The aim of this paper is to present the results of research conducted with four adult learners of Chinese, in order to throw some light on the process of learning Chinese as a second language. The term “process” is used here to refer to operations used by learners to find and/or construct meaning within the context of a particular second language classroom. “Strategy” refers to a single operation which is a feature of the process of meaning construction. Data were collected over a two year period using individual and group interviews, think aloud protocols, classroom observation and learner diaries. The students showed a number of different approaches to learning, not all of which could be classified as “good language learner” strategies. Findings relating to literacy are presented, as well as more general learner strategies. Research implications are that there is still much to be learned about what goes on in immersion classrooms, especially as regards older learners and languages with ideographic scripts.
ACTFL. (1987) Chinese proficiency guidelines. Foreign Language Annals 201: 471–87
Bell, J. S. (1991) Becoming aware of literacy. Unpublished Doctor of Philosophy thesis, University of Toronto.
Bell, J. S. (1995) The relationship between L1 and L2 literacy: Some complicating factors. TESOL Quarterly, 291: 687–704.
Block, E. (1986) The comprehension strategies of second language readers. TESOL Quarterly 201:464–494.
Breen, M. P. (1985) The social context for language learning-A neglected situation? Studies in Second Language Acquisition 71:135–158.
Chamot, A. U. and M. O’Malley. (1994). Language learner and learning strategies. In N. Ellis (ed). Implicit and explicit learning of languages. London, Academic Press.
Chamot, A. U. and J. Rubin. (1994). Comments on Janie Rees-Miller’s “A critical appraisal of learner training: Theoretical bases and teaching implications”. Two readers react. TESOL Quarterly 281:771–6.
Chappell, E. R. (1990). Teaching the reading and writing of Chinese and Japanese in Australia with IBM compatible computers. Babel 251:11–14.
Chappell, E.R. and Yates, J. J. (1989). JIEJING: The character language wordprocessor. Mermaid Beach, Australia, JIEJING.
Chen, S. L. (1984/1986). An analysis of ill-formed sentences in Chinese by second language learners. Language learning and communication/ Zhongying yuwen jiaoxue 31:257–271. (In Chinese). (From Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts, 1986, 20, Abstract No. 8604091).
Crook, B. (1992) How do L2 adult students learn characters? Unpublished research report, Graduate Diploma of Applied Linguistics (Chinese), Griffith University.
de Courcy, M. C. (1995a) An exploration of learning processes in French and Chinese immersion programs. Unpublished Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Griffith University.
de Courcy, M. C. (1995b) The Chinese puzzle: Learning experiences of a class of adult beginners. Babel 30,1:32–37.
de Courcy, M. C. (in press) Teaching and learning with different scriptsLanguage and Education 12,2.
de Courcy, M. C. and G. Birch. (1993) Reading and writing strategies used by students in a Japanese immersion program. Project report, Griffith University, Faculty of Education. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED 388 097.
Everson, M. E. (1988). Speed and comprehension in reading Chinese: Romanization vs. characters revisited. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 22,2:1–15.
Everson, M. E. (1994) Toward a process view of teaching reading in the second language Chinese curriculum. Theory into Practice 331:4–9.
Fröhlich, M. (1976) Case studies of second language learning. Master of Arts thesis, University of Toronto. [ERIC Document Reproduction Service. ED 201 182.]
Hayes, E. B. (1987) The relationship between Chinese character complexity and character recognition. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 22,2:45–57.
Hayes, E. B. (1988) Encoding strategies used by native and non-native readers of Chinese Mandarin. The Modern Language Journal 721:188–195.
Ingram, D. E., E. Wylie and Huang Xizhe. (1993) An employment-oriented proficiency scale and related test instruments for adolescent and adult learners of Chinese as a second language. Report to the Department of Employment, Education and Training. Manuscript.
Kletzien, S.B. (1991). Strategy use by good and poor comprehenders reading expository text of different levels. Reading Research Quarterly 261:67–86.
Lin, W. C. J. (1985/1987) Teaching Mandarin tones to adult English speakers: Analysis of difficulties with suggested remedies. RELC Journal 16,2:31–47.
Lincoln, Y. S. and E. G. Guba. (1985) Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, Sage Publications.
Lindquist, C. (1991) China: empire of the written symbol. (M. Loewe, Trans.). London, Harvill. (Original work published 1989).
Lowe, T. (1987) An experiment in role reversal: Teachers as language learners. ELT Journal 41,2:89–96.
Lunt, H. (in progress). Exploration of the use of the SILL with ESL students in Australia. Doctor of Philosophy research.
Naiman, N., M. Fröhlich, H. H. Stern, and A. Todesco. (1978) The sood language learner: Toronto, OISE Press.
O’Malley, M. J., A. U. Chamot, G. Stewner-Manzanares, L. Küpper, and R. P. Russo. (1985a) Learning strategy applications with students of English as a second language. TESOL Quarterly 191:557–584.
O’Malley, M. J., A. U. Chamot, G. Stewner-Manzanares, L. Küpper, and R. P. Russo. (1985b) Learning strategies used by beginning and intermediate ESL students. Language Learning 351:21–46.
Oxford, R. (1989) The role of styles and strategies in second language learning. [ERIC Document Reproduction Service ED 317 087.]
Oxford, R. (1993) Research on second language learning strategies. Applied Linguistics 131:175–187.
Pennycook, A. (1995) personal communication, September.
Rees-Miller, J. (1993) A critical appraisal of learner training: Theoretical bases and teaching implications. TESOL Quarterly 271:679–689.
Rees-Miller, J. (1994) Comments on Janie Rees-Miller’s “A critical appraisal of learner training: Theoretical bases and teaching implications”. The author responds. TESOL Quarterly 281:776–781.
Rubin, J. (1975). What the good language learner can teach us. TESOL Quarterly 91:41–51.
Spradley, J. P. (1979) The ethnographic interview. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Tardif, C. (1994) Classroom teacher talk in early French immersion. Canadian Modern Language Review 501:466–481.
Tzeng, O. and D. Hung. (1980) Reading in a non-alphabetic writing system. In J. F. Kavanagh and R. L. Venezky (eds), Orthography, reading and dislexia. Baltimore, MD, University Park Press.
Tzeng, O. J. L. and W. S.-Y. Wang. (1983) The first two R’s. American Scientist 711:238–243.
Wenden, A. (1986) What do learners know about their language learning? Applied Linguistics 86–205.
Kouritzin, Sandra G., Nathalie A. Piquemal & Robert D. Renaud
2009. An International Comparison of Socially Constructed Language Learning Motivation and Beliefs. Foreign Language Annals 42:2 ► pp. 287 ff.
Kouritzin, Sandra G., Nathalie A. C. Piquemal & Satoru Nakagawa
2007. Pre-service Teacher Beliefs About Foreign Language Teaching and Learning. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 28:3 ► pp. 220 ff.
Machida, Sayuki
2001. Japanese text comprehension by Chinese and non-Chinese background learners. System 29:1 ► pp. 103 ff.
Purdie, N. & R. Oliver
1999. Language learning strategies used by bilingual school-aged children. System 27:3 ► pp. 375 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.