, 158, 161–163, 199, 210
  • Mpongwe 47, 146, 151
  • Mumuye 48, 146, 151, 165
  • Mura-Pirahã73

N

  • Nagamese 72, 74, 87, 90, 118, 151, 165, 199, 205, 210
  • Nauruan Pidgin English350
  • Ndyuka 50, 73–74, 80, 118, 123
  • Negerhollands 118, 151 ; see also Virgin Islands Creole Dutch
  • Nengee 256–257 ; see also Ndyuka
  • Neo-Melanesian 135, 306
  • New Orleans Creole 176, 181
  • New South Wales Pidgin350
  • New West Benue-Congo (Edoid) 147, 149, 153
    • New West Benue-Congo (Igboid) 147, 150, 153
    • New West Benue-Congo (Nupoid) 147, 151, 153
    • New West Benue-Congo (Yoruboid) 147, 152–153
  • New Zealand English 345–346, 350–351, 353–355, 358, 362–364
  • Ngbandi 125, 151, 154, 161, 163
  • Ngoni 47, 146, 151
  • Nheengatu 130, 132, 151, 161, 371
  • Nicaragua Sign Language11
  • Nicaraguan Creole English 298, 302–308
  • Niger-Congo languages 46–47, 99, 144, 146–153, 155–159, 161, 165, 223, 371
  • Nigerian Pidgin 6, 15, 151, 261, 298, 302–303, 318–323, 325, 327–329, 333–336, 338
  • Nilo-Saharan 72, 371
  • Nilotic languages 3, 193, 198, 201, 209
    • Eastern Nilotic 198–199, 209
    • Western Nilotic 199, 209
  • Norf ’k350
  • Norwegian 353, 361–362
  • Nubi Creole Arabic 7, 86–87
  • Nubian108
  • Nuer 198–200, 202, 209, 211
  • Nupe 47, 146, 151, 154
  • Nupoid 147, 151, 153
  • Nyo148

O

  • Obolo 47, 146, 151, 154, 163
  • Oceanic languages 8, 128
  • Old High German93
  • Otomi93

P

  • Pacific creoles 8, 94
  • Pacific Englishes 7, 350, 360
  • Pacific-Australian362
  • Pacific-Hawaii356
  • Pacific-Melanesia356
  • Palenquero 7, 14, 47, 49, 72–74, 105, 118, 127–128, 151, 161, 245, 249–250, 253–254, 258, 261–262, 271, 274, 277, 284, 307, 319, 321, 323–331, 333–335
    • Palenquero Spanish Creole 8, 223
  • Papiá Kristang 90, 105, 151, 245, 248, 250–251, 254, 258, 261, 319, 321–322, 324, 328–329, 334, 336, 338
  • Papiamento 278–282, 298, 319, 321–330, 333–334, 336–338 see also Papiamentu
    • Papiamentu 17, 30, 47, 49, 73–74, 82, 109, 118, 151, 161, 245, 249–250, 253–254, 258–259, 262, 264, 271, 274, 307–308
  • Papuan 8, 349
  • Peninsular Spanish 274, 278–282, 286–287
  • Persian93
  • Peruvian Spanish273
  • Philippine languages 8, 85, 87
    • Philippine Creole Spanish 8, 84, 86, 244
    • Philippine Spanish 274, 278–282, 287
  • Pichi 15, 47, 49, 151, 256
  • Pidgin 5–7, 15–16, 18–22, 24–25, 27, 45, 49–51,64, 87–88, 91, 103, 108–110, 120, 122, 133–134, 136, 175, 177, 198, 213–214, 357, 376
  • Pidgin Hindustani87
  • Pidgin Italian108
  • Pidgin Madame213
  • Pijin 346, 354–355, 358, 364 ; see also Solomons Islands Pijin
  • Pirahã 73, 74
  • Pitcairnese 109–110 ; see also Pitkern
  • Pitkern 350 ; see also Pitcairnese
  • Plains Indian Sign Language 6, 8, 130, 132, 151
  • Plantation creoles 24, 26, 377
  • Portuguese 3, 11, 14, 47, 64, 72, 80–81, 83, 90, 109, 118, 120, 133, 135, 148, 151, 154, 160, 176, 185, 226, 241, 244–255, 258–260, 297–298, 301–302, 305–307, 318–320, 322–329, 332–335, 337–338
    • Portuguese creoles 11, 13, 25, 83–84, 87, 89–90, 223, 245–247, 249–250, 264
    • Portuguese pidgin 244–245, 248
  • Principense 47, 49, 105, 151, 245, 250, 254, 258–259

Q

  • Quechua 61–62, 72, 274

R

  • Rabaul Creole German11
  • Rao 130–132
  • Rapanui 51, 128, 131
  • Reunion Creole 85, 109, 161, 178–179, 181 see also Réunionnais
    • Réunionnais 109–110 see Reunion Creole
  • Rodriguais 179, 189
  • Romance languages 14, 38, 46, 66, 90
  • Roper River Kriol 346, 349, 355, 358, 361, 364
  • Russian 13, 93, 125, 361, 364, 382

S

  • Sabine River Spanish 274, 278–282
  • Saint Lucia Creole 181–182
    • Saint Lucia French Creole17
    • Saint Lucian Creole85
    • Saint Lucian French81
  • Salish94
  • Sango 6–8, 47–51, 123, 125, 128, 134, 152, 157–158, 161, 163, 165, 261
  • Santiago Cape Verdean Creole see Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago
  • Santome 109, 127, 250, 254, 258–259
  • São Vicente Cape Verdean Creole see Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente
  • Sao-Tomense 298, 307–308 ; see also Santome
  • Saramaccan 13–14, 24, 49, 80–84, 94, 105, 108, 132, 135, 152, 158, 161, 199, 209–212, 222, 245, 298, 302–308
  • Sdio = Diola 129, 131, 149, 155–159, 163–166
  • Sefi = Efik 149, 153–156, 159, 163–164, 166
  • Sega = Ega 149, 153, 155–159, 163–166
  • Semitic languages 148, 153, 161–162, 164–165, 371
  • Sena 47, 146, 152
  • Seselwa 178–179, 181, 183
  • Seychellois 73–74, 93, 118, 177 ; see also Seselwa
  • Shona 47, 146, 152
  • Sijo = Ijo-Kolokuma 150, 153–157, 159, 163–164, 166
  • Simplified Italian122
  • Singlish87
  • Sinhala 87, 258
  • Sino-Portuguese246
  • Sino-Tibetan73
  • Skepi Dutch 3, 219–220, 224
  • Slavic languages128
  • Smum = Mumuye 151, 153, 155–156, 159, 164–166
  • Sobo = Obolo 151, 153–156, 159, 163
  • Solomon Islands Pijin 15, 22, 25, 84, 354, 363 ; see also Pijin
  • Songhay 72, 108
  • South Pacific English12
  • Spanish 3, 8, 13, 15, 19–20, 64, 72, 80, 85, 90, 93, 109, 118, 125, 135, 148, 152, 154, 160–161, 176, 183, 241, 244–245, 251, 254, 258–260, 269–283, 286–287, 292, 297–298, 300–303, 305–307, 318–329, 333–335, 337–338, 370, 377 ; see also Peninsular Spanish
  • Sranan 83, 85, 90, 94, 104, 109–110, 132, 135, 298, 302–308
    • Early Sranan132
  • Sri Lanka Malay 87, 127–128
    • Sri Lanka Portuguese 87, 127, 152, 245, 248, 250–252, 254, 257–258
    • Sri Lankan Malay see Sri Lanka Malay
  • Sudanese Arabic 128, 161–163, 193, 198–199, 201, 204, 206, 208, 212
  • Supyire 47, 146, 152
  • Surinamese creoles 20, 90, 132, 231, 306, 317 ; see also Anglo Surinamese
  • Swahili 108, 122, 146, 152
  • Swedish 14, 93, 353, 361, 363–364
  • Syor = Yoruba 125, 129, 131–132, 152–156, 159, 163
  • Syrian Arabic 198–199, 203

T

  • Tagalog274
  • Taglish309
  • Tahitian128
  • Taiwan Creole Japanese 87–88
  • Tamil 87, 258
  • Tayo 7, 11, 25, 109, 128, 152, 180–181, 183, 185, 298, 319, 321–328, 331, 334–335, 337–338
  • Temne 47, 146, 152
  • Ternate Chabacano 148, 250, 251, 254, 256, 258–259, 274
  • Thai120
  • Tok Pisin 6–7, 15, 18, 22, 45, 73–74, 82–83, 90, 94, 108–110, 118, 125, 135, 152, 294, 298–300, 302–308, 319, 321–331, 333–335, 337–338, 345–346, 349, 354–364
    • Tok Pisin bilong Mosbi 350, 354
  • Torres Strait Creole 346, 350 ; see also Yumplatok
  • Trinidad French Creole 176, 181–182
  • Trinidadian 298–299, 302–308, 317–324, 329, 332–335, 337–338, 356–357, 364
    • Trinidadian Creole 353, 357
  • Tugu Malay Creole161
  • Tupi 152–154, 161
    • Tupi-Guaraní 152–154, 161
    • Tupinamba 152, 154–155, 371
  • Turkish127
  • Turku213

U

  • Umbundu 47, 146, 152
  • Unserdeutsch 7, 49, 108, 152, 160
  • Upper Guinea creoles 8, 245–247, 249, 255, 257, 262, 264
    • Upper Guinea Portuguese creole89
  • Urban Bislama 331, 346, 350, 354 ; see also Bislama
  • Uru 61, 72

V

  • Vai152
  • Vernacular Brazilian Portuguese6
  • VICD (Virgin Islands Creole Dutch) 220–222, 225–236 see Virgin Islands Creole Dutch
  • Vincentian 47, 49, 152, 160
  • Virgin Islands Creole Dutch 3, 6, 17, 70, 75, 81, 106, 219–222, 225–228, 231–237, 299, 321–328, 330, 332, 334, 336–338 ; see also Negerhollands

W

  • Wari’ 61–62, 71
  • Wolof 47, 152, 157–158, 167
  • World Englishes 309, 348, 364

Y

  • Yao 47, 146, 152, 155–156, 159, 163–164, 166
  • Yilan 131–132, 152, 161, 165, 371 see also Yilan Creole Japanese
    • Yilan Creole Japanese 8, 26, 88, 130
  • Yimas-Arafundi Pidgin120
  • Yoruba 47, 120, 146, 152, 154, 163
  • Yoruboid 147, 152–153
  • Yumplatok 319, 321, 323–332, 334–335, 337–338, 345–346, 350, 355, 358, 362–364 ; see also Torres Strait Creole

Z

  • Zamboanga Chabacano 109, 250–251, 254, 258–259, 274, 278–282
    • Zamboangueño 73–74, 84, 109, 118, 152, 161 ; see also Zamboanga Chabacano
  • Zulu 47, 146, 152
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