Troubled conception
Negotiating the likelihood of having children
In the context of low fertility and Australia’s ageing population, a national longitudinal telephone survey, Negotiating the Life Course (NLC), asks women about their childbearing intentions. This paper uses conversation analysis (CA) to examine interaction between an interviewer and respondents on one NLC question about the likelihood of having children, Question 165. The analysis focuses on excerpts from troubled interviews, making transparent the task of negotiating responses acceptable to the interviewer and shedding light on problems inherent in the question for older women and women for whom prediction is difficult. Analysis shows the trouble to result from lack of congruence in the purposes of the researcher and the respondent: the researcher asks about likelihood, whereas the respondent tells her own story.
References (58)
Australian Academy of Science. 1995. Population 2040: Australia’s Choice. Symposium of the 1994 Annual General Meeting of the Australian Academy of Science. Canberra: Australian Academy of Sciences.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2004. Australian Historical Population Statistics – 4, Births. Catalogue No. 3105.0.65.001. Canberra.
Australian Institute of Family Studies (AIFS). 1998. Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing: Interviewer Manual. Melbourne.
Bailey, K. D. 1982. Methods of Social Research. New York: The Free Press.
Button, G.; Casey, N. 1984. ‘Generating topic: The use of topic initial elicitors’. In Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis, edited by Atkinson, J.M.; Heritage, J. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Coates, J. 1996. Women Talk: Conversation Between Women Friends. Oxford: Blackwell.
Coombs, L.; Freedman, R. 1964. ‘Use of telephone interviews in a longitudinal fertility survey’. Public Opinion Quarterly 28 (1): 112–117.
Fowler, F. J.; Mangione, T.W. 1990. Standardized Survey Interviewing: Minimizing Interviewer-Related Error. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Gardner, R. 2004. ‘Conversation analysis transcription’. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics Series S. 111: 185–191.
Gardner, R. 2005. ‘Acknowledging strong ties between utterances in talk: Connections through right as a response token’. Proceedings of the 2004 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society, October 10. Retrieved August 29, 2006, from [URL].
Headey, B.; Warren, D.; Harding, G. 2006. Families, Incomes and Jobs: A Statistical Report of the HILDA Survey. Melbourne: Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, The University of Melbourne.
Heritage, J. C.; Watson, D.R. 1979. ‘Formulations as conversational objects’. In Everyday Language Studies in Ethnomethodology, edited by Psathas, G. New York: Irvington.
Houtkoop-Steenstra, H. 1995. ‘Meeting both ends: Between standardization and recipient design in telephone survey interviews’. In Situated Order: Studies in the Social Organization of Talk and Embodied Activities, edited by ten Have, P.; Psathas, G. Washington, DC: International Institute for Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis, and University Press of America.
Houtkoop-Steenstra, H. 1996. ‘Probing behaviour of interviewers in the standardized semi-open research interview’. Quality and Quantity 301: 205–30.
Houtkoop-Steenstra, H. 2000. Interaction and the Standardized Survey Interview: The Living Questionnaire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Houtkoop-Steenstra, H. 2002. ‘Questioning turn format and turn-taking problems in standardized interviews’. In Standardization and Tacit Knowledge: Interaction and Practice in the Survey Interview, edited by Maynard, D.W.; Houtkoop-Steenstra, H.; Schaeffer, N.C.; van der Zouwen, J. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Houtkoop-Steenstra, H.; Antaki, C. 1997. ‘Creating happy people by asking yes-no questions’. Research on Language and Social Interaction 30 (4): 285–313.
Institute for Resource Development (IRD) and Westinghouse Electric Corporation (WEC). 1987a. ‘Model A questionnaire with commentary for high contraceptive prevalence countries’. DHS Basic Documentation Phase II. Columbia, Maryland.
Institute for Resource Development (IRD) and Westinghouse Electric Corporation (WEC). 1987b. ‘Model B questionnaire with commentary for low contraceptive prevalence countries’. DHS Basic Documentation Phase II. Columbia, Maryland.
Institute for Resource Development (IRD) and Macro Systems Inc. (MSI). 1990a. ‘Model A questionnaire with commentary for high contraceptive prevalence countries’. DHS Basic Documentation Phase II. Columbia, Maryland.
Institute for Resource Development (IRD) and Macro Systems Inc.(MSI). 1990b. ‘Model B questionnaire with commentary for low contraceptive prevalence countries’. DHS Basic Documentation Phase II. Columbia, Maryland.
Jefferson, G. 1984. ‘Transcription notation’. In Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis, edited by Atkinson, J.M.; Heritage, J. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kippen, R. 2003. ‘Trends in age- and parity-specific fertility in Australia’. Working Papers in Demography 911. Canberra: Demography and Sociology Program, Research School of Social Sciences, The Australian National University.
Kippen, R.; McDonald, P. 2004. ‘Can increased immigration be perceived as a substitute for low fertility?’ People and Place 12 (3): 18–27.
Kippen, R.; McDonald, P. 2006. ‘Projecting fertility using synthetic parity progression ratios with application to Australia’. Paper presented at European Population Conference, Liverpool, United Kingdom, 21–24 June, 2006.
Legge, K. 2005. ‘Born lucky’. Weekend Inquirer Special Edition (9–10 April): 191, 28.
Levelt, W. J. M. 1989. Speaking: From Intention to Articulation. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
McDonald, P. 1997. Personal communication concerning purpose of NLC questions, November 1997.
McDonald, P. 2005. ‘Has the Australian fertility rate stopped falling?’ People and Place 13 (3): 1–5.
May, M. B. 2002. ‘Asking Women About Having Children: Interaction in Telephone Survey Interviews’. PhD thesis, Canberra: The Australian National University.
Maynard, D. W.; Houtkoop-Steenstra, H.; Schaeffer, N. C.; van der Zouwen, J. eds. 2002.Standardization and Tacit Knowledge: Interaction and Practice in the Survey Interview.New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Maynard, D. W.; Schaeffer, N.C. 1997. ‘Keeping the gate’. Sociological Methods and Research 26 (1): 34–79.
Maynard, D. W.; Schaeffer, N.C. 2002. ‘Standardization and its discontents’. In Standardization and Tacit Knowledge: Interaction and Practice in the Survey Interview, edited by Maynard, D.W.; Houtkoop-Steenstra, H.; Schaeffer, N.C.; van der Zouwen, J. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Mazeland, H.; ten Have, P. 1998. Essential Tensions in (Semi-) Open Research Interviews. Retrieved October 21, 1998, from [URL].
Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research. 2004. The HILDA Survey. Retrieved August 28, 2006, from [URL]/.
Melbourne Survey Group. 1979. Melbourne Survey 1977: Vol. 2 Recently Married 516 Females. Canberra: Department of Demography, The Australian National University.
Molenaar, N. J.; Smit, J.H. 1996. ‘Asking and answering yes/no questions in survey interviews: A conversational approach’. Quality and Quantity 301: 115–36.
O’Donnell, N.; Adams, K. 1983. ‘“Heheh” in conversation: Some coordinating accomplishments of laughter’. Western Journal of Communication 471: 175–91.
Office of the Status of Women. 1999. Women in Australia 1999. Canberra.
Pomerantz, A. 1984. ‘Pursuing a response’. In Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis, edited by Atkinson, J.M.; Heritage, J. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Potter, J. 2003. ‘Review essay: Studying the standardized interview as interaction’. Qualitative Research 3 (2): 269–78.
Psathas, G. 1995. Conversation Analysis: The Study of Talk in Interaction. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Sacks, H.; Schegloff, E. A.; Jefferson, G. 1974. ‘A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation’. Language 501: 696–735.
Sacks, H. 1987. ‘On the preference for agreement and contiguity in sequences in conversation’. In Talk and Social Organization, edited by Button, G.; Lee, J.R.E. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Schaeffer, N. C.; Maynard, D. W.; Cradock, R. 1993. ‘Negotiating uncertainty: Uncertainty proposals and their disposal in standardized survey interviews’. Draft paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, St Petersburg, Florida May 1992, and at the meeting of the International Sociological Association Research Committee (Sociolinguistics), June 25, 1992, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Schaeffer, N. C.; Thomson, E. 1992. ‘The discovery of grounded uncertainty: Developing standardized questions about the strength of fertility motivation’. Sociological Methodology 221: 37–82.
Schegloff, E. A. 1987. ‘Recycled turn beginnings: A precise repair mechanism in conversation’s turn-taking organisation’. In Talk and Social Organization, edited by Button, G.; Lee, J.R.E. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Schegloff, E. A. 1995. ‘Post-expansion’. In Sequence Organization, edited by Schegloff, E. Los Angeles: University of California.
Schegloff, E. A.; Jefferson, G.; Sacks, H. 1977. ‘The preference for self-correction in the organization of repair in conversation’. Language 531: 361–382.
Schegloff, E. A.; Sacks, H. 1973. ‘Opening up closings’. Semiotica 8 (4): 289–327.
Schober, M. F.; Conrad, F.G. 2002. ‘A collaborative view of standardized survey interviews’. In Standardization and Tacit Knowledge: Interaction and Practice in the Survey Interview, edited by Maynard, D.W.; Houtkoop-Steenstra, H.; Schaeffer, N.C.; van der Zouwen, J. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Silverman, D. 1998. Harvey Sacks: Social Science and Conversation Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
Singh, S. 1984. Comparability of questionnaires: Forty-one WFS countries. WFS Comparative Studies 321 (June). London: World Fertility Survey.
Smit, J. H. 1995. ‘Suggestieve vragen in survey-interviews: Voorkomen, oorzaken en gevolgen’. PhD dissertation, Amsterdam: Faculteit der Sociaal-Culturele Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit.
Stanton, D. 2002. ‘The fertility crisis? Director’s report’. Family Matters 631: 2–3.
Suchman, L.; Jordan, B. 1990. ‘Interactional troubles in face-to-face survey interviews’. Journal of the American Statistical Association 85 (409): 232–241.
Tesfaghiorghis, H. 2006. ‘Australia’s fertility: A HILDA Survey based analysis’. 87–104. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs.
The Australian National University, no date. Negotiating the Life Course. Retrieved August 28, 2006, from [URL].