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Latin influence on the syntax of the languages of Europe
Edited by Bert Cornillie and Bridget Drinka
[Belgian Journal of Linguistics 33] 2019
► pp. 210–250

Language contact and language borrowing?

Compound verb forms in the Old French translation of the Gospel of St. Mark

| The University of Texas at Austin | Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics
This study investigates the potential influence of Latin syntax on the development of analytic verb forms in a well-defined and concrete instance of language contact, the Old French translation of a Latin Gospel. The data show that the formation of verb forms in the Old French was remarkably independent from the Latin original. While the Old French text closely follows the narrative of the Latin Gospel, its usage of compound verb forms is not dictated by the source text, as reflected e.g. in the quasi-omnipresence of the relative sequence finite verb + pp, which – with a few exceptions – all trace back to a different structure in the Latin text. Engels (VerenigdeStaten) Another important innovative difference in the Old French is the widespread use of aveir ‘have’ as an auxiliary, unknown in Latin. The article examines in detail the relation between the verbal forms in the two texts, showing that the translation is in line with of grammar. The usage of compound verb forms in the Old French Gospel is therefore autonomous rather than contact stimulated, let alone contact induced. The results challenge Blatt’s (1957) assumption identifying compound verb forms as a shared feature in European languages that should be ascribed to Latin influence.
Keywords: Old French, Gothic, Latin, analytic (verb forms), synthetic (verb forms), compound (verb forms), brace constructions, translation, borrowing, Bible translation, have (auxiliary), be (auxiliary), word order
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Latin vs. Romance and linguistic borrowing
    • 2.1Franz Blatt and the influence of Latin syntax on European languages
  • 3. pp + finite verb in non-standard Latin and Old French
    • 3.1Background of the topic: Brace constructions in Old French
    • 3.2Latin findings: pp + finite verb in late texts and non-standard registers
    • 3.3Old French findings: Compound verb forms in Old French texts
    • 3.4Old French findings: The Old French rendering of the Psalms
  • 4.The Old French translation of the Gospel of St. Mark
    • 4.1The Old French Bible
    • 4.2‘Disappearing’ compound verb forms: Latin compound form > of non-compound form
    • 4.3‘Retained’ compound verb forms: Latin compound form > of compound form
    • 4.4‘Emerging’ compound verb forms: Latin non-compound form > of compound form
      • 4.4.1Latin synthetic passive > of compound verb form
      • 4.4.2Latin synthetic perfect form > of compound verb form
      • 4.4.3Latin ‘other’ > of compound verb form
    • 4.5‘Commentaries’ in the translation
  • 5.Discussion of findings and conclusions
    • 5.1Findings
    • 5.2Discussion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 30 March 2020
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00028.bau
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