Chapter published in:
Reception Studies and Audiovisual Translation
Edited by Elena Di Giovanni and Yves Gambier
[Benjamins Translation Library 141] 2018
► pp. 199–224

Chapter 10
Reception studies in live and pre-recorded subtitles for the deaf and hard of hearing

This chapter aims to provide an overview of reception research in the field of subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing (SDH). Given that the development of reception research in this area is closely linked to the development of SDH as a professional practice and academic field of study, a historical approach has been adopted here. It starts from the origins of pre-recorded and live SDH in the US and Europe and continues with the first and often overlooked classroom-based experiments and large-scale user surveys that substantiated the introduction of TV subtitles in the 1970s and 1980s. The focus is then turned to the more specific parameters studied in the 1990s, followed by the first eye-tracking studies and the development of SDH as a field of study in Europe in the 2000s and, finally, the internationalisation and specialisation of the recent experimental (re)turn experienced by reception studies in SDH. The chapter concludes with a section on the scarce reception research conducted to date in the area of live SDH and with some final thoughts on the features, challenges and requirements of experimental research in this area.
Keywords: live subtitling, pre-recorded SDH, subtitling parameters, viewing speed, attention, caption
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction: The origins of SDH
  • 2.Reception studies on pre-recorded SDH
    • 2.11970s: Pioneering studies on the benefit of SDH for deaf students in the US
    • 2.21980s: Initial reception research on TV subtitles
    • 2.31990s: Reception studies on specific subtitling parameters
    • 2.42000s: Eye-tracking studies and the development of SDH within AVT
    • 2.52010s: The experimental (re)turn: Internationalization and specialisation of reception studies on SDH
  • 3.Reception studies on live SDH
  • 4.Conclusion
  • Note
  • References
Published online: 15 June 2018
https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.141.11rom
References
Apone, Tom, Marcia Brooks, and Trisha O’Connell
2010 Caption Viewer Survey: Error Ranking of Real-time Captions in Live Television News Programs, Boston: The WGBH National Center for Accessible Media.Google Scholar
Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA)
2016 Review of the Television Captioning Standard Final report. Sydney: ACMA.Google Scholar
Arnáiz, Verónica
2015 “Long questionnaire in Spain.” In The Reception of Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, ed by Pablo Romero-Fresco, 95–117. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Baker, Robert G.
1981 Guidelines for the Subtitling of Television Programmes. IBA, ITCA, Southampton University.Google Scholar
1982 ORACLE subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing. Unpublished report to Independent Broadcasting Authority and Independent Television Companies Association.Google Scholar
1985 “Subtitling Television for Deaf Children”. Media in Education Research 3. University of Southampton: Department of Teaching Media.Google Scholar
Baker, Robert G., and Andrew Lambourne
1982 “Split-level ORACLE subtitling –a method of catering for the less able reader”. Unpublished paper available from the Department of Electronics, Southampton University.Google Scholar
Baker, Robert G., Andrew Lambourne, and Guy Rowston
1984 Handbook for Television Subtitlers. Winchester: University of Southampton and Independent Broadcasting Authority.Google Scholar
Bean, Rita M., and Robert M. Wilson
1989 “Using closed captioned television to teach reading to adults.” Reading Research Instruction 28 (4): 27–37. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bisson, Mariée-Josée, Walter J. B. Van Heuven, Kathy Conklin, and Richard J. Tunney
2012 “Processing of native and foreign language subtitles in films: An eye tracking study.” Applied Psycholinguistics 35 (2): 399–418. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Blatt, Joseph, and James Sulzer
1981 “Captioned Television and Hearing-Impaired Viewers: The Report of a National Survey.” American Annals of the Deaf 126 (9): 1017–1023. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, J., and E. A Vader
1972 “Captioned television for the deaf”. American Annals of the Deaf 117: 34–37.Google Scholar
Braverman, Barbara
1981 “Captioning Strategies: A Systematic Research and Development Approach.” American Annals of the Deaf 126 (9): 1031–1036. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Burnham, Denis, Greg Leigh, William Noble, Caroline Jones, Michael Tyler, Leonid Grebennikov, and Alex Varley
2008 “Parameters in Television Captioning for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Adults: Effects of Caption Rate Versus Text Reduction on Comprehension.” Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 13 (3): 391–404. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Cambra, Cristina, Nuria Silvestre, and Aurora Leal
2008 “Función de la subtitulación y la interpretación de la imagen en la comprensión de los mensajes televisivos: la omprensión de una serie por parte de los adolescentes sordos.” Cultura y Educación 20 (1): 81–93. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2009 “Comprehension of television messages by deaf students at various stages of education.” American Annals of the Deaf 153 (5): 425–434. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Cambra, Cristina, Nuria Silvestre and Aurora Leal
2010 “How Deaf and Hearing Adolescents Comprehend a Televised Story.” Deafness and Education International 2 (1): 34–51. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Cambra, Cristina, Nuria Silvestre, Oliver Penacchio, and Aurora Leal
2014 “Visual attention to subtitles when viewing a cartoon by deaf and hearing children: an eye-tracking pilot study.” Perspectives: Studies in Translatology 22 (4): 607–617 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Cambra, Cristina, Nuria Silvestre, and Aurora Leal
2015 “How useful are television subtitles in helping deaf children to interpret cartoon programmes?” In Audiovisual Translation: Taking Stock, ed by Jorge Díaz-Cintas and Joselia Neves, 245–260. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar
Centro Español del Subtitulado y la Audiodescripción (CESyA)
2014 «Seguimiento del subtitulado y la audiodescripción en la TDT”, Madrid: Real Patronato sobre Discapacidad.Google Scholar
Chapdelaine, Claude, Valerie Gouaillier, Mario Beaulieu, and Langis Gagnon
2007 “Improving Video Captioning for Deaf and Hearing-impaired People Based on Eye Movement and Attention Overload”. Proceedings of SPIE 6492, Human Vision & Electronic Imaging XII.Crossref
Chaume, Frederic , and Mabel Richart Marset
2016 “Del paradigma descriptivista al giro cultural en traducción audiovisual.” Prosopopeya 9: 17–24.Google Scholar
Conseil Supérieur de l’Audiovisuel (CSA)
2011 Charte relative à la qualité du sous-titrage à destination des personnes sourdes ou malentendantes. Paris: Conseil Supérieur de l’Audiovisuel. Available online: http://​www​.csa​.fr​/Espace​-juridique​/Chartes​/Charte​-relative​-a​-la​-qualite​-du​-sous​-titrage​-a​-destination​-des​-personnes​-sourdes​-ou​-malentendantes​-Decembre​-2011 [last access 29 December 2016].Google Scholar
Davila, Robert R.
1972 Effects of changes in visual information patterns on students’ achievement using a captioned film and specially adapted still pictures. Unpublished PhD thesis, Syracuse University.Google Scholar
De Linde, Zoé, and Neil Kay
1999 The Semiotics of Subtitling. Manchester: St. Jerome.Google Scholar
d’Ydewalle, Géry, and Ingrid Gielen
1992 “Attention Allocation with Overlapping Sound, Image, and Text.” In Eye Movements and Visual Cognition: Scene Perception and Reading, ed by Keith Rayner, 415–427. New York: Springer-Verlag. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Eugeni, Carlo
2008 “Respeaking the News for the Deaf: for a real special needs-oriented subtitling.” Studies in English Language and Literature 21, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei.Google Scholar
2015 “Long questionnaire in Italy”. In The Reception of Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, ed by Pablo Romero-Fresco, 75–95. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Fels, Deborah I., Daniel G. Lee, Carmen Branje, and Matthew Hornburg
2005 “Emotive Captioning and Access to Television”. AMCIS 2005 Proceedings. Paper 300.
Fischer, David C.
1971 Improvement in the utilization of captioned films for the deaf. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Nebraska, Dissertation Abstracts International, 1971, 32, 693A, University Microfilms No. T1-19842.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, Molly., and Carl Jensema
1981 “Closed-captioned television viewing preferences.” American Annals of the Deaf 126 (5): 536–539. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Franco, Eliana, and Vera Araújo
2003 “Reading television”. The Translator 9 (2): 249–267. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Garza, Thomas J.
1991 “Evaluating the use of captioned video materials in advanced foreign language learning.” Foreign Language Annals 24 (3): 239–258. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gates, R. R.
1970 The differential effectiveness of various modes of presenting verbal information to deaf students through modified television formats. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
1971 “The reception of verbal information by deaf students through a television medium – a comparison of speechreading, manual communication, and reading.” Proceedings of the Convention of American Instructors of the Deaf, Little Rock, 513–512.Google Scholar
Goldman, M., and S. Goldman
1988 “Reading with closed captioned TV.” Journal of Reading 31 (5): 458.Google Scholar
Gottlieb, Henrik
2015 “Different viewers, different needs: Personal subtitles for Danish TV?”. In The Reception of Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, ed by Pablo Romero-Fresco, 17–45. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Gregory, Susan, and Jane Sancho-Aldridge
1998 Dial 888: Subtitling for Deaf. Children, Independent Television Commission.Google Scholar
Harkins, Judith E., Beth R. Singer, Ellie Korres, Barbara M. Virvan, and Beth Singer
1996 Caption Features for Indicating Non-Speech Information: Guidelines for the Captioning Industry. Report produced by Gallaudet Research Institute.Google Scholar
Hertzog, Melody, Michael S. Stinson, and Robert Keiffer
1989 “Effects of caption modification and instructor intervention on comprehension of a technical film.” Educational Technology Research and Development 37 (2): 59–67. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hoban, Charles F., and Edward G. Van Ormer
1950 Instructional film research 1918–1950. State College, Pa.: The Pennsylvania State College, Instructional Film Research Program.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
2015 Accessibility terms and definitions. Series F: Non-Telephone Telecommunication Services. Audio-visual services”, Geneva, ITU.Google Scholar
Jelinek Lewis, Margaret
1999 “Television Captioning: A Vehicle for Accessibility and Literacy”. Proceedings of Center on Disabilities Technology and Persons with Disabilities Conference, California State University, Northridge.
Jelinek Lewis, Margaret, and Dorothy Jackson
2001 “Television Literacy: Comprehension of Program Content Using Closed Captions for the Deaf”. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 6 (1): 43–53. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Jensema, Carl J., and Molly Fitzgerald
1981 “Background and Initial Audience Characteristics of the Closed-Captioned Television System.” American Annals of the Deaf 126 (1): 32–36. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Jensema, Carl J., Ralph McCann, and Scott Ramsey
1996 “Closed-Captioned Television Presentation Speed and Vocabulary.” American Annals of the Deaf 141 (4): 284–292. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Jensema, Carl J.
1998a “Viewer reaction to different television captioning speeds”. American Annals of the Deaf 143 (4): 318–324. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Jensema, Carl J., and Robb Burch
1999 Caption Speed and Viewer Comprehension of Television Programs, Final Report for Federal Award Number H180G60013. Silver Spring: Institute for Disabilities Research and Training, Inc.Google Scholar
Jensema, Carl J.
1998b “Viewer Reaction to Different Television Captioning Speeds”. American Annals of the Deaf 143 (4): 318–324. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Jensema, Carl J., Sameh el Sharkawy, Ramalinga S. Danturthi, Robert Burch, and David Hsu
2000a “Eye movement patterns of captioned television viewers.” American Annals of the Deaf 145 (3): 275–285. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Jensema, Carl J., Ramalinga S., Danturthi, and Robert Burch
2000b “Time spent viewing captions on television programs.” American Annals of the Deaf 145 (5): 464–468. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, James, and Mack Steer
1949 “Revised concept of rate.” Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 14: 222–226. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
King, Cynthia, Carol Lasasso, and Doug Short
1994 “Digital Captioning: Effects of Color-Coding and Placement in Synchronized Text-Audio Presentations”. ED-MEDIA: 329–334.Google Scholar
Kirkland, C. Eric, Elizabeth Byrom, Mary Ann MacDougall, and Miriam Corcoran
1995 “The Effectiveness of Television Captioning on Comprehension and Preference”. Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association.Google Scholar
Krejtz, Izabela, Agnieszka Szarkowska, and Krzysztof Krejtz
2013 “The Effects of Shot Changes on Eye Movements in Subtitling.” Journal of Eye Movement Research 6 (5): 1–12.Google Scholar
Krejtz, Izabela, Agnieszka Szarkowska, and Maria Łogińska
2015 “Reading Function and Content Words in Subtitled Videos”. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 21 (2): 222–232.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kruger, Jan-Louis, and Faans Steyn
2013 “Subtitles and Eye Tracking: Reading and Performance.” Reading Research Quarterly 49 (1): 105–120.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kruger, Jan-Louis, Maite Soto-Sanfiel, Stephen Doherty and Ronny Ibrahim
2016 “Towards a cognitive audiovisual translatology: subtitles and embodied cognition”. In Reembedding Translation Process Research, ed by Ricardo Muñoz, pp.171–193. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kyle, Jim G.
1993 Switched On … or Not? Deaf people’s views on television subtitling. Report prepared for the BBC and ITC. Bristol: Deaf Studies Trust.Google Scholar
Lambourne, Andrew
2006 “Subtitle Respeaking”. In Intralinea, Special Issue on Respeaking, ed by Carlo Eugeni and Gabriele Mack. Available online: http://​www​.intralinea​.org​/specials​/article​/Subtitle​_respeaking [last access 30 December 2016].Google Scholar
Lee, Daniel G., Deborah I. Fels, and John Patrick Udo
2007 “Emotive Captioning”. Computers in Entertainment (CIE) 5 (2): 11. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Linebarger, Deborah L.
2001 “Learning to read from television: The effects of using captions and narration.” Journal of Educational Psychology 93 (2): 288–298. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Liss, Marsha B., and Debora Price
1981 “What, when & why deaf children watch Television.” American Annals of the Deaf 126: 493–498. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lorenzo, Lourdes
2010 “Subtitling for deaf and hard of hearing children in Spain. A case study’”. In Listening to Subtitles: Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, ed by Anna Matamala and Pilar Orero, 115–138, Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Mascow, Juliane
2015 “Long Questionnaire in Germany”. In The Reception of Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, ed by Pablo Romero-Fresco, 189–217. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Matthews, Laura
2013 Getting the full picture? Viewers’ experiences of television subtitling. London: Action on Hearing Loss.Google Scholar
Meyer, Martha J., and Benjamin Yung-bin Lee
1995 “Closed-Captioned Prompt Rates: Their Influence on Reading Outcomes”. Proceedings of the 1995 Annual National Convention of the Association for Educational Communication and Rechnology (AECT).
Muller, Tia
2015 “Long questionnaire in France: The viewers’ opinion”. In The Reception of Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, ed by Pablo Romero-Fresco , 163–189. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Murphy-Berman, Virginia, and Julie Jorgensen
1980 “Evaluation of a multilevel linguistic approach to captioning television for hearing-impaired children”. American Annals of the Deaf 125: 1072–1081. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
National Center for Accessible Media (NCAM)
1998 Advanced Television Closed Captioning: Research Report. Report commissioned by NCAM to WGBH Research Department.Google Scholar
Neuman, Susan B., and Patricia Koskinen
1992 “Captioned television as comprehensible input: Effects of incidental word learning from context for language minority students.” Reading Research Quarterly 27: 95–106. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Neves, Joselia
2005 Audiovisual Translation: Subtitling for the Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing. Unpublished PhD thesis. London: University of Surrey-Roehampton.Google Scholar
2007 Guia De Legendagem Para Surdos: Vozes Que Se Vêem. Leiria: Instituto Politécnico de Leiria and Universidade de Aveiro.Google Scholar
Nix, Gary W.
1971 The effects of synchronized captioning on the assimilation of vocabulary and concepts presented in a film to intermediate level deaf children. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Oregon, Dissertation Abstracts International, 1972, 32, 5074 A, University Microfilms No. 72-8584.Google Scholar
Nomeland, R. E.
1973 The effects of inserts and captions on learning with deaf subjects using motion and still pictures. Unpublished PhD thesis, Syracuse University.Google Scholar
Norwood, Malcom J.
1976 Comparison of an interpreted and captioned newscast among deaf high school graduates and deaf college graduates. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Maryland.Google Scholar
Norwood, Malcolm. J
1980 “Just don’t scramble the wrong egg”. In Captioning: Shared Perspectives, ed by Barbara Braverman and Barry J. Cronin, Rochester, NY; National Technical Institute for the Deaf.Google Scholar
Nugent, Gwen C.
1983 “Deaf students’ learning from captioned instruction: The relationship between the visual and caption display.” The Journal of Special Education 17 (2): 227–234. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Office of Communications (Ofcom)
2005 “Subtitling – An issue of speed?” London: Ofcom.Google Scholar
2013 “Measuring the quality of live subtitling: Statement”. London: Office of Communications. Available online: http://​stakeholders​.ofcom​.org​.uk​/consultations​/subtitling​/statement [last access 19 December 2016].
OFCOM
2015 “Measuring live subtitling quality: results from the fourth sampling exercise”. London: Office of Communications. Available online: https://​www​.ofcom​.org​.uk​/research​-and​-data​/tv​-radio​-and​-on​-demand​/tv​-research​/live​-subtitling​/sampling​_results​_4 [last access 19 December 2016].
Orero, Pilar, Stephen Doherty, Jan-Louis Kruger, Anna Matamala, Jan Pedersen, Elisa Perego, Pablo Romero-Fresco, Sara Rovira-Esteva, Olga Soler-Vilageliu and Agnieszka and Szarkowska
Forthcoming) “Conducting experimental research in audiovisual translation (AVT): A position paper”. In The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Technology ed by Minako O’Hagan and Tony Hartley London/NewYork Routldge
Parlato, Salvatore J.
1977 “Those other captioned films.” American Annals of the Deaf 122: 33–37.Google Scholar
Porteiro Fresco, Minia
2012 El subtitulado como herramienta complementaria en la rehabilitación logopédica de patologías lingüísticas, Unpublished PhD Thesis, UAB, Barcelona, Spain.Google Scholar
Propp, George
1972 An experimental study on the encoding of verbal information for visual transmission to the hearing impaired learner. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Nebraska.Google Scholar
Rajendran, Dhevi J., Andrew Duchowski, Pilar Orero, Juan Martínez, and Pablo Romero-Fresco
2012 “Effects of text chunking on subtitling: A quantitative and qualitative examination.” Perspectives: Studies in Translatology 21 (1): 5–21. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Remael, Aline
2007 “Sampling Subtitling for the Deaf and the Hard-of-Hearing in Europe”. In Media for All, ed by Jorge Díaz Cintas, Aline Remael and Pilar Orero , 23–52. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Romero-Fresco, Pablo
2010 “Standing on quicksand: viewers’ comprehension and reading patterns of respoken subtitles for the news”. In New insights into audiovisual translation and media accessibility, ed by Jorge Díaz-Cintas, Anna Matamala and Joselia Neves, 175–195. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
2011 Subtitling through Speech Recognition: Respeaking. London/New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
2012 “Quality in live subtitling: the reception of respoken subtitles in the UK”. In Audiovisual translation and media accessibility at the crossroads, ed by Aline Remael, Pilar Orero and Mary Carroll, 111–133. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
2013 “Accessible filmmaking: Joining the dots between audiovisual translation, accessibility and filmmaking.” Jostrans – The Journal of Specialised Translation 20: 201–223.Google Scholar
(ed) 2015a The Reception of Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. Bern: Peter Lang. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2015b “Long questionnaire in the UK”. In Pablo Romero-Fresco (ed) 2015a, 117–163.Google Scholar
2015c “Final thoughts: Viewing speed in subtitling”. In Romero-Fresco (ed), 2015a, 335–343.Google Scholar
2015d “Conclusions”. In Pablo Romero-Fresco (ed) 2015a,117–163.Google Scholar
Romero-Fresco, Pablo, Louise and Fryer
2016 “The reception of automatic surtitles: Viewers’ preferences, perception and presence”. Paper presented at the Conference Unlimited: International Symposium on Accessible Live Events on 29th April 2016, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
Royal National Institute for the Deaf (RNID)
2001 “Subtitling on Cable, Satellite and Digital Terrestrial Channels”. London: RNID.Google Scholar
Shroyer, Edgar H.
1973 A comparative analysis of the readability and reading rates of captioned films with comprehension levels and reading rates of deaf students, Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Stepp, Robert E.
1965 A Feasibility Study to Investigate the Instrumentation, Establishmentand Operation of a Learning Laboratory for Hard-of-hearing Children. Unpublished manuscript, Lincoln, Nebraska, University of Nebraska Extension Division.Google Scholar
Stewart, David, A.
1984 “Captioned Television for the Deaf.” Journal of Special Education 8 (1): 61–69.Google Scholar
Stinson, Michael S., and Susan Stevenson
2013 “Effects of expanded and standard captions on deaf college students’ comprehension of educational videos.” American Annals of the Deaf 158 (4): 453–467. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Szarkowska, Agnieszka, Izabela Krejtz, Zuzana Klyszejko, and Anna Wieczorek
2011 “Verbatim, standard, or edited? Reading patterns of different captioning styles among deaf, hard of hearing, and hearing viewers.” American Annals of the Deaf 156 (4): 363–378. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Szarkowska, Agnieszka, Jagoda Żbikowska, and Izabela Krejtz
2013 “Subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing in multilingual films.” International Journal of Multilingualism 10 (3): 292–312. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2014 “Strategies for rendering multilingualism in subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing.” Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series 13: 273–291.Google Scholar
Szarkowska, Agnieszka, Joanna Pietrulewicz, and Anna Jankowska
2015 “Long Questionnaire in Poland”. In Pablo Romero-Fresco (ed) 2015a, 45–75.Google Scholar
Szarkowska, Agnieszka, Izabela Krejtz, Olga Pilipczuk, Lukasz Dutka, and Jan-Louis Kruger
2016 “The effects of text editing and subtitle presentation rate on the comprehension and reading patterns of interlingual and intralingual subtitles among deaf, hard of hearing and hearing viewers.” Across Languages and Cultures 17 (2).CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Tamayo, Ana
2015 Estudio descriptivo y experimental de la subitulación en TV para niños sordos. Una propuesta alternativa. Unpublished PhD thesis, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain.Google Scholar
Tyler, Michael D., Caroline Jones, Leonid Grebennikov, Greg Leigh, William Noble, and Denis Burnham
2009 “Effect of Caption Rate on the Comprehension of Educational Television Programmes by Deaf School Students.” Deafness and Education International 11 (3): 152–162. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Vy, Quoc V., and Deborah I. Fels
2010 “Using Placement and Name for Speaker Identification in Captioning”. ICCHP 2010, Vienna.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ward, Phillip C.., Ye Wang, Peter Paul, and Mardi Loeterman
2007 “Near-Verbatim Captioning versus Edited Captioning for Students who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing: A Preliminary Investigation of Effects on Comprehension.” American Annals of the Deaf 152 (1): 20–28. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Withrow, Frank B.
1965 “The Use of Audiovisual Techniques to Expand Lipreading and Auditory Experiences of Young Deaf Children”. American Annals of the Deaf 110: 523–527.Google Scholar
Zárate, Soledad
2014 Subtitling for deaf children: Granting accessibility to audiovisual programmes in an educational way. Unpublished PhD thesis, Imperial College, London.Google Scholar
Zárate, Soledad, and Joseph Eliahoo
2014 “Word recognition and content comprehension of subitles for television by deaf children”. JosTrans: The Journal of Specialised Translation 21: 133–152.Google Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 5 other publications

Black, Sharon
2020. Could integrated subtitles benefit young viewers? Children’s reception of standard and integrated subtitles: a mixed methods approach using eye tracking. Perspectives ► pp. 1 ff. Crossref logo
Di Giovanni, Elena
2020.  In The Palgrave Handbook of Audiovisual Translation and Media Accessibility, ► pp. 397 ff. Crossref logo
Federici, Federico M. & Callum Walker
2018.  In Eye Tracking and Multidisciplinary Studies on Translation [Benjamins Translation Library, 143], ► pp. 11 ff. Crossref logo
Perego, Elisa & Ralph Pacinotti
2020.  In The Palgrave Handbook of Audiovisual Translation and Media Accessibility, ► pp. 33 ff. Crossref logo
Szarkowska, Agnieszka
2020.  In The Palgrave Handbook of Audiovisual Translation and Media Accessibility, ► pp. 249 ff. Crossref logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 31 march 2022. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.