Chapter 6. Lexical anticipation in bilinguals

Moreno, Eva M.; Martin, Clara D.; Foucart, Alice

doi:10.1075/bpa.17.06mor

Part of

Bilingualism through the Prism of Psycholinguistics: In honour of Albert Costa
Edited by Mikel Santesteban, Jon Andoni Duñabeitia and Cristina Baus
[Bilingual Processing and Acquisition 17] 2023
► pp. 181–204

Chapter 6
Lexical anticipation in bilinguals

Eva M. Moreno | Complutense University of Madrid | Universidad Nebrija

Clara D. Martin | BCBL, Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language | Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science

Alice Foucart | Universidad Nebrija

This chapter aims to acknowledge Prof. Albert Costa’s contribution to the research field of language anticipation in L2 readers/listeners. It starts with a brief introduction to contrasting psycholinguistic models regarding the issue of lexical pre-activation during language comprehension and it describes how the Event Related Potential (ERP) technique advanced the anticipation/integration debate in native (L1) speakers. Then, the first studies looking at lexical anticipation in a second language (L2) with ERPs conducted by Costa’s lab are reported. The following section describes the influence of Costa’s results in the debate on the pre-activation of the phonological form of predictable words, as well as how his original work developed into further work on lexical anticipation in L2 at sentence and discourse levels. Costa’s heritage extended to other linguistic aspects related to L2, like processing foreign-accented speech. The chapter ends with some conclusions and future directions.

Article outline

Introduction: Lexical anticipation in language comprehension
Lexical anticipation in a native language (L1) measured with ERPs
Lexical anticipation in L2: Albert Costa’s pioneering work
Albert Costa’s contribution to research on prediction: His heritage
- Pre-activation of the phonological form of predictable words: An ongoing debate
- Further work on lexical anticipation in L2
- Anticipation in L2 at the discourse level
- Anticipation and foreign accented speech
Conclusions and future research directions
Notes
References

Published online: 1 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.1075/bpa.17.06mor

References (116)

References

Alemán Bañón, J., & Martin, C. (2019). Anticipating information structure: An event-related potentials study of focus assignment via the it-cleft. Neuropsychologia, 134, 107203.

(2021). The role of crosslinguistic differences in second language anticipatory processing: An event-related potentials study. Neuropsychologia, 155, 107797.

Altmann, G. T., & Kamide, Y. (1999). Incremental interpretation at verbs: Restricting the domain of subsequent reference. Cognition, 73(3), 247–264.

Caffarra, S., & Martin, C. D. (2019). Not all errors are the same: ERP sensitivity to error typicality in foreign accented speech perception. Cortex, 116, 308–320.

Caffarra, S., Motamed Haeri, A., Michell, E., & Martin, C. D. (2019). When is irony influenced by communicative constraints? ERP evidence supporting interactive models. Eur J Neurosci, 50(10), 3566–3577.

Carter, B. T., Foster, B., Muncy, N. M., & Luke, S. G. (2019). Linguistic networks associated with lexical, semantic and syntactic predictability in reading: A fixation-related fMRI study. Neuroimage, 189, 224–240.

Chun, E. & Kaan, E. (2019). L2 Prediction during complex sentence processing. Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science, 3, 203–216.

Contemori, C., & Dussias, P. E. (2019). Prediction at the discourse level in Spanish-English bilinguals: An eye-tracking study. Frontiers in Psychology, 10.

Costa, A., Corey, J. D., Hayakawa, S., Aparici, M., Vives, M. L., & Keysar, B. (2019). The role of intentions and outcomes in the foreign language effect on moral judgements. Quaterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72(1), 8–17.

Costa, A., Foucart, A., Arnon, I., Aparici, M., & Apesteguia, J. (2014). “Piensa” twice: On the foreign language effect in decision making. Cognition, 130(2), 236–254.

Cowles, H. W., Kluender, R., Kutas, M., & Polinsky, M. (2007). Violations of information structure: An electrophysiological study of answers to wh-questions. Brain and Language, 102(3), 228–242.

DeLong, K. A., Chan, W. H., & Kutas, M. (2019). Similar time courses for word form and meaning preactivation during sentence comprehension. Psychophysiology, 56(4), e13312.

(2021). Testing limits: ERP evidence for word form preactivation during speeded sentence reading. Psychophysiology, 58(2), e13720.

DeLong, K. A., Urbach, T. P., Groppe, D. M., & Kutas, M. (2011). Overlapping dual ERP responses to low cloze probability sentence continuations. Psychophysiology, 48(9), 1203–1207.

DeLong, K. A., Urbach, T. P., & Kutas, M. (2005). Probabilistic word pre-activation during language comprehension inferred from electrical brain activity. Nature Neuroscience, 8(8), 1117–1121.

(2017). Is there a replication crisis? Perhaps. Is this an example? No: A commentary on Ito, Martin, and Nieuwland (2016). Language Cognition and Neuroscience, 32(8), 966–973.

Dijkgraaf, A., Hartsuiker, R. J., & Duyck, W. (2017). Predicting upcoming information in native-language and non-native-language auditory word recognition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 20(5), 917–930.

(2019). Prediction and integration of semantics during L2 and L1 listening. Language Cognition and Neuroscience, 34(7), 881–900.

Dussias, P. E., Kroff, J. R. V., Tamargo, R. E. G., & Gerfen, C. (2013). When gender and looking go hand in hand. Grammatical gender processing in L2 Spanish. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 35(2), 353–387.

Federmeier, K. D. (2007). Thinking ahead: The role and roots of prediction in language comprehension. Psychophysiology, 44(4), 491–505.

Federmeier, K. D., & Kutas, M. (1999). A rose by any other name: Long-term memory structure and sentence processing. Journal of Memory and Language, 41(4), 469–495.

Federmeier, K. D., Kutas, M., & Schul, R. (2010). Age-related and individual differences in the use of prediction during language comprehension. Brain and Language, 115(3), 149–161.

Fodor, J. A. (1983). The modularity of mind: An essay on faculty psychology. The MIT Press.

Forster, K. I. (1981). Priming and the effects of sentence and lexical contexts on naming time – Evidence for autonomous lexical processing. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section a-Human Experimental Psychology, 33(Nov), 465–495.

Foucart, A. (2021). Language prediction in L2: Does language similarity matter? In E. Kaan & T. Grüter (Eds.), Prediction in second language processing and learning (pp. 91–114). John Benjamins.

Foucart, A., Costa, A., Moris-Fernandez, L., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2020). Foreignness or processing fluency? On understanding the negative bias toward foreign-accented speakers. Language Learning, 70(4), 974–1016.

Foucart, A., Garcia, X., Ayguasanosa, M., Thierry, G., Martin, C., & Costa, A. (2015). Does the speaker matter? Online processing of semantic and pragmatic information in L2 speech comprehension. Neuropsychologia, 75, 291–303.

Foucart, A., Martin, C. D., Moreno, E. M., & Costa, A. (2014). Can bilinguals see it coming? Word anticipation in L2 sentence reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 40(5), 1461–1469.

Foucart, A., Ruiz-Tada, E., & Costa, A. (2016). Anticipation processes in L2 speech comprehension: Evidence from ERPs and lexical recognition task. Bilingualism-Language and Cognition, 19(1), 213–219.

Foucart, A., Santamaria-Garcia, H., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2019). Short exposure to a foreign accent impacts subsequent cognitive processes. Neuropsychologia, 129, 1–9.

Garrod, S., & Pickering, M. J. (2004). Why is conversation so easy? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(1), 8–11.

Goslin, J., Duffy, H., & Floccia, C. (2012). An ERP investigation of regional and foreign accent processing. Brain and Language, 122(2), 92–102.

Grey, S., Schubel, L. C., Mcqueen, J. M., & van Hell, J. G. (2019). Processing foreign-accented speech in a second language: Evidence from ERPs during sentence comprehension in bilinguals. Bilingualism-Language and Cognition, 22(5), 912–929.

Grey, S., & van Hell, J. G. (2017). Foreign-accented speaker identity affects neural correlates of language comprehension. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 42, 93–108.

Gruter, T. (2021). Predictive processing of implicit causality in a second language: A visual-world eye-tracking study. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 43(1), 133 – 154.

Gruter, T., Lew-Williams, C., & Fernald, A. (2012). Grammatical gender in L2: A production or a real-time processing problem? Second Language Research, 28(2), 191–215.

Gruter, T., & Rohde, H. (2021). Limits on expectation-based processing: Use of grammatical aspect for co-reference in L2. Applied Psycholinguistics, 42(1), 51–75.

Gruter, T., Rohde, H., & Schafer, A. J. (2017). Coreference and discourse coherence in L2. The roles of grammatical aspect and referential form. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 7(2), 199–229.

Grüter, T., Rohde, H., & Schafer, A. J. (2014). The role of discourse-level expectations in non-native speaker´s referential choices. In W. Orman & M. J. Valleau (Eds.), Proceedings of the 38th annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 179–191). Cascadilla Press.

Hahne, A. (2001). What’s different in second-language processing? Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 30(3), 251–266.

Hanulikova, A., van Alphen, P. M., van Goch, M. M., & Weber, A. (2012). When one person’s mistake is another’s standard usage: The effect of foreign accent on syntactic processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24(4), 878–887.

Hayakawa, S., Costa, A., Foucart, A., & Keysar, B. (2016). Using a foreign language changes our choices. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(11), 791–793.

Hayakawa, S., Tannenbaum, D., Costa, A., Corey, J. D., & Keysar, B. (2017). Thinking more or feeling less? Explaining the foreign-language effect on moral judgment. Psychological Science, 28(10), 1387–1397.

Hopp, H. (2013). Grammatical gender in adult L2 acquisition: Relations between lexical and syntactic variability. Second Language Research, 29(1), 33–56.

(2015). Semantics and morphosyntax in predictive L2 sentence processing. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 53(3), 277–306.

(2016). Learning (not) to predict: Grammatical gender processing in second language acquisition. Second Language Research, 32(2), 277–307.

Hopp, H., & Lemmerth, N. (2018). Lexical and syntactic congruency in L2 predictive gender processing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 40(1), 171–199.

Huettig, F. (2015). Four central questions about prediction in language processing. Brain Research, 1626, 118–135.

Huettig, F., & Mani, N. (2016). Is prediction necessary to understand language? Probably not. Language Cognition and Neuroscience, 31(1), 19–31.

Ito, A., Corley, M., & Pickering, M. J. (2018). A cognitive load delays predictive eye movements similarly during L1 and L2 comprehension. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21(2), 251–264.

Ito, A., Corley, M., Pickering, M. J., Martin, A. E., & Nieuwland, M. S. (2016). Predicting form and meaning: Evidence from brain potentials. Journal of Memory and Language, 86, 157–171.

Ito, A., Martin, A. E., & Nieuwland, M. S. (2017a). How robust are prediction effects in language comprehension? Failure to replicate article-elicited N400 effects. Language Cognition and Neuroscience, 32(8), 954–965.

(2017b). On predicting form and meaning in a second language. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 43(4), 635–652.

(2017c). Why the A/AN prediction effect may be hard to replicate: A rebuttal to Delong, Urbach, and Kutas (2017). Language Cognition and Neuroscience, 32(8), 974–983.

Ito, A., & Pickering, M. J. (2021). Automaticity and prediction in non-native language comprehension. In T. Gruter & E. Kaan (Eds.), Prediction in second-language processing and learning (pp. 25–46). John Benjamins.

Ito, A., & Sakai, H. (2021). Everyday language exposure shapes prediction of specific words in listening comprehension: A visual world eye-tracking study. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 607474.

Ivaz, L., Costa, A., & Dunabeitia, J. A. (2016). The emotional impact of being myself: Emotions and foreign-language processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 42(3), 489–496.

Jiang, X. M., Gossack-Keenan, K., & Pell, M. D. (2020). To believe or not to believe? How voice and accent information in speech alter listener impressions of trust. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 73(1), 55–79.

Jonczyk, R., Boutonnet, B., Musial, K., Hoemann, K., & Thierry, G. (2016). The bilingual brain turns a blind eye to negative statements in the second language. Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 16(3), 527–540.

Jonczyk, R., Korolczuk, I., Balatsou, E., & Thierry, G. (2019). Keep calm and carry on: Electrophysiological evaluation of emotional anticipation in the second language. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 14(8), 885–898.

(2020). Erratum to: Keep calm and carry on: Electrophysiological evaluation of emotional anticipation in the second language. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience.

Juffs, A., & Harrington, M. (2011). Aspects of working memory in L2 learning. Language Teaching, 44, 137–166.

Kaan, E. (2014). Predictive sentence processing in L2 and L1. What is different? Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 4(2), 257–282.

Kaan, E., & Grüter, T. (2021). Prediction in second language processing and learning. John Benjamins.

Kheirzadeh, S., & Hajiabed, M. (2016). Differential language functioning of monolinguals and bilinguals on positive-negative emotional expression. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 45(1), 55–69.

Kotz, S. A. (2009). A critical review of ERP and fMRI evidence on L2 syntactic processing. Brain and Language, 109(2–3), 68–74.

Kuperberg, G. R., & Jaeger, T. F. (2016). What do we mean by prediction in language comprehension? Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 31(1), 32–59.

Kuperberg, G. R., Paczynski, M., & Ditman, T. (2011). Establishing causal coherence across sentences: An ERP study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(5), 1230–1246.

Kutas, M., & Federmeier, K. D. (2011). Thirty years and counting: Finding meaning in the N400 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP). Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 621–647.

Kutas, M., & Hillyard, S. A. (1980a). Event-related brain potentials to semantically inappropriate and surprisingly large words. Biological Psychology, 11(2), 99–116.

(1980b). Reading between the lines: Event-related brain potentials during natural sentence processing. Brain and Language, 11(2), 354–373.

(1980c). Reading senseless sentences: brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity. Science, 207(4427), 203–205.

Lau, E. F., Holcomb, P. J., & Kuperberg, G. R. (2013). Dissociating N400 effects of prediction from association in single-word contexts. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 25(3), 484–502.

Lau, E. F., Weber, K., Gramfort, A., Hamalainen, M. S., & Kuperberg, G. R. (2016). Spatiotemporal signatures of lexical-semantic prediction. Cereb Cortex, 26(4), 1377–1387.

Leon-Cabrera, P., Flores, A., Rodriguez-Fornells, A., & Moris, J. (2019). Ahead of time: Early sentence slow cortical modulations associated to semantic prediction. Neuroimage, 189, 192–201.

Leon-Cabrera, P., Rodriguez-Fornells, A., & Moris, J. (2017). Electrophysiological correlates of semantic anticipation during speech comprehension. Neuropsychologia, 99, 326–334.

Lew-Williams, C., & Fernald, A. (2010). Real-time processing of gender-marked articles by native and non-native Spanish speakers. Journal of Memory and Language, 63(4), 447–464.

Libben, M. R., & Titone, D. A. (2009). Bilingual lexical access in context: Evidence from eye movements during reading. Jornal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35(2), 381–390.

Luck, Steven J. (2014). An introduction to the event-related potential technique (2nd ed.). The MIT Press.

Luke, S. G., & Christianson, K. (2016). Limits on lexical prediction during reading. Cognitive Psychology, 88, 22–60.

Mantegna, F., Hintz, F., Ostarek, M., Alday, P. M., & Huettig, F. (2019). Distinguishing integration and prediction accounts of ERP N400 modulations in language processing through experimental design. Neuropsychologia, 134, 107199.

Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (1987). Functional parallelism in spoken word-recognition. Cognition, 25(1–2), 71–102.

Martin, C. D., Thierry, G., Kuipers, J. R., Boutonnet, B., Foucart, A., & Costa, A. (2013). Bilinguals reading in their second language do not predict upcoming words as native readers do. Journal of Memory and Language, 69(4), 574–588.

McClelland, J. L., & Elman, J. L. (1986). The TRACE model of speech perception. Cognitive Psychology, 18(1), 1–86.

Mcclelland, J. L., & Rumelhart, D. E. (1981). An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: 1. An account of basic findings. Psychological Review, 88(5), 375–407. [URL].

Mitsugi, S., & Macwhinney, B. (2016). The use of case marking for predictive processing in second language Japanese. Bilingualism-Language and Cognition, 19(1), 19–35.

Molinaro, N., Giannelli, F., Caffarra, S., & Martin, C. (2017). Hierarchical levels of representation in language prediction: The influence of first language acquisition in highly proficient bilinguals. Cognition, 164, 61–73.

Moreno, E. M., & Kutas, M. (2005). Processing semantic anomalies in two languages: An electrophysiological exploration in both languages of Spanish-English bilinguals. Cognitive Brain Research, 22(2), 205–220.

Moreno, E. M., Rodriguez-Fornells, A., & Laine, M. (2008). Event-related potentials (ERPs) in the study of bilingual language processing. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 21(6), 477–508.

Neely, J. H. (1977). Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 106(3), 226–254.

Nicenboim, B., Vasishth, S., & Rosler, F. (2020). Are words pre-activated probabilistically during sentence comprehension? Evidence from new data and a Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis using publicly available data. Neuropsychologia, 142, 107427.

Nieuwland, M. S., Arkhipova, Y., & Rodriguez-Gomez, P. (2020). Anticipating words during spoken discourse comprehension: A large-scale, pre-registered replication study using brain potentials. Cortex, 133, 1–36.

Nieuwland, M. S., Barr, D. J., Bartolozzi, F., Busch-Moreno, S., Darley, E., Donaldson, D. I., … Von Grebmer Zu Wolfsthurn, S. (2020). Dissociable effects of prediction and integration during language comprehension: evidence from a large-scale study using brain potentials. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 375(1791), 20180522.

Nieuwland, M. S., & Kazanina, N. (2020). The neural basis of linguistic prediction: Introduction to the special issue. Neuropsychologia, 146, 107532.

Nieuwland, M. S., Politzer-Ahles, S., Heyselaar, E., Segaert, K., Darley, E., Kazanina, N., … Huettig, F. (2018). Large-scale replication study reveals a limit on probabilistic prediction in language comprehension. Elife, 7.

Pashler, H., & Wagenmakers, E. J. (2012). Editors’ introduction to the special section on replicability in psychological science: A crisis of confidence? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(6), 528–530.

Romero-Rivas, C., Martin, C. D., & Costa, A. (2015). Processing changes when listening to foreign-accented speech. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9.

(2016). Foreign-accented speech modulates linguistic anticipatory processes. Neuropsychologia, 85, 245–255.

Ryskin, R., Levy, R. P., & Fedorenko, E. (2020). Do domain-general executive resources play a role in linguistic prediction? Re-evaluation of the evidence and a path forward. Neuropsychologia, 136, 107258.

Schiller, N. O., Boutonnet, B. P., De Heer Kloots, M. L. S., Meelen, M., Ruijgrok, B., & Cheng, L. L. (2020). (Not so) great expectations: Listening to foreign-accented speech reduces the brain’s anticipatory processes. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2143.

Song, J., & Iverson, P. (2018). Listening effort during speech perception enhances auditory and lexical processing for non-native listeners and accents. Cognition, 179, 163–170.

Sulpizio, S., Toti, M., Del Maschio, N., Costa, A., Fedeli, D., Job, R., & Abutalebi, J. (2019). Are you really cursing? Neural processing of taboo words in native and foreign language. Brain and Language, 194, 84–92.

Traxler, M. J., Foss, D. J., Seely, R. E., Kaup, B., & Morris, R. K. (2000). Priming in sentence processing: Intralexical spreading activation, schemas, and situation models. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 29(6), 581–595.

Urbach, T. P., DeLong, K. A., Chan, W. H., & Kutas, M. (2020). An exploratory data analysis of word form prediction during word-by-word reading. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 117(34), 20483–20494.

Van Assche, E., Drieghe, D., Duyck, W., Welvaert, M., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2011). The influence of semantic constraints on bilingual word recognition during sentence reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 64(1), 88–107.

Van Bergen, G., & Flecken, M. (2017). Putting things in new places: Linguistic experience modulates the predictive power of placement verb semantics. Journal of Memory and Language, 92, 26–42.

Van Berkum, J. J., Brown, C. M., Zwitserlood, P., Kooijman, V., & Hagoort, P. (2005). Anticipating upcoming words in discourse: evidence from ERPs and reading times. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31(3), 443–467.

Van Hell, J. G., & de Groot, A. M. B. (2008). Sentence context modulates visual word recognition and translation in bilinguals. Acta Psychologica, 128(3), 431–451.

Van Petten, C., & Luka, B. J. (2012). Prediction during language comprehension: Benefits, costs, and ERP components. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 83(2), 176–190.

Weber-Fox, C. M., & Neville, H. J. (1996). Maturational constraints on functional specializations for language processing: ERP and behavioral evidence in bilingual speakers. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 8(3), 231–256.

Weber, K., Lau, E. F., Stillerman, B., & Kuperberg, G. R. (2016). The yin and the yang of prediction: An fMRI study of semantic predictive processing. PLoS One, 11(3), e0148637.

Wicha, N. Y. Y., Bates, E. A., Moreno, E. M., & Kutas, M. (2003). Potato not Pope: Human brain potentials to gender expectation and agreement in Spanish spoken sentences. Neuroscience Letters, 346(3), 165–168.

Wicha, N. Y. Y., Moreno, E. M., & Kutas, M. (2003). Expecting gender: An event related brain potential study on the role of grammatical gender in comprehending a line drawing within a written sentence in Spanish. Cortex, 39(3), 483–508.

(2004). Anticipating words and their gender: An event-related brain potential study of semantic integration, gender expectancy, and gender agreement in Spanish sentence reading. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(7), 1272–1288.

Wlotko, E. W., & Federmeier, K. D. (2015). Time for prediction? The effect of presentation rate on predictive sentence comprehension during word-by-word reading. Cortex, 68, 20–32.

Zirnstein, M., van Hell, J. G., & Kroll, J. F. (2018). Cognitive control ability mediates prediction costs in monolinguals and bilinguals. Cognition, 176, 87–106.

Chapter 6Lexical anticipation in bilinguals

Chapter 6
Lexical anticipation in bilinguals