The history of sociolinguistic research leads us to expect certain patterns of variation by social class, age and gender, but as the field expands to new societies with different social structures we often encounter unexpected results. Such findings can have great value in leading to higher level generalizations. Cases are cited of unexpected gender variation in studies of rural communities in Spain, Egypt, central India and south China where ethnographic observation leads to a better understanding of what seemed at first to be anomalous results.
Abdel-Jawad, Hassan R. (1982). Lexical and phonological variation in spoken Arabic in Amman. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
Abdel-Jawad, Hassan R. (1987). Cross-dialectal variation in Arabic: Competing prestigious forms. Language in Society, 161, 359–367.
Cedergren, Henrietta (1973). The interplay of social and linguistic factors in Panama. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Cornell University.
Eckert, Penelope (1989). The whole woman: Sex and gender differences in variation. Language Variation and Change, 11, 245–268.
Ferguson, Charles A. (1990). From esses to aitches: Identifying pathways of diachronic change. In William A. Croft, Keith Denning, & Suzanne Kemmer (Eds.), Studies in typology and diachrony: Papers presented to Joseph H. Greenberg on his 75th birthday (pp. 59–78). Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Ferguson, Charles A. (1959). Diglossia. Word, 151, 325–340.
Fischer, John L. (1958). Social influences on the choice of a linguistic variant. Word, 141, 47–56. (Reprinted in Language in culture and society, pp. 483–488, by Dell Hymes, Ed., 1964, NewYork; London: Harper & Row)
Haeri, Niloofar (1987). Male/Female differences in speech: An alternative interpretation. In Keith Denninget al. (Eds.), Variation in language. NWAV-XV at Stanford (pp. 173–182). Stanford, CA: Department of Linguistics, Stanford University.
Haeri, Niloofar (1996). The sociolinguistic market of Cairo: Gender, class and education. London: Kegan Paul International.
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Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (1997). Regularity of sound change through lexical diffusion: A study of s > h > zero in Gondi dialects. Paper presented to the Panel on Lexical Diffusion at the 16th International Congress of Linguists, Paris.
Labov, William (1963). The social motivation of a sound change. Word, 191, 273–309.
Labov, William (1966). The Social stratification of English in New York city. Washington D. C.: Center for Applied Linguistics. (2nd edition, 2006, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
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Schmidt, Richard (1986). Sociolinguistic variation in spoken Arabic in Egypt: A rexamination of the concept of diglossia. Doctoral dissertation, Brown University.
Stanford, James N. (2008). Child dialect acquisition: New perspectives on parent/peer influence. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 12(5), 567–596.
Trudgill, Peter (1974). The social differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Weinberg, Maria Fontanella de (1974). Un aspecto sociolinguistico del Espanol Bonaerense: La -S en Bahia Blanca. Bahia Blanca: Cuadernos de Linguistica.
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2019. Unnatural bedfellows? The sociolinguistic analysis of variation and language documentation. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 49:2 ► pp. 229 ff.
Labov, William
2016. Afterword: Where are we now?. Journal of Sociolinguistics 20:4 ► pp. 581 ff.
Nagy, Naomi
2016. DickSmakman and PatrickHeinrich (eds.). Globalising Sociolinguistics: Challenging and Expanding Theory. Abingdon, U.K./New York: Routledge. 2015. 276 pp. Hb (9780415725590) £125.00 / Pb (97804157256060) £34.99.. Journal of Sociolinguistics 20:5 ► pp. 712 ff.
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