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In:Creole Studies – Phylogenetic Approaches
Edited by Peter Bakker, Finn Borchsenius, Carsten Levisen and Eeva Sippola
[Not in series 211] 2017
► pp. 409–413

Subject index

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Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

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A

  • acquisition history
    • history104
    • of language 6, 9, 22, 83, 244, 271–272, 274, 278, 375
    • of morphemes85
  • acrolectal creole variants 160–162, 173, 184–185, 187, 189, 271, 378
  • act of identity17
  • adolescents 22–23, 88, 272
  • adstrate
    • features258
    • influence 86, 241, 254–255, 280
    • languages 8, 19, 26, 71, 87, 257, 263–264, 274, 377
    • structures 261–262
  • adstrates 3, 8–9, 12, 14, 19, 21, 261, 294
  • adults 20–23, 25, 221, 272–273
  • African vocabulary 11, 82, 92, 94, 135, 222–224, 226, 236
  • allolexy352
  • amerindian 84, 224, 226
  • ancestor 15, 17, 25, 36, 39–41, 60, 68, 73, 104, 175, 177, 236, 242–243, 269, 272, 387
  • ancestral states 70, 243, 256
  • Anglicization 30, 358
  • Anglocentrism348
  • APiCS 27, 60, 64, 78, 81–82, 87, 89–91, 93, 106, 120–121, 124, 128, 136, 193, 200, 243, 250–259, 262, 274–277, 283, 285–286, 291–292, 297, 318, 371, 378–379, 382, 385, 391
    • languages 27, 81–82, 89–90, 93, 120–121, 124–128
    • Non-APiCS languages81
  • areal
    • clusters 2, 242–243, 250, 252–256, 259–260, 262–263, 378
    • features 3, 50, 254, 261, 263, 356
    • semantics 309–310, 315–316, 345
  • areality 241, 263, 345, 353, 356, 363
  • article
    • definite article 13, 105, 109, 115–116, 181, 207, 284, 291
    • indefinite article 13, 24, 50, 109, 115–116, 120, 126, 128, 130, 135, 207–208, 257–259, 291, 369, 376

B

  • basic lexicon 8, 14, 93, 222, 305, 309–310
  • basilect 18, 114, 181, 189, 236, 271, 286, 348, 378
  • BEAST39
  • bi-clan(s) 254, 371
  • bimorphemic question words 107, 109, 117, 135, 221, 232, 235
  • binary features 66, 72, 276
  • biology 1–2, 26–27, 35–40, 42–45, 52, 59, 107, 175, 219, 327–329, 370–371, 385–387, 393
  • bioprogram 26, 88, 107
  • body parts 4, 27, 105, 117, 135, 223, 227, 256, 295–296, 315–318, 331–336, 340, 345–346, 351
    • ears 315, 318, 331
    • eyes 202, 315, 318, 331–333, 335, 383
    • hands 315, 318, 331–332
    • head 315, 318, 331, 333–336, 383
    • legs 315, 318, 331–332, 381
    • mouth 315, 318, 331
    • nose 315, 318, 331–332
  • bootstrap 69, 74–75, 131, 197
  • borrowings 11, 14, 36, 40–42, 45, 69, 85, 92–93, 142, 234, 243, 328, 385, 393
  • branches 6, 36, 39, 41, 46, 68–70, 128, 131, 141, 147, 154, 164–165, 179, 198, 210, 227–228, 236, 243, 279, 300–301, 305–307, 327, 354

C

  • capitalism348
  • character 36–38, 74–75, 181, 243, 277, 297–298, 301, 386
  • children 20–23, 26, 225, 315, 317–318, 320, 327–329, 359, 383
  • circularity15
  • clan254
  • classification 3–4, 35, 48–49, 61, 66, 69, 141–142, 147, 154, 157, 165, 167, 175–180, 189, 197–198, 241–243, 245, 262, 264, 269–272, 276, 280, 282–285, 287, 309, 345, 350, 376–377, 379
  • clusters 3, 46, 63, 67, 69, 72–73, 81, 103, 120, 123–124, 128, 133, 154–155, 160–162, 167–168, 181–185, 209–211, 213, 228–231, 241, 261, 264, 269, 278–279, 283, 285, 287, 301–308, 310, 315, 326, 329, 333, 336, 338, 340, 354–356, 370, 377, 386–387, 390 ; see also areal clusters, creole clusters
  • cognition27
  • cognitive
    • authenticity294
    • creolistics 2, 293, 297, 369, 381
    • semantics 293–295, 316, 331, 339, 382–383
    • viewpoint 295, 297
  • colonial
    • influences 297, 346
    • languages 4, 8, 175, 304, 307, 309, 320, 329, 382
  • colonialism 3, 7, 9, 17, 141, 156, 176–177, 188, 194, 199, 244, 270, 272, 297, 299, 302, 306, 318, 325, 348, 354, 358, 360, 363–364, 382, 390–391, 393
  • comparative method 41, 370
  • complexity 5, 12, 16, 21–22, 123, 193–194, 201–202, 204, 212, 294, 345, 383, 390, 393
  • componentiality hypothesis10
  • computational
    • approaches 71, 264, 379, 385
    • biology38
    • linguistics6
    • methods 42, 44, 59–60, 103, 143, 196–197, 213, 227, 242, 250, 285, 385, 387
    • tools 1, 189, 193, 200, 219, 225, 233, 242, 269, 376
  • constrates 8, 193–194, 196, 193–194, 196, 198, 201, 204–208, 212–214
  • contact languages 6, 20, 35, 59, 64, 71, 93, 108, 120, 126, 175, 194, 251, 261, 275, 348, 358, 379, 390, 392
  • corpus 152, 269–270, 276, 285–286
  • creation of language 3, 9, 20, 22, 46, 48–49, 52, 71, 141–142, 146–147, 157, 162, 167–168, 196, 297, 376, 379, 393
  • creolec
    • lusters 48, 125, 130–132, 157–158, 163–165, 277, 303–305, 307, 361, 371
    • distinctiveness 2–3, 194–196, 199, 210, 212, 214, 372
    • genesis 3, 6–7, 9–10, 17, 19, 23, 27, 49, 81, 136, 141, 166–167, 194, 213, 370, 389, 393
    • creole-lexifier 293, 315
    • semantics 27, 293–294, 297, 309–310, 345, 360
    • creoles worldwide 46, 50, 60, 79–80, 90, 118, 127–128, 141–168, 175–176, 188, 231, 300, 328, 369–370
  • creolization 6–7, 10, 12–13, 16–20, 22–24, 41, 45–46, 48, 50–51, 85, 88, 90, 104, 107, 126–127, 134–136, 143, 161–162, 167–168, 188–189, 195–196, 214, 221, 271, 297, 300, 315, 347, 364, 369, 371, 386–387
  • creoloids6
  • cross-creole comparisons 293, 297, 309, 315
  • cross-linguistic
    • comparisons 80, 82, 92, 144, 198, 286, 294, 296, 315, 383, 391
    • semantics 1, 4, 295, 336, 339, 350, 383
  • cryptodiversity309

D

  • data coding66
  • data types 59–60, 63, 276, 285, 287
  • dating of phylogenies 39–41
  • definite articles see article
  • delta scores 243, 253–254
  • demographics 10, 15, 180, 185, 187–188
  • demonstratives 13, 84, 90, 92, 105, 109, 135, 144–145, 207, 246, 283, 291
    • demonstrative determiners 115–116
  • diachrony 3, 133
  • dialect 8, 15, 19, 38, 46, 63, 88, 135, 178, 193, 195, 198, 209–211, 213, 245, 269–270, 272–273, 275–283, 286–287, 299, 304, 339–340, 347–350, 353–354, 361, 364
    • concept of dialect 4, 271, 345, 383
    • non-standard dialects 118, 287, 299
  • distance matrix 37, 180, 197
  • distinctness 199, 231, 371
  • distortion 23, 392
  • diversity 3, 25, 35–36, 43–44, 52, 72–73, 95, 103, 105, 123, 133–134, 136, 141, 147, 155, 157, 241, 304, 309–310, 335, 363, 382, 386, 389–390
  • DNA 37, 39, 370, 385–386

E

  • ears see body parts
  • encoding 60, 63, 181, 329
  • endogenous creoles11
  • environment 4, 11, 245, 286, 376, 378, 387
  • environmental
    • concepts 315–318, 336, 340
    • molecules 315, 318, 336
  • ethnogeography336
  • ethnolects350
  • etymology 223, 225–228, 231, 236, 300, 308, 318, 336, 352, 359–360, 392
  • European lexifiers 8, 51, 85, 108, 128, 130, 133, 142, 154, 161, 199, 293–294, 297, 301, 315, 326–328, 340, 371, 376
  • evolution 35, 37–38, 41, 43, 45, 52, 59, 64–65, 70, 185, 188, 225, 385–387
    • language evolution 19, 41–43, 59, 64–65, 143, 277, 370, 386
  • evolutionary
    • biology 11, 35–39, 44, 59, 175, 219, 385, 387
    • theory 35–37, 40–41, 45, 52, 59, 67, 227, 234, 385, 387
  • exogenous creoles11
  • expanded pidgins 6, 134
  • explicit networks67
  • extensionalist methodology294
  • eyes see body parts

F

  • feature pool 9–10, 369
    • hypothesis 3, 9–10, 194–196, 199, 210–211, 214
  • featurization 325, 346, 384
  • fieldwork 60, 226, 252, 269, 274, 276, 285–286, 296–297, 316, 381
  • foreigner talk 10, 87
  • fort creoles11
  • founder effects 24, 43, 386
  • founder principle9

G

  • gender agreement 45, 50, 83–84, 116, 284, 292
  • genesis 23–24, 27, 49, 70, 88, 123, 167, 183, 195, 230, 236, 390
  • global linguistic flows346
  • glottoclock39
  • gradual creolization 23, 221
  • grammatical
    • features 40, 61, 105, 143, 181, 193, 219, 246, 262, 272, 287
    • typology 307, 310
  • grammaticalization 7, 9, 13, 24, 50–51, 83–84, 105, 126–127, 133–134, 136, 196, 256, 376
  • granularity 64, 300, 352
  • groupings 2, 44, 48, 136, 154–157, 162, 165–167, 184, 196, 213, 224, 241–242, 244, 250, 255, 262–263, 277, 302–304, 306, 310, 333, 355, 376–377

H

  • hands see body parts
  • head see body parts
  • historical
    • linguistics 6, 41, 52, 59, 66–67, 95, 143
    • relations 249, 369–370
    • sources 6, 17, 23, 221, 232–233, 274
  • history of creoles 5, 15, 18, 64, 77, 104, 167, 225, 253, 276, 315
  • homestead10
  • homogenous language 22, 315
  • homoplasy71
  • horizontal transfer386
  • hybridization 32, 213–214, 386
  • hyperpolysemy27

I

  • implicit networks 67–68
  • indefinite articles see article
  • Indo-European lexifiers 160–163, 165, 199
  • inherited elements 7, 11, 14, 36, 49, 83–86, 88, 93, 142, 162, 232, 234, 236, 243, 393
  • innovation 1, 6, 9–10, 20–21, 26, 36–37, 40–42, 71, 85, 188, 200, 208, 214, 256, 301, 346
  • interrogatives 109, 115, 117, 120, 259, 261, 284, 291

J

  • jargons 6–7, 19, 21–22, 87, 134

K

  • kinship semantics 223, 317

L

  • language
    • change 42, 51–52, 103, 127, 193, 195
    • contact 6, 45, 52, 59, 81, 180, 195, 242, 269–270, 277, 369, 371, 393
    • evolution 19, 35, 41–43, 45, 52, 59, 64–65, 70, 143, 188, 225, 277, 370, 385–387
    • ideology345
    • trees 36, 45
  • languaging 347–348
  • lateral gene transfer 45, 393
  • legs see body parts
  • lex-based theory 306, 308–309
  • lexical
    • data 63, 241
    • features 167, 241, 245, 271, 328
    • labels 300, 316, 320–321, 363, 381
    • semantics 26, 64, 293–294, 299, 306, 309–310, 315, 328, 347, 353–356, 364, 372, 383
    • structuration 299, 302, 309, 330, 356
    • structures 64, 247, 295, 300, 316–317, 321, 325, 328–329, 336, 339, 346, 349, 351–352, 354, 363
  • lexicalization
    • patterns 294, 299–300, 315–317, 319, 321, 325, 328, 333–335, 338
    • types320
  • lexicon 2, 4, 6, 9, 13, 15, 19–20, 26, 45, 48, 64–65, 79, 92, 94, 110, 134, 144, 177, 179, 181, 185, 194, 219, 226–227, 236, 241, 248, 251–252, 257, 263, 271–272, 275–276, 302, 308, 316, 346, 369, 389
    • basic lexicon 8, 14, 93, 222, 305, 309–310
  • lexifiers 4, 7–15, 18–23, 25–27, 45–51, 64, 73, 80–88, 90, 92–95, 103–107, 110, 113–119, 122–123, 126, 131–136, 141–143, 147–148, 155, 157–158, 160–168, 175–177, 180–181, 184–187, 194–196, 198, 200, 203, 209–210, 213–214, 219, 222–223, 241, 244–245, 251–252, 254–255, 259–264, 270–271, 275, 283–284, 298–299, 302–303, 307–310, 316, 318–319, 321, 325, 333, 335, 347, 364, 369–372, 375–377, 381, 383, 389–390 see also European lexifiers, Indo-European lexifiers
    • creole-lexifier comparison 1, 293
    • lexifier influence 262, 376–377
  • linguistic worldviews 331, 336

M

  • manmeri research 346, 357–359
  • matrix 61–62, 66, 71–72, 113, 181, 242, 251, 276–277, 297, 392
  • distance matrix 37, 180, 197
  • maximum likelihood 37–38
  • medium of interethnic communication 10, 16, 24, 199
  • mesolect348
  • Mesquite 242–243, 256, 260
  • MESS
    • analysis 301–308
    • values 299–300, 304, 310, 318, 320, 325, 339, 352, 354
  • metalanguage 4, 92, 293–295, 346, 350, 363, 381–382
  • metavocabulary 345, 349, 364
  • missionaries 18, 141, 221
  • missions 7, 25, 183
  • mixed languages 14, 64, 121, 223, 379
  • monogenesis12
  • Moravian Brethren6
  • morphology 9, 14, 22, 37, 50, 61, 79, 82–86, 88, 94, 110, 120, 127, 133, 143, 145, 193, 223–225, 232, 249, 251, 275, 305, 370, 386, 389
  • mouth see body parts
  • multiculturalism348
  • multiethnic workforces11
  • multistate features 66, 129, 131–132, 276
  • multivalue features 131, 276, 369

N

  • nation state 347–348
  • nativization 6, 271, 274
  • Natural Semantic Metalanguage 293–295, 346
  • near-universals 316–317, 330, 332, 333
  • NeighborNet 46, 62–63, 67, 69, 71, 74–75, 133, 146, 153, 156, 159, 160, 163–164, 166, 180, 182, 184, 186, 197, 208–210, 242, 253–256, 262, 276, 278–282, 300–301, 310
  • Neighbour-joining197
  • neo-colonial
    • attitudes360
    • discourse348
  • non-creoles 1, 3, 9, 14–16, 21, 27, 45, 67, 72–74, 79, 81–84, 88–89, 91–94, 103–104, 106, 118–126, 128–137, 157–158, 162, 165, 167, 193, 195–196, 212–214, 223, 256, 294, 329, 369–372
  • non-European languages 8, 51, 95, 103, 125, 130–132, 154, 161, 370–371, 392
  • non-referentialist approaches316
  • nonspecificity 13, 24, 50, 107, 126
  • non-standard dialects 118–119, 199, 248, 267, 275, 287, 299
  • nose see body parts
  • number marking 7, 109, 198, 200–203, 207, 211

P

  • paragogic vowels 231, 272, 283, 292
  • parsimony 37–38, 243, 260, 262
  • PAUP 243, 256, 260
  • Pequenino research317
  • philology 6, 10
  • phonology 9, 15, 20, 45, 63–64, 66, 79–80, 82, 95, 133, 135–136, 143, 145, 193, 195, 219, 225, 246, 251–252, 263, 269, 275–276, 283, 287, 370, 389, 391
    • phonological features 3, 255, 283, 372
  • phonotactics 9, 81–82, 225, 228–231, 236
  • phylogenesis 35, 43, 385
  • phylogenetic
    • approaches 1–2, 103, 175, 293, 339
    • methods 1–2, 4, 35, 38, 43, 59–60, 175, 263, 270, 339
    • networks 1–2, 4, 46, 48, 62, 67, 73, 124, 146, 158, 166, 180, 188, 241–242, 270, 276–277, 282, 287, 293–294, 304, 310, 315–316, 320–321, 326–327, 332, 337, 340, 345–346, 350, 353, 355, 364, 370, 379, 383
    • programs 242–243, 369
    • software 63, 146, 180, 197, 219, 236, 242, 276–277, 370, 385
    • studies 38, 59, 63, 65, 73, 262, 287, 294, 310, 317, 377–378
  • phylogenetics 1, 35–40, 43–44, 49, 51–52, 59–60, 62–63, 65–67, 71, 73, 103, 165, 167, 175, 180–181, 186, 193–194, 196–197, 200, 208, 213–214, 231, 233, 242–243, 262–263, 269–270, 276, 284–287, 294, 299, 310, 317, 320, 325, 346, 370, 375–379, 381, 384, 389–391, 393
  • phylogeography 43–44, 387
  • phylosemantics 360, 363, 382–383
  • pidgins 5–7, 12, 15–16, 18–22, 24–25, 27, 45, 49–51, 64, 85–86, 88, 90–91, 103, 105, 108–110, 118–126, 133–134, 136, 177, 196, 213–214, 285, 357, 379
    • expanded pidgins 6, 134
    • pidginization 7, 18–19, 23, 51, 86, 90, 94, 110, 127, 136, 193, 271
    • reduced pidgins376
  • pidgincreoles 6, 87, 90, 94, 108, 122, 130, 134, 194, 199
  • plantation 7, 10–11, 24–26, 183, 222, 377
    • creoles 11, 24, 26, 377
    • economies 7, 176, 183
  • polygenesis 12, 179
  • polysemy 27, 328, 330–331, 333, 359, 383
  • population movement 9, 187–188, 244
  • postcolonialism 3, 17, 297, 346, 348, 377, 381–382, 384
  • pragmatics27
  • predicate markers 88, 359
  • pronouns 13–14, 22, 83–84, 86, 104–107, 109–110, 113–117, 119–120, 135, 144–145, 200, 205–207, 215–217, 223, 235, 245–246, 249, 256–259, 261–262, 270, 272, 275–276, 283–284, 291–292
  • psycholinguistics 6, 9, 295

R

  • racism 317, 358
  • rapid creolization 23–24, 196
  • reconstitution 13, 196
  • reductionism393
  • reduplication 9, 79, 82–83, 85–86, 144–145, 204, 221, 223, 232, 247
  • reference grammar 60, 72, 148, 318
  • reggae358
  • relabeling 14, 19
  • relaxed clock39
  • relexification 12, 14, 18–19, 92, 244, 271, 393
  • restructured languages 6, 92, 120, 178, 225, 271, 280–281, 375, 377
  • retention 13, 36–37
  • reticulate networks 41–43, 67

S

  • salience26
  • sampling 74–75, 146, 194, 197, 199, 209
  • school creoles11
  • semantic
    • domains 4, 309, 315–316, 321, 326, 331, 339–340, 363
    • equivalence 295, 339
    • explications 333, 335, 339
    • fieldwork381
    • molecules 4, 315–318, 327, 383
    • primes 4, 293–296, 299–308, 315–316, 318, 321, 325, 333, 335, 345–346, 351–352, 356, 361, 371, 383
  • semantics 1–2, 26–27, 51, 64, 92, 127, 132, 143, 293–297, 299–300, 306, 308–310, 315–317, 326–328, 330–333, 336, 339–340, 345–350, 353–356, 360–361, 363–364, 372, 377, 381–383, 392
    • of creolization 297, 300
  • semicreoles 6, 108, 183, 280, 297, 305
  • shared features 125, 178, 188, 241–242, 245, 248, 250, 255–259, 262–263, 276, 377
  • slaves 10–11, 17, 24–25, 70, 75, 142, 144, 180, 185, 188, 220, 225, 232–235, 272–273
  • sociohistory 1, 5, 12, 15–16, 180, 193–196, 243, 375–379
  • sociolects350
  • sociolinguistics 4, 285–286, 300, 345, 347–349, 364, 367, 383, 392–393
  • spelling299
  • split networks 42–43, 71, 386
  • SplitsTree 46, 63, 146, 180–181, 197, 225, 242, 253, 276–277
  • Stammbaum 36, 41, 48
  • stratum discourse294
  • substrate
    • influences 3, 9, 19, 21, 86, 92, 132, 134–136, 157, 165, 167–168, 249, 167–168, 250, 263, 294, 309, 316, 377
    • languages 3, 8–9, 18–21, 25–26, 47–49, 51, 71, 86–87, 89–90, 92, 94, 128, 134, 142, 147, 167–168, 198, 230, 244, 246, 264, 363, 371, 377
  • substrates 1, 3, 8–9, 14–15, 19–21, 26–27, 45–46, 48, 82, 94, 123, 131–133, 142–143, 148, 156–158, 162, 165, 167–168, 193–195, 198, 200, 213, 222, 231, 241, 246–248, 250, 254, 263, 315–316, 370–371, 375, 389–390
  • superdiversity347
  • superstrate
    • influences 294, 316
    • languages 8, 20, 193–194, 347
  • superstrates 8, 10, 12, 14, 27, 113–114, 160–161, 316, 370, 389
  • superstratists 8, 167, 347, 363, 393
  • suppletion 85–86, 144, 202–203, 205–206, 212, 284, 291
  • suppressed populations17
  • Swadesh list 37, 66, 179, 222–223, 226, 295–296, 392
  • syntax 15, 79, 143, 193, 225, 251–252, 255–257, 259, 263, 275, 370

T

  • target language 10, 249
  • taxon 68–69, 234, 243
  • TMA (tense-mood-aspect) 24, 84, 88–89, 92, 104, 106–107, 110, 134, 223–224, 232, 245, 249, 260–262, 271, 284
  • tone 14, 51, 61, 82, 195, 202, 292
  • trade 11, 93, 188, 199, 222
  • transmission 20, 48, 110, 162, 370
    • broken 20, 45, 48, 142–143
    • normal 20, 23, 213
  • tree 35–43, 45, 59–60, 62, 67–69, 71, 73, 76, 129, 131–132, 180, 196–197, 209, 211–212, 225, 234, 236, 243, 256, 260, 301, 303–304, 378, 385–387, 390, 393–394
    • building38
  • typology 1, 6, 242, 270
    • creole typology 2, 79–95, 103–137, 175–189, 195, 213, 293, 389–390
    • grammatical typology 308–310
    • lexical typology 308–309, 315
    • typological data 63–66, 231, 233–234, 250, 264, 275
    • typological databases 45, 60, 64, 122, 193, 200, 256, 269, 275, 392
    • typological distance122
    • typological features 40, 59–60, 64–67, 123, 189, 242, 252, 264, 275–277, 284, 383
    • typological properties of languages 9, 61, 65, 104, 162, 176, 223, 225

U

  • uniqueness 3, 16–17, 45, 51, 70, 80, 83, 87, 95, 127, 133, 136, 222–223, 243, 279, 299, 389–390
  • universals 9, 46, 85, 90, 105, 107, 122, 188, 245, 252, 260, 264, 277, 295, 316–317, 330, 332–333, 383
  • unrooted networks/trees 63, 68–69, 197, 242, 260, 277, 300–301
  • urban lects 283, 246, 254–256, 258–259
  • urban settings 7, 25, 350, 392

V

  • visualization 361, 370

W

  • WALS 40, 45–46, 50–51, 60, 65, 80, 82–83, 120–121, 123–128, 130, 143–145, 148–152, 162, 193, 200, 275, 277, 286, 371, 376, 385, 391
  • wave theory41
  • webbing 69, 71–72, 253, 255, 277
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