Gender variation in signs of sexual behaviour in Hong Kong Sign Language
This paper discusses possible gender variation in the signs of sexual behaviour in Hong Kong Sign Language (HKSL). The data comes
from a research project that aims at documenting and analyzing sex-related signs in this sign language for the sake of producing
materials for sex education and interpreter training programs. Since sex is a highly taboo topic, euphemistic signs for the target
concepts were collected and analyzed. This paper presents evidence that linguistic variation of neutral and euphemistic
expressions of sex-related concepts exists in HKSL, and that gender plays a role in the choice of some but not all variants and
their euphemistic counterparts.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 1.1Sociolinguistic variation in signed and spoken languages
- 1.2Taboos and euphemisms in spoken and signed languages
- 2.Research questions and methodology
- 2.1Research questions
- 2.2Methodology
- 2.2.1Informants
- 2.2.2Elicitation materials and methods
- 3.Findings and discussions
- 3.1Sex-related expressions in HKSL
- 3.2Signing variation in the signs of sexual behaviours in HKSL
- 3.3The roles of gender in the choice of linguistic variants
- 3.4Euphemistic expressions and the role of gender in the use of these expressions
- 4.Conclusion
- Notes
-
References
References (56)
References
Allan, Keith, & Burridge, Kate (1991). Euphemism and dysphemism: Language used as shield and weapon. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Allan, Keith, & Burridge, Kate (2006). Forbidden words. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Andersson, Lars, & Trudgill, Peter (1990). Bad language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bakhtiar, Mohsen (2011). Assessing the offensiveness level of taboo words in Persian. The Journal of International Social Research, 4(19), 15–24.
Chen, Yijun, & Tai, James H. Y. (2009). Lexical variation and change in Taiwan Sign Language. In James H. -Y. Tai & Jane Tsay (Eds.), Taiwan Sign Language and beyond (pp. 131–148). Chia-Yi, Taiwan: The Taiwan Institute for the Humanities, National Chung Cheng University.
Crasborn, Onno, van der Kooij, Els, Waters, Dafydd, Woll, Bencie, & Mesch, Johanna (2008). Frequency distribution and spreading behavior of different types of mouth actions in three sign languages. Sign Language & Linguistics, 11(1), 45–67.
Colville, Martin, & Steward, Colin (1998). Signs of a sexual nature: An introduction to some sexual signs used in British Sign Language. UK: Cheshire Society for the Deaf.
Cormier, Kearsy, Fenlon, Jordan, Johnston, Trevor, Rentelis, Ramas, Schembri, Adam, Rowley, Katherine, Woll, Bencie (2012). From corpus to lexical database to online dictionary: Issues in annotation of the BSL corpus and the development of BSL SignBank. In Onno Crasborn, E. Efthimiou, E. Fotinea, T. Hanke, J. Kristoffersen, & J. Mesch (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on the Representation of Sign Languages: Interactions between Corpus and Lexicon [workshop part of 8th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Turkey, Istanbul LREC] (pp. 7–12). Paris: ELRA.
Eckert, Penelope (2011). Gender and Sociolinguistic Variation. In Jennifer Coates & Pia Pichler (Eds.), Language & gender (pp. 57–66). UK: Blackwell Publishing.
Epstein, Joseph (1985). Sex and euphemism. In Dennis Joseph Enright (Ed.), Fair of speech: The uses of euphemism (pp. 56–71). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
Fenlon, Jordan, Schembri, Adam, Rentelis, Ramas, & Cormier, Kearsy (2013). Variation in handshape and orientation in British Sign Language: The case of the ‘1’ hand configuration. Language & Communication, 33(1), 69–91.
Geraci, Carlo, Battaglia, Katia, Cardinaletti, Anna, Cecchetto, Carlo, Donati, Caterina, Giudice, Serena, & Mereghetti, Emiliano (2011). The LIS corpus project: A discussion of sociolinguistic variation in the lexicon. Sign Language Studies, 11(4), 528–574.
Hysi, Eglantina (2011). Aspects of taboos and euphemisms in women’s language. Mediterrenean Journal of Social Sciences, 2(3), 379–383.
Isobe, Diago, Imai, Mika, Ikeda, Masumi, & Sze, Felix (2012). Phonological processes in Japanese Sign Language. Paper presented at the 38th Annual Research Symposium of the Japanese Association of Sign Linguistics, Guma University.
Johnston, Trevor, & Schembri, Adam (2007). Australian Sign Language (Auslan): An introduction to sign language linguistics. West Nyack, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Labov, William (1991). The intersection of sex and social class in the course of linguistic change. Language Variation and Change, 2(2), 205–251.
Lakoff, George, & Johnson, Mark (1987). The metaphorical logic of rape. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 2(1), 73–79.
Leeson, Lorraine, & Grehan, Carmel (2004). To the lexicon and beyond: The effect of gender on variation in Irish Sign Language. In Mieke Van Herreweghe & Myriam Vermeerbergen (Eds.), To the lexicon and beyond: Sociolinguistics in European Deaf Communities (pp. 39–73). Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Linfoot-Ham, Kerry (2005). The linguistics of euphemism: A diachronic study of euphemism formation. Journal of Language and Linguistics, 4(2), 227–263.
Lucas, Ceil, Bayley, Robert, & Valli, Clayton (2001). Sociolinguistic variation in American Sign Language. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Lucas, Ceil, Bayley, Robert, & Valli, Clayton (2003). What’s your sign for PIZZA? An introduction to variation in American Sign Language. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Lucas, Ceil, Bayley, Robert, Rose, Mary, & Wulf, Alyssa (2002). Location variation in American Sign Language. Sign Language Studies, 2(4), 407–440.
McGlone, Matthew S., & Batchelor, Jennifer A. (2003). Looking out for number one: Euphemism and face. Journal of Communication, 53(2), 251–264.
McKee, David, McKee, Rachel, & Major, George (2011). Numeral variation in New Zealand Sign Language. Sign Language Studies, 12(1), 72–97.
McKee, Rachel, & McKee, David (2011). Old signs, new signs, whose signs? Sociolinguistic variation in the New Zealand Sign Language lexicon. Sign Language Studies, 11(4), 485–527.
Mirus, Gene, Fisher, Jami, & Napoli, Donna Jo (2012). Taboo expressions in American Sign Language. Lingua, 122(9), 1004–1020.
Napoli, Donna Jo, Fischer, Jami, & Mirus, Gene (2013). Bleached taboo-term predicates in American Sign Language. Lingua, 1231, 148–167.
Nash, Walter (1995). Fair words and foul. In Jan Svartvik (Ed.), Words: Proceedings of an international symposium, 361 (pp. 23–38). Kungl: Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien.
Nichols, Patricia C. (2011). Black women in the rural south: Conservative and innovative. In Jennifer Coates & Pia Pichler (Eds.), Language and gender (pp. 57–66). UK: Blackwell Publishing.
Pinker, Steven (2003). The blank slate: The modern denial of human nature. New York: Penguin Books Ltd.
Pyers, Jennie E. (2006). Indicating the body: Expression of body part terminology in American Sign Language. Language Sciences, 28 (2–3), 280–303.
Rawson, Hugh (1981). A dictionary of euphemisms and other doubletalk. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc.
Schembri, Adam, & Johnston, Trevor (2007). Sociolinguistic variation in the use of fingerspelling in Australian Sign Language: A pilot study. Sign Language Studies, 7(3), 319–347.
Schermer, Trude (2003). From variant to standard: An overview of the standardization process of the lexicon of sign language of the Netherlands over two decades. Sign Language Studies, 3(4), 469–486.
Simkins, Lawrence, & Rinck, Christine (1982). Male and female sexual vocabulary in different interpersonal contexts. The Journal of Sex Research, 18(2), 160–172.
Siu, Wai Yan Rebecca (2016). Sociolinguistic variation in Hong Kong Sign Language. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Victoria University of Wellington.
Stamp, Rose, Schembri, Adam, Fenlon, Jordan, Rentelis, Ramas, Woll, Bencie, & Cormier, Kearsy (2014). Lexical variation and change in British Sign Language. PLoS ONE, 9(4), e94053.
Stamp, Rose, Schembri, Adam, Fenlon, Jordan, & Rentelis, Ramas (2015). Sociolinguistic variation and change in British Sign Language number signs: Evidence of leveling? Sign Language Studies, 15(2), 151–181.
Sunderland, Jane (2006). Language and Gender: An advanced resource book. New York: Routledge.
Sutton-Spence, Rachel, Woll, Bencie, & Allsop, Lorna (1990). Variation and recent change in fingerspelling in British Sign Language. Language Variation and Change, 2(3), 313–330.
Sutton-Spence, Rachel, & Woll, Bencie (1999). The linguistics of British Sign Language: An introduction. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sze, Felix, Lo, Connie, Lo, Lisa, & Chu, Kenny (2013). Historical development of Hong Kong Sign Language. Sign Language Studies, 13(2), 155–185.
Sze, Felix, Chu, Kenny, Lo, Connie, & Lo, Lisa (2012). Lexical variation and diachronic change in Hong Kong Sign Language: Preliminary observations. Paper presented at the New Ways of Analyzing Variation in Asia Pacific 2, NINJAL, Tokyo.
Sze, Felix, Woodward, James, Suwiryo, Adhika Irlang, Wijaya, Laura Lesmana, & Satryawan, Iwan (2012). Sign language use and variation in Jakarta Sign Language. Paper presented at the New Ways of Analyzing Variation in Asia Pacific 2, NINJAL, Tokyo.
Sze, Felix, Wei, Monica Xiao, & Wong, Aaron Yiu Leung (2017). Taboos and euphemisms in sex-related signs in Asian sign languages. Linguistics, 55(1), 153–205.
Tang, Gladys (Ed.). (2007). Hong Kong Sign Language: A trilingual dictionary with linguistic descriptions. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.
Tang, Gladys (1999). Sex expressions in sign language culture. Paper presented at the Love and Sexuality Conference, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Trudgill, Peter (1972). Sex, covert prestige and linguistic change in the urban British English of Norwich. Language in Society, 1(2), 179–195.
Vanhecke, Eline & De Weerdt, Kristof (2004). Regional variation in Flemish Sign Language. In M. Van Herreweghe & M. Vermeerbergen (Eds.), To the lexicon and beyond: Sociolinguistics in European deaf communities (pp. 27–38). Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Warren, Beatrice (1992). What euphemisms tell us about the interpretation of words. Studia Linguistica, 46(2), 128–172.
Watt, Dominic (2002). “I Don’t speak with a Geordie accent, I speak, like, the Northern accent”: Contact-induced leveling in the Tyneside vowel system. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 6(1), 44–63.
Weinreich, Uriel, Labov, William, & Herzog, Marvin (1968). Empirical foundations for a theory of language change. In Winfred P. Lehmann & Yakov Malkiel (Eds.), Direction for historical linguistics: A symposium (pp. 95–188). Austin: TXL University of Texas Press.
Wilson, Margaret, & Emmorey, Karen (2000). When does modality matter? Evidence from ASL on the nature of working memory. In Karen Emmorey & Harlan Lane (Eds.), The signs of language revisited: An anthology to honor Ursula Bellugi and Edward Klima (pp. 135–142). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Woodward, James (1979). Signs of sexual behavior: an introduction to some sex-related vocabulary in American Sign Language. Silver Spring, Md: T.J. Publishers.
Woodward, James, Erting, Carol, & Oliver, Susanna (1976). Facing and hand(l)ing variation in American Sign Language. Sign Language Studies, 101, 43–52.
Zwitserlood, Inge (2012). Classifiers. In Roland Pfau, Markus Steinbach, & Bencie Woll (Eds.), Sign language: An international handbook (pp. 158–186). Berlin; Boston: Mouton de Gruyter.
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.