Eighteenth-century English normative grammars and their readers
Who were the readers of eighteenth-century normative English grammars? Because one grammar from the end of the century uniquely includes an elaborate list of subscribers, the work’s readership can be analysed. People who subscribed to Richard Postlethwaite’s Grammatical Art Improved (1795) comprised booksellers, teachers, clergymen and relatives, but also members from the rising middle classes. By this time, normative grammars were evidently important to the socially ambitious. Being largely based on Robert Lowth’s Short Introduction to English Grammar (1762) and further anticipating the rise of the usage guide, the book was highly ambitious in content and approach, but ultimately failed to be successful because its publication coincided with Lindley Murray’s phenomenally popular English Grammar, also published in 1795.
References (62)
References
Aarts, Flor G.A.M. 1986. William Cobbett: Radical, reactionary and poor man’s grammarian. Neophilologus 70. 603–614.
Adamson, Sylvia. 2007. Prescribed reading: Pronouns and gender in the eighteenth century. Historical Sociolinguistics and Sociohistorical Linguistics 7, [URL].
Alston, R.C. 1965. A bibliography of the English language from the invention of printing to the year 1800. Volume 1. Leeds: Arnold and Son.
Ash, John. 1760. Grammatical institutes: Or grammar, adapted to the genius of the English tongue. Worcester: R. Lewis.
Auer, Anita. 2006. Precept and practice: The influence of prescriptivism on the English subjunctive. In Christiane Dalton-Puffer, Dieter Kastovsky, Nikolaus Ritt & Herbert Schendl (eds.), Syntax, style and grammatical norms: English from 1500–2000, 33–53. Bern etc.: Peter Lang.
Auer, Anita & Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade. 2007. Robert Lowth and the use of the inflectional subjunctive in eighteenth-century English. In Ute Smit, Stefan Dollinger, Julia Hüttner, Ursula Lutzky & Gunther Kaltenböck (eds.), Tracing English through time: Explorations in language variation, 1–18. Vienna: Braumüller.
Baker, Robert. 1770. Reflections on the English language. London: J. Bell. [2nd ed. 1779].
Burchfield, Robert W. 1996. Fowler’s modern English usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press [3rd ed.].
Clergy of the Church of England Database. [URL]
ECEG: Eighteenth-Century English Grammars Database. Compiled by María E. Rodríguez-Gil and Nuria Yáñez-Bouza. [URL].
ECCO: Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Thomson Gale. [URL].
Eekeren, Claire van & Elsbeth Kwant (eds.). 1999. Een alleraangenaamste reys. Leiden: [no publisher].
Fens-de Zeeuw, Lyda. 2011. Lindley Murray (1745–1826), quaker and grammarian. Utrecht: LOT.
Fitzmaurice, Susan. 2012. Social factors and language change in eighteenth-century England: The case of multiple negation. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 113. 292–321.
Gaskell, Philip. 1972. The new introduction to bibliography. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Görlach, Manfred. 1997. … A construction than which none is more difficult. In Terttu Nevalainen & Leena Kahlas-Tarkka (eds.), To explain the present. Studies in the changing English language in honour of Matti Rissanen, 277–301. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique.
Henstra, Froukje 2014. Horace Walpole and his correspondents. Social network analysis in a historical context. Utrecht: LOT.
Hodson, Jane. 2008. Joseph Priestley’s two Rudiments of English Grammar: 1761 and 1768. In Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade (ed.), Grammars, grammarians and grammar-writing, 177–189. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Kastelein, Emma (in progress). “Hij gaf mij zijn Engelsche Grammatica Present”: Eighteenth-century letter writing. Hendrik Albert Schultens (1749–1793) and his British acquaintance. Research Master thesis University of Leiden Centre for Linguistics.
Le Faye, Deirdre. 2004. Jane Austen: A family record [2nd ed.]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Loonen, Pieter L.M. 1990. For to learne to buye and sell: Learning English in the Low Dutch area between 1500 and 1800: A critical survey. Groningen: Universiteitsdrukkerij.
Lowth, Robert. 1762. A short introduction to English grammar. London: A. Millar and R. & J. Dodsley. [2nd ed. 1763; 5th ed. Belfast 1765; new ed. 1769; new ed. 1778].
Michael, Ian. 1970. English grammatical categories and the tradition to 1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Michael, Ian. 1987. The teaching of English from the sixteenth century to 1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mittins, W.H., Mary Salu, Mary Edminson & Sheila Coyne. 1970. Attitudes to English usage [repr. 1975]. London: Oxford University Press.
Molencki, Rafał. 2003. Proscriptive prescriptivists: On the loss of the “pleonastic” perfect infinitive in counterfactual constructions in Late Modern English. In Marina Dossena and Charles Jones (eds.), Insights into Late Modern English, 175–196. Bern: Peter Lang.
Mossner, Ernest C. & Ian S. Ross (eds.). 1987. The Glasgow edition of the works and correspondence of Adam Smith. Volume VI. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.
Murray, Lindley. 1795. English grammar. York: Wilson, Spence and Mawman.
Navest, Karlijn. 2008. Borrowing a Few Passages’: Lady Ellenor Fenn and her use of sources. In Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade (ed.), Grammars, grammarians and grammar-writing, 223–243. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Nevalainen, Terttu & Helena Raumolin-Brunberg. 2003. Historical sociolinguistics. London: Longman.
ODNB: The Oxford dictionary of national biography, Online edition, [URL].
OED online: The Oxford English dictionary, Online edition, [URL].
Partridge, Eric. 1965. Usage and abusage. A guide to good English [6th edition, repr. 1971]. London: Hamish Hamilton.
Percy, Carol. 2008. Mid-century grammars and their reception in the Monthly Review and the Critical Review
. In Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade (ed.), Grammars, grammarians and grammar-writing, 125–142. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Percy, Carol. 2009. Periodical reviews and the rise of prescriptivism: The Monthly (1749–1844) and Critical Review (1756–1817) in the eighteenth century. In Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade & Wim van der Wurff (eds.), Current issues in Late Modern English, 117–150. Bern etc.: Peter Lang.
Percy, Carol. 2013. Linguistic prescriptivism in revolutionary America: Learning from the library of Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826). Paper presented at the 5th International Conference of Late Modern English, 28–30 August 2013.
Picard, Liza. 2000. Dr. Johnson’s London,London: Phoenix Press.
Postlethwaite, Richard. 1795. The grammatical art improved: In which the errors of grammarians and lexicographers are exposed. London: J. Parsons.
Priestley, Joseph. 1761. The rudiments of English grammar. London: R. Griffiths. [2nd ed. London 1768].
Straaijer, Robin. 2009. Deontic and epistemic modals as indicators of prescriptive and descriptive language in the grammars by Joseph Priestley and Robert Lowth. In Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade & Wim van der Wurff (eds.), Current issues in Late Modern English, 57–87. Bern etc.: Peter Lang.
Straaijer, Robin. 2011. Joseph Priestley, grammarian. Late Modern English normativism and usage in a sociohistorical context. Utrecht: LOT.
Suarez, Michael F. 2000. The business of literature: The book trade in England from Milton to Blake. In David Womersley (ed.), A companion to literature from Milton to Blake, 131–47. Oxford: Blackwell.
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. 1992. John Kirkby and The practice of speaking and writing English: Identification of a Manuscript. Leeds Studies in English 23.157–179.
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. 1996. Two hundred years of Lindley Murray: An introduction. In Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade (ed.), Two hundred years of Lindley Murray, 9–25. Münster: Nodus Publikationen.
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. 2000. Normative studies in England. In Sylvain Auroux, E.F.K. Koerner, Hans-Josef Niederehe & Kees Versteegh (eds.), History of the Language Sciences/Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaften/Histoire des Sciences du Langage, Volume 1, 876–887. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. 2008a. The 1760s: Grammars, grammarians and the booksellers. In Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade (ed.), Grammars, grammarians and grammar-writing, 101–124. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. 2008b. The codifiers and the history of multiple negation in English, or, why were 18th-century grammarians so obsessed with double negation?. In Joan C. Beal, Carmela Nocera, & Massimo Sturiale (eds.), Perspectives on prescriptivism, 197–214. Bern: Peter Lang.
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. 2008c. Henry Fowler and his eighteenth-century predecessors. Bulletin of the Henry Sweet Society of the history of linguistic ideas 51. 5–24.
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. 2011. The bishop’s grammar. Robert Lowth and the rise of prescriptivism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. 2012. Late Modern English in a Dutch context. English Language and Linguistics 16/2.301–317.
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. 2014. In search of Jane Austen: The language of the letters. USA: Oxford University Press.
Vorlat, Emma. 1959. The sources of Lindley Murray’s “The English Grammar”. Leuvense Bijdragen 48.108–125.
Vorlat, Emma. 2007. On the history of English teaching grammars. In Peter Schmitter (ed.), Sprachtheorien der Neuzeit III/2, 500–525. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
Wal, Marijke J. van der. 1990. Meer der geleerde weereld’ hunne vernuftige gedachten als der Jeugd’ hunne lessen mede te deelen? Vragen over het gebruik van grammatika’s. Vragende wijs. Vragen of tekst, taal en taalgeschiedenis, 223–230. Amsterdam/Atlanta GA: Rodopi.
Webster, Noah. 1784. A grammatical institute of the English language. Hartford: Hudson & Goodwin.
Weiner, Edmund. 1988. On editing a usage guide. In E.G. Stanley & T.F. Hoad (eds.), Words. For Robert Burchfield’s sixty-fifth birthday, 171–183.Cambridge: D.S. Brewer.
Wouterse, Myrte. 2013. The Lowth letters: Recovering the reason and relationship behind Robert Lowth’s letters to Hendrik Albert Schultens. Course paper Introduction to Late Modern English, English department, University of Leiden.
Yáñez-Bouza, Nuria and María Rodríguez-Gil. 2013. The ECEG Database. Transactions of the Philological Society 111.43–164.
Cited by (2)
Cited by two other publications
Säily, Tanja, Arja Nurmi, Minna Palander-Collin & Anita Auer
Rutten, Gijsbert
2016.
Historicizing diaglossia.
Journal of Sociolinguistics 20:1
► pp. 6 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 24 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.