Index

• Accuracy 30, 53, 57, 61, 79, 85, 181, 183, 187, 207–209, 211–212, 214, 218, 228, 231, 233, 235

• Acquisition 1, 9, 13–14, 17, 19, 22, 28, 33, 49–50, 54, 56–59, 62–63, 66, 74, 79, 82–83, 86–89, 91, 118, 126, 149, 166, 240

• age of acquisition (AoA) 59, 70, 74, 82, 87, 118, 126, 227, 233

• aging 91–92, 181–182, 189–190, 217–219, 224, 230–231, 238–240

• alternations 145, 147

• Alzheimer’s disease 189, 226

• ambiguity 32, 58, 105

• American Sign Language (ASL) 31

• aphasia 13, 73, 92, 181–182, 184–190, 222

• Arabic 75, 78, 201

• attrition 2, 3, 5, 32, 38, 83, 181–185, 188, 190

• balanced bilinguals 2, 123–124, 128–129

• beginning bilinguals 54, 56, 60–61

• behavioral ecology 18

• Bilingual Interactive Activation model - developmental (BIA-d) 65

• Bilingual Interactive Activation model (BIA) 16, 51, 55, 62, 65, 108, 110–116, 118–120, 130, 135–136, 138–139, 144

• Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus (BIA+) 16, 51, 55, 62, 65, 108, 110–116, 118–120, 136, 144

• biliterate 19

• bimodal bilinguals 31

• BOLD 80, 85

• brain damage 181–182, 185

• brain imaging(see neuroimaging)

• Catalan 124

• CELEX 233–234

• children 9, 83, 146, 184, 224–225, 229, 231

• Chinese 13, 16–17, 31, 33, 36, 125, 133–134, 189, 198, 214, 232

• clang 74–78, 80–81, 87–89, 91

• classroom(see formal instruction)

• co-activation 30, 35, 56, 62, 165, 170, 226, 231

• code switching 2, 3, 11, 20–21, 119, 124, 144–149, 156, 158–159, 165–168, 183, 191

• code-mixing 10, 15, 26, 183

• cognate advantage 77, 79–80, 167–168

• cognates 3–4, 30, 34–35, 49, 54, 62–63, 64, 66, 74, 75–77, 79–82, 84–85, 87–89, 104–105, 107, 110, 114–115, 117–118, 119, 143–148, 150–169, 184, 187, 202, 213, 214

• cognitive load 63, 81, 85, 90–91

• cognitive resources 28–30, 38–40, 83, 90, 222, 224, 239

• compound words 5, 184, 187, 197, 198–202, 204, 206, 210–214

• comprehension 2, 4–5, 27, 37, 40, 54, 75, 78, 87, 104–105, 110, 112, 117, 135, 137, 143, 146–147, 152–153, 155, 165–166

• conceptual knowledge 49–50, 56–61, 66

• conceptual store 51, 58, 60

• concreteness 58–59, 123

• connectionist network 222

• consolidation 74, 79–81, 84–85, 91

• context 2, 4, 15–17, 19–22, 30, 32, 34, 36–38, 41, 50, 66, 83, 88–89, 91, 103, 105, 106–111, 113–119, 123–125, 129–137, 144, 146–147, 164–169, 188, 212, 214, 231, 234

• conversation 2, 10, 20, 50, 183–184

• corpora 21, 145, 148, 162, 164

• critical period 240

• cross-language activation 27, 29–32, 118, 202

• cross-language competition 30, 38

• cross-linguistic transfer 75–76

• cross-modal priming 224–226

• cultural context 124–125, 129, 133–136

• deaf 31

• declarative memory 217, 223–224

• default mental lexicon 1, 103, 105, 112, 117

• dementia 91, 181, 189–190, 218, 227

• Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) 84

• distractors 17, 30, 33–34, 37, 40

• dominance 2, 4, 84, 103, 105, 112–113, 119–120, 123, 150, 188

• dual-mechanism models 221–222

• Dutch 13, 30, 77–78, 81, 84, 105–107, 109, 111–115, 117–118, 124, 132–133, 137, 145–146, 166–167, 183, 198, 200–201, 232

• dynamicity 1–5, 88, 91–92, 105, 114, 182, 215

• early bilingual 65, 134

• education 13, 22, 73, 170, 203, 227, 233

• electroencephalography (EEG) 31

• emotion 59

• English 12–14, 16–18, 22, 30–31, 33–37, 39–40, 43, 49, 55, 62, 77–78, 104–107, 111, 113–119, 124–125, 130, 132–134, 143–150, 152, 158, 163–164, 166–168, 183–187, 189, 197–215, 219–221, 226, 232

• environment 2, 5, 12–14, 17, 33, 38–39, 50, 66, 73–74, 82, 86–91, 107–108, 114–115, 124–125, 132, 145, 150, 155, 166, 182–185, 189, 214

• event related potential (ERP) 30–31, 33–34, 36, 53, 55, 76, 88, 115–116, 140

• executive control 23, 40, 62–64, 135–136

• executive function 38, 40, 83, 89, 136, 217–218, 238–239

• explicit memory 86–89

• eye tracking 16, 118–119, 153–155, 165

• facilitation 30, 35–36, 53, 63, 77, 80–81, 104, 107, 114, 117–119, 144, 146, 148, 166–168, 184, 212, 225–226, 228–229

• false friend 62–64

• familiarity 57, 74, 82

• family size 198

• flanker task 40, 136

• fMRI 29, 37, 63, 76, 79–81, 84, 87, 89, 135

• form overlap 63, 198, 213

• form similarity 31, 65

• formal instruction 11, 37, 50, 87

• French 13, 34–35, 49, 62, 75, 78–81, 84, 90, 104, 114, 118–119, 125, 130, 187, 189, 214

• frequency 11, 13, 22, 32, 37, 51, 54, 74, 76, 82, 86, 105–107, 110–111, 113, 119, 123, 126, 152, 167, 184–185, 204–205, 208–209, 220, 225, 231–234, 236–239

• functional connectivity 83–84

• gaze duration 117, 155–157, 160–161, 163–165

• gender 21, 75, 78, 187, 204

• German 9, 13, 78, 84, 116, 145, 183, 185, 200–201, 206, 214, 217, 219–220, 222, 224–227, 230–233, 236–237, 239

• go/no-go task 113

• grammar 1, 9, 27–28, 32, 73, 86–87, 146, 217–218, 223, 227, 240

• grammatical processing 34, 218, 239

• Greek 78, 186–187

• Hebrew 78, 197, 200–215, 219

• Hindi 19

• i-language 22

• immigration 20, 124, 183, 184

• implicit activation 31

• implicit learning 88–89, 91

• implicit memory 85–89

• inflection 146–147, 220–224, 232

• inhibition 4, 36–37, 39, 55–56, 63–64, 82, 85, 90, 106–107, 111, 118, 127–132, 135, 137, 184, 186, 190

• inhibitory control 36–37, 127, 129–130, 135–136, 218

• insertions 2, 111, 146, 169, 145

• instruction 11, 17, 87, 132, 207

• integrated lexicon 52, 54–55, 104, 110, 187

• interference 30–31, 35, 39–40, 57, 60–61, 63, 90, 104, 106–107, 109, 112–113, 118–119, 126, 133–134, 147, 214

• interlingual homographs 3–4, 30, 39, 62–64, 66, 104–107, 109–111, 112–118, 184

• interlingual homophones 3, 62–63, 107

• interlocutor 2, 10, 12, 15, 20–21, 124, 134, 184, 186

• intrusion 4, 40, 123, 125–129

• Italian 13, 77, 189

• Japanese 31, 78

• L1 mediation 33

• language activation 27, 29–32, 103, 105, 109, 118–119, 123, 128, 131, 167, 197, 202

• language boundaries 18–19

• language distance 78, 90–91

• language dominance 2, 4, 103, 105, 112–113, 119–120, 150, 188

• language history 14, 149

• language identity 20

• language immersion 37

• language intermixing 109, 115

• language learning 4, 27–28, 35, 39, 75, 82, 91

• language membership 65–66, 105, 110, 112, 115–116, 168

• language mode 15, 17, 108–109, 112–116, 124, 134

• Language Mode Hypothesis 108–109, 112–116

• language performance 14, 17, 224, 240

• language processing 7–8, 10–12, 16–22, 27–28, 34, 39–40, 78, 80–81, 84, 89, 103–105, 107–109, 112–113, 115, 119, 136, 166, 217, 223–224, 239–240

• language proficiency 2, 4–5, 10, 14, 30, 83, 90, 109, 119, 123, 128–130, 132, 134–136, , 190, 215

• language structure 2, 22, 78

• latency 117, 236

• lateral inhibition 55–56, 63, 118

• learning environment 50, 74, 82, 86–90

• learning methods 73, 86–87, 89–90

• lemma 135, 145, 233–234, 236

• letter fluency task 37

• lexeme 54, 64

• lexical access 27, 29, 32, 36, 86, 104, 116–118, 128–134, 137, 144, 169, 197, 217, 219, 231, 238

• lexical attrition 5, 183

• lexical decision 34, 53, 63, 77, 106–107, 113–118, 134, 146, 184, 197–198, 202–203, 206–208, 211–212

• lexical mediation 49–52, 54, 56, 58, 62, 64–66

• lexical memory 219–220, 230–231, 237–238

• Lexical roots 201

• lexical selection 90, 125–127, 135

• lifespan 2, 5, 188–189, 217

• linguistic competence 9, 11, 18

• linguistic distance 4, 75–76, 78–79, 82, 86, 89, 91

• linguistic knowledge 104

• literacy 18, 20

• long-term memory 86

• longitudinal 34, 63, 84, 190

• Mandarin 13

• memory 1, 35, 63, 73–75, 81–83, 85–91, 217–224, 226–227, 230–232, 236–239

• mentalist view of language 9, 11

• modality 11, 18–20, 62

• monolingual mode 17

• morpheme 2, 73, 200, 207, 211, 214, 221

• morphological integration 198–202, 208, 213, 215

• morphologically complex words 3, 5, 187, 217, 220, 239

• morphology 3, 74, 91, 168, 201, 219, 221

• mother tongue 74, 87, 91

• multilingual 7–8, 12, 13, 16, 17, 103, 105–108, 112–115, 119–120

• multimorphemic words 3, 197–198, 214

• N250 53–54

• N400 31, 34, 53, 55–56, 76

• naming 9, 35–37, 59, 63, 76–77, 79–81, 84–85, 89, 117, 126–129, 132–133, 144, 181, 183, 186–189, 217–218, 226–227, 230, 239

• native language 10, 34, 36, 49–50, 64, 126, 128, 204, 208, 224, 227, 239

• native speaker 9–10, 12, 14, 35, 55, 84, 183, 198–200, 203, 223–226, 230, 238

• neighborhood density 55, 65, 74, 82, 86, 225

• neural 27–28, 35, 38, 40–41, 73, 76, 79–81

• neuroimaging 16, 74, 76, 79, 83, 85, 128

• neuroplasticity 38

• non-parasitic 5, 49–52, 54–58, 60–62, 64–66

• non-selectivity 2, 16, 30, 144

• non-target language 17, 104–106, 125–127, 168, 181, 186, 190

• norms 11, 21–22, 133, 152

• nouns 76, 146–147, 167, 169, 186, 201, 204–205

• novel words 50, 52, 54–60, 220

• online processing 105, 107

• orthotactic rules 50

• parallel activation 2, 29–31, 38, 52, 165

• parasitic 5, 49–52, 54–58, 60–62, 64–65

• partial activation 60

• participle 147–148, 150–156, 158–166, 168, 217, 219–220, 222, 224–231, 233–239

• Persian 75, 78–79, 81, 84, 90, 185

• phonemes 57, 233–234

• phonology 27–28, 74, 77, 82, 91, 104, 107, 117, 125, 146

• phonotactic rules 50

• picture naming task 63, 129, 144, 183, 188–189, 217–218

• polyglot(see multilingual)

• positron emission tomography (PET) 75–76, 81

• postmonolingual 4, 7–8

• prefix 234

• priming 31–39, 53–54, 56, 77, 115–116, 118, 134, 197, 202, 205, 208–213, 217, 219, 222–226, 228–231, 238–239

• production 2, 5, 27–28, 30, 32, 35–37, 39, 75–76, 78, 90, 91, 105, 107, 125–127, 133–136, 143–148, 162, 165–166, 181, 183, 186, 217, 219–221, 224, 231–239

• proficiency 2, 12, 29–32, 51–54, 58–59, 63–65, 73–74, 76–77, 79–80, 82–86, 88–91, 112–113, 119, 123–125, 128–130, 134–136, 144–145, 149–150, 185, 188, 203, 209, 227

• pronunciation 78, 144, 199

• queer linguistics 21

• Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) task 117

• reaction time 53, 55, 106, 114–116, 133–134, 146, 219, 228

• reading performance 33

• reading time 104-105, 107, 114, 117-118, 155-165, 168

• Revised Hiearchical Model (RHM) 32, 51–52

• Russian 17, 78, 225–226

• salience 74, 123

• schema 110–112, 135–136, 220

• script 19, 31, 75, 206, 235

• selection 13, 35, 37, 82, 86, 90, 125–128, 132–135, 145–146, 165, 213–214

• selective activation 105–108, 110–111, 113, 115–120, 212

• semantic constraint 117–119, 146, 167

• semantic knowledge 51, 56

• semantic representations 56–57, 63, 104, 106–107, 109–110

• sentence context 30, 32, 115–118, 144, 146, 166–168, 231, 234

• sentence processing 116–117

• short-term memory 86

• sign language 31

• social identity 20–21

• Spanish 13, 18, 22, 33–35, 37, 39, 61, 78–80, 84, 90, 117, 124, 143–144, 147–150, 152, 158, 163–164, 168–169, 184, 187, 189, 214, 219, 232

• speech 17, 19, 28, 30, 36–37, 76, 125–126, 133, 137, 144–145, 166, 183, 188

• spoken word production 28, 30, 91, 135

• spreading of activation 53, 60–61

• stroke 182, 185–186

• Stroop 59

• suffix 199, 220, 235

• superordinate category 60

• suppression 128, 130

• switch cost 36, 127–130, 133, 143, 166–167

• syllable 199, 220, 233–234

• syntax 28, 74, 78, 91

• task demands 109, 112, 119

• task effects 110

• Task schema 110–112

• task switching 18, 127, 130, 136

• temporal delay assumption 113

• tip-of-the-tongue 126, 181

• top-down mechanisms 108

• transfer 28, 32, 76, 184

• translation 3, 11–12, 18, 31–35, 37, 49–54, 56–65, 116, 118, 184, 187, 190, 205, 210, 212, 214–215

• translation equivalent 3, 11, 31–35, 49–54, 56–66, 184, 187, 190, 205, 210, 212, 214

• trilingual 185

• Urdu 19

• variability 11, 14, 16–18, 21–22, 38, 184–185, 187

• verbal fluency task 37

• verbal memory 226–227, 236–238

• verbs 143, 146–148, 152, 159, 165–169, 186, 220, 231, 233–235

• visual world paradigm 40, 55

• Welsh 40

• word form 32, 49–50, 52–54, 56–57, 60–64, 76, 88, 217, 219, 221–223, 228, 230–232, 234, 238–239

• word frequency(see frequency)

• word identification system 110–112, 115–116, 136

• word learning 5, 28, 49–52, 55–62, 64–65

• word length 126, 152

• word recognition 16, 28–30, 40, 62, 111, 116, 130, 144, 164, 167–168, 213, 231

• word retrieval 184, 186

• working memory 35, 63, 81, 83, 87, 90, 217, 222

• writing system 19, 201–202