Chapter 1.Introduction
1
1.1Preliminary remarks
1
1.2Towards a definition of personal pronouns (in Japanese)
2
1.3Synchronic overview
5
1.4Diachronic overview
8
1.5Periodization and data
10
1.6Outline
13
Chapter 2.Noun-based forms
15
2.1Introduction
15
2.2First person forms
21
2.2.1
Watakushi ‘private’
21
2.2.2
Boku ‘servant’
25
2.3Second person forms
28
2.3.1
Kimi ‘lord’
28
2.3.2
Kisama ‘nobility’
32
2.4Semantic bleaching and pragmatic depreciation
37
2.5Summary and conclusion
44
Chapter 3.Demonstrative-based forms
47
3.1Demonstratives in Japanese
47
3.1.1Demonstratives and Japanese personal pronouns
47
3.1.2Overview of Japanese demonstratives
49
3.2Third person forms
53
3.3First/second person forms
58
3.3.1Metonymic use of demonstratives for person referents
59
3.3.2Inapplicability of speaker innovation
65
3.3.3Functional dissimilarity between demonstratives and first/second person pronouns
67
3.3.4From a demonstrative to a second person pronoun
68
3.4Location nouns
72
3.4.1
Omae ‘honorable front’
72
3.4.2
Temae ‘in front of hand’
76
3.5Summary and conclusion
79
Chapter 4.Principles of person shift
83
4.1Introduction
83
4.2Extravagant politeness
88
4.3Spatial perspectives
91
4.4Empathetic perspectives and self-objectification
93
4.4.1Pragmatic depreciation and person shift
98
4.4.2Self-objectification and pragmatic depreciation of temae ‘in front of hand’
102
4.5Summary and conclusion
105
Chapter 5.Diachrony of personal pronouns in functional and cross-linguistic perspectives
109
5.1Nominal sources
110
5.2Displacement of semantic features
115
5.3Demonstratives
124
5.4Reflexives
129
5.5Grammaticalization and the emergence of personal pronouns
136
5.5.1Controversies surrounding grammaticalization and related phenomena
136
5.5.2What grammaticalization and the development of personal pronouns suggest about each other
139
5.6Summary and conclusion
145
Chapter 6.Conclusion
149
6.1Summary of the major findings
149
6.2Directions for future research
153