Index of Subjects

• ablative 49–52, 54, 56–62, 89, 101, 136, 158

• ablaut 3, 49–51, 53–55, 57, 183–187, 189–190, 192, 195–196, 199–202

• accent 49–55, 57–60, 61–62, 281 444, 450

• accommodation 74, 193, 322, 337, 412

• accusative 1, 9–27, 32–33, 49–51, 53–54, 56, 61, 77, 101, 119, 136, 138, 155, 173, 179, 225, 241–242, 267, 290, 294, 297, 312, 358, 382, 394, 417, 427

• acrostatic 52–53

• actionality 1, 9, 24, 137, 390

• active-inactive 119, 121

• actualization 79, 109, 134, 137, 323

• agglutination 163, 165, 171, 178, 412

• agreement 29, 32, 37, 42, 136, 154–155, 157, 159, 167–168, 209–211, 214, 218–222, 224–225, 244, 304, 324, 344–345, 383, 456, 459, 465

• alienable 11, 27, 68, 71

• alignment ix, 1–2, 14–16, 107, 119, 121, 138, 140, 143–144, 154–155, 157, 172, 291, 294, 394, 404

• allomorphy 2–3, 163, 165, 168–171, 173–175, 177, 183–187, 210, 280, 337

• analogy 50, 58–59, 83, 139, 183–184, 191–192, 194–196, 198, 223, 288, 332, 334

• analytic 4, 65–66, 110–111, 121, 128, 137–139, 145–146, 212, 271, 273, 275–276, 278–281, 287, 289, 309, 311, 314, 321, 348, 487

• analytic passive 110, 121, 128, 139

• analytic perfect 4, 273, 278–281, 309

• animacy 1–2, 9, 13, 15–18, 23, 25, 27, 65, 67, 69, 71–73, 76, 90, 109, 112, 114–115, 121, 128, 132, 134–136, 154–155, 157, 166, 173–174

• animacy hierarchy 1, 9, 13, 15–16, 23, 27

• anticausative 19, 26, 112–116, 123–124, 127, 135, 139–140

• aorist 14, 19, 27, 31, 42, 45, 146, 153, 155–156, 273–276, 284–285, 287–290, 294, 300–301, 305–306, 312

• apophony 215, 219

• apparent-time458

• areal 26, 139, 293, 295–297, 309, 312, 315, 396

• argument 1–2, 5, 7, 13, 15–18, 20–25, 27, 29–35, 37–44, 46, 56, 59, 66, 70, 74, 77–78, 81–84, 86–87, 89–90, 92–94, 96, 98, 100–103, 109, 111–114, 118–119, 134, 136, 138–139, 147, 154, 158, 167, 177, 255, 294, 297–298, 325, 334, 345, 347, 359, 365, 369–371, 373, 379, 381–383, 394–395, 398–399, 404, 409–415, 417–421, 423–427, 429–430

• aspect ix–x, 2, 24, 27, 42, 45, 70, 85, 109–112, 114, 118, 121–125, 127–128, 134–135, 137–139, 155–156, 158–159, 166, 168, 175, 180–181, 249, 273–275, 277, 282, 285–287, 289–293, 294, 313, 315, 320–321, 324, 326, 331, 335, 339, 346–348, 357–360, 387, 389–390, 402–405, 410, 413, 423, 441, 456, 469–471

• atomization323

• auxiliary 2, 4, 109–112, 121–123, 125–126, 128, 136. 136–141, 145, 158, 168, 179, 210, 214–215, 217–220, 224–225, 230, 249, 254, 273, 276–278, 280, 282–283, 285–287, 289–291, 294–295, 297, 302, 306–308, 311–312, 325, 337, 343, 399, 404

• biodiversity 4, 344, 351–353, 357

• borrowing 3, 5, 187, 238, 240–245, 248, 309, 311, 378, 389, 392–393, 398, 403, 409–414, 416, 419, 428–429, 457, 473, 474–476, 479–481, 483–485, 487

• case 1–2, 7, 9–10, 12–19, 21, 23–26, 29–33, 37–59, 61–62, 71, 74, 101, 136–139, 153–154, 158, 168–169, 175, 177, 183–189, 191–192, 196–198, 200, 207–209, 215–216, 218–219, 222, 226, 230–232, 244, 247, 254, 260–264, 267, 269, 275, 287, 299, 301–302, 314, 324–328, 330–335, 377, 393–395, 398, 400, 402, 412, 417–418, 420–425, 427–430, 446–447, 450, 453, 468–469, 473, 476, 481–482, 484, 486–488

• case mergers 49, 52, 55, 57–59, 61

• case mismatch 29, 32, 37, 40–41

• cataphoric 167, 364–365, 367–371, 379, 381–382

• chain 38, 43–44, 70, 313, 431, 443

• Circum-Baltic 293, 296–297, 307, 311–313

• cluster reduction 434, 445–446

• code-copying 415, 428, 454, 457–458, 468, 470–471

• collective 3, 229, 233, 235, 237, 243–244, 246, 248

• complementizer 81, 84, 88, 93–94, 101, 382

• complexity mismatch 3, 206–208, 212, 219, 222–225

• complex predicate 343, 360, 404

• conjectural 273, 280–281, 286, 289–290

• construction 1–4, 9–11, 13–24, 27, 31–32, 34, 37, 43–46, 65–70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 81–84, 86, 88–93, 95–102, 111–112, 115, 125–127, 130, 148, 150, 153, 196, 206, 209–211, 213–214, 217–222, 224, 226, 229–231, 234, 237, 240–241, 246–247, 250–251, 275–276, 278, 282, 286, 291, 295, 297–298, 301, 308–310, 312, 316–317, 319–320, 324, 326, 328–331, 363, 369, 371, 378–379, 394–395, 401, 403, 420, 424–426, 428–429, 460–461

• construction grammar 3, 78, 81–82, 102, 251, 291, 317, 319–320, 331

• contact ix–x, 4–5, 70, 144–145, 187, 205, 214, 217, 287–288, 290–291, 293, 296–299, 309, 311–313, 322, 326–327, 336–337, 347, 356, 363, 378–379, 381, 384–385, 387–396, 398, 400–405, 407, 409–415, 419, 425, 427–432, 435, 437, 443, 447–448, 450, 454–457, 459, 461–463, 465–466, 468–471, 481, 488

• continuum of control 109, 112

• control construction34

• conventionalization 416, 428, 458, 465, 467, 471

• copula 122, 125, 127, 134–135, 139, 211, 217–218, 224, 273, 276–279, 281–283, 285–290, 294, 387–388, 390–391, 394–397, 399, 402–406

• copying 5, 409–411, 413, 415–419, 423, 425, 428, 454, 457–458, 463, 465–471

• coreference resolution 29, 32

• cumulative exponence 163, 177

• decategorialization 126, 134, 206, 209–212, 214, 218, 222, 302, 304, 465

• definiteness 98, 154, 249

• degrammaticalization 223, 227, 273

• degrammation 283, 291

• deponent 117, 137, 175, 277

• dialect contact 431–432, 435, 437, 454–455, 457, 462, 468

• diathesis 2, 107

• ditransitive 1–2, 5, 14, 26, 56, 65–72, 74, 76, 425

• Do-support 229, 317, 325

• Dybo’s Law 53–55, 58–59, 62

• ergative 2, 25, 27, 49, 79, 143–144, 148–150, 154–159, 275, 282, 294, 313, 387, 394, 404, 406

• evidential 4, 273, 279, 284–290, 292

• exaptation 3, 205, 226–227

• existential 70, 79, 131–133, 135, 166, 182, 366, 382–383

• expletive 3–5, 30, 129, 253, 257–258, 263, 265–266, 271, 363–369, 371–384

• Extended Projection Principle (EPP) 4, 267

• external possession 15, 24, 26, 65–66, 79

• extraposition365

• extravagant progressive 317, 338

• feature preservation445

• frame-setting 262, 265

• frequency 2–3, 15, 24, 27, 62, 81–87, 90, 92–96, 100–101, 131, 183–185, 188–201, 261, 263, 302, 308, 337, 343–344, 346–348, 350–357, 360, 367, 369–370, 372, 374, 398–399, 412, 426, 462, 465, 470, 474–475, 482, 484, 486, 488

• fusion 163, 165, 171, 178, 197

• future 5, 42, 45, 61, 84, 101, 120, 125, 129, 134, 136, 146, 155, 179, 225, 267, 273, 286, 309, 357, 377, 397, 453–456, 458–470

• gender 5–6, 42, 51, 57, 171, 229, 457, 461, 473–488

• genre 260, 305, 327, 348–349, 370, 430

• Givón’s principle149

• global copying 410, 416, 458

• grammaticalization 3–5, 70, 78, 109–110, 124, 126, 128, 133–135, 138–140, 179, 205–207, 209–210, 219, 222–223, 226–227, 236–237, 249–251, 264, 269–271, 273, 278–279, 288–290, 293–296, 298–299, 302, 307, 309–312, 324–325, 331–332, 334–335, 337–339, 347, 358, 383, 400, 404–407, 428, 454, 463–466, 470–471

• grammation 168, 291

• homophony 175, 387, 390–392, 402–403

• hypotaxis 310–311

• iconicity 331, 333

• imperfect 111, 125, 129, 136, 146, 171–172, 225, 274–275, 282–283, 285–288, 290, 294, 306, 312

• imperfective 42, 45, 110–112, 121, 125, 127, 129, 131–132, 153, 155, 159, 274–275, 279, 285, 290, 456–457, 467

• impersonal 2, 32, 34–35, 109–110, 112, 120, 128–136, 138–140, 172, 283, 289, 363, 365–367, 369, 371–374, 378–379, 381, 420–421, 428–429

• impersonal passive 366, 378

• impersonal / indefinite reflexives 132–133, 138

• inalienable 1, 9–13, 15–16, 22–24, 27, 66, 68, 71

• indefinite 2, 109–110, 112, 116, 120, 128–135, 297, 346–349

• indexicality 1, 163

• inferential 273, 284, 290, 331

• infinitive 31–34, 42, 45, 47, 93–94, 98, 101–103, 136, 184–185, 191, 199–201, 211, 216, 219, 225–226, 254, 267, 278, 290, 312, 358, 382

• integration 5, 337, 402, 409–410, 413–414, 417–425, 427–428, 465

• interactive pragmatics 327, 335

• interclausal coreference 29, 31–32, 35, 38–39, 44

• interfix 163, 170, 174–176

• inter-subjectivity317

• inversion 153, 254, 256, 331, 367

• invisible hand 226, 317, 324, 338

• kinship 16, 71, 76

• laryngeal 51, 53–55, 57–58, 487

• left periphery 253–255, 264–265, 268, 270

• leveling ix, 2, 98, 178, 183–187, 189–190, 192, 195, 197, 200

• lexical-conceptual 414, 423

• light verb 4, 109–110, 124, 144, 343–346, 349–350, 352–353, 357–360, 413

• medio-passive 136, 277

• micro-variation 229, 234

• mood-prominent 143, 156–157

• Morphological Economy Theory 183, 188

• morphology 3, 29, 49–52, 62, 85, 102–103, 115, 118–119, 143–145, 148–149, 152–160, 163–168, 170, 173–174, 177–181, 183, 185, 187–189, 201–203, 205, 208, 222–223, 226, 229–231, 233–238, 241, 243–248, 268, 274, 277, 284, 287, 289, 312, 315, 383, 387–388, 392–395, 397, 401–403, 406, 412–415, 418, 421–423, 453–456, 459, 462–463, 484–485, 488

• morphome 172, 175, 180–181

• morphophonological426

• nominative absolute 300–303, 305

• non-canonical subjects 1, 29–30, 32, 47, 102

• oblique case 2, 12, 21, 30, 32, 34, 38, 45–61, 70, 83, 88, 225, 390–391, 394, 404

• onset context 4, 317, 321, 323–324, 331, 333, 335–336

• Optimality Theory 6, 473–474

• paradigm ix, 2, 3, 50, 54, 57, 60, 118, 122, 161, 163–165, 169–170, 172, 176–177, 179, 181, 184–187, 197, 200–202, 207–208, 222, 264, 280–282, 284, 312, 392, 396, 406, 412–413, 453–454, 458–461, 463, 465, 469, 475

• paradigm layering 207–208

• paradigm leveling ix, 184–187, 200

• parataxis 310–311

• part–whole relationships71

• participial 29, 32, 39–40, 42–44, 46, 125–126, 135, 294, 309, 312–313, 315

• participle 3, 19, 29, 39–46, 101, 110–111, 121–127, 135–136, 145, 149, 175, 179, 184–186, 200–201, 205, 207–212, 213–225, 254, 267, 275, 277–278, 282, 286, 290, 294–295, 297–307, 309–310, 313, 316, 358, 370, 382, 394–395, 397, 404

• partitive 3, 22, 25, 229, 231–233, 237–238, 242–243, 247, 249–250

• passive 2, 9–10, 14, 17–21, 24, 26, 42, 86–89, 109–112, 114–119, 121–139, 141, 143–144, 148–152, 156–159, 167, 175–176, 210, 213, 216–217, 220, 224, 227, 267, 274–278, 289, 314, 316, 365–366, 371, 378, 382, 430

• passive auxiliaries 109, 138

• passive periphrases 110, 124, 127

• perfect 3, 4, 17, 19, 70, 77, 111, 125–126, 136, 138, 155, 159, 175, 192, 196–197, 209, 211, 214, 216, 218–220, 222, 224, 267, 273–291, 294, 297, 306, 309–310, 312–314, 316, 337, 387, 394–395, 476

• perfective 42, 69, 110–112, 121, 125–127, 132, 153, 155–156, 158, 175, 273–275, 277–278, 281–282, 284–285, 290, 393–394, 456

• person hierarchy 2, 109, 112, 128, 134–135

• phonemicization 431–432, 444–445

• phonotactic 191, 334

• pluperfect 111, 126, 136, 219, 276–277, 279, 281, 283, 289–290

• plurale tantum244

• possessive dative 2, 65–68, 70–72, 74–76

• possessor ascension 9, 15, 22, 26

• pragmatics 2, 29, 32–33, 38–39, 42–44, 46, 68, 71, 101, 103, 137–138, 149, 157, 249, 253, 255, 266, 268, 270, 317, 319–320, 326–328, 331–333, 335–336, 398–401, 407, 414

• Präteritumschwund 212, 219

• predicate 9–10, 13–14, 17–24, 27, 42, 47, 67, 109, 114, 122, 139–140, 143–144, 148–152, 154–157, 167, 234, 283, 289, 294–295, 300, 302, 310, 312, 343–347, 358–360, 364–365, 369, 373, 400, 404, 414–415, 423–424

• predicate-argument structure 414, 423–424

• presentational construction 363, 365–367, 369, 374, 376–381, 384

• prestige469

• preterite 3–4, 171, 183–193, 195–201, 208, 212–213, 219, 226, 294, 307, 309–310

• preverbal 83, 131, 254–255, 260–262, 265, 325, 399–401

• pro-drop 37, 46, 268

• progressive 145–146, 150, 155–156, 158, 277, 285–287, 290, 317, 325, 329–332, 334–335, 338, 404, 446, 467

• prosody 2, 49–52, 58–59, 61, 167, 302, 331

• proterokinetic 52–53, 60

• pseudo-partitives 229, 231–232, 237–238

• quantifier 154, 229, 233, 236–237, 249, 346, 349

• “quasi-arguments”365

• raising 15, 25, 30–32, 35, 60, 186, 264, 383, 444, 470

• reanalysis 3, 79, 101, 109, 128, 133, 135, 137, 139–140, 143, 151–153, 157, 163, 168–169, 178, 199, 246, 253, 264, 266–267, 333, 394, 427

• redundancy 327–328, 331

• reflexive 2, 33–35, 44–45, 47, 77, 89, 101, 109–110, 112–120, 128–129, 132–138, 267, 312, 420, 427

• reflexive passive 2, 109–110

• reflexivization 29–34

• regularization 3, 94, 183–184, 186, 188, 192–193, 198, 200, 488

• resultative 4, 110–111, 216, 293–305, 307–312, 314–316, 394

• resumption256

• retrospective 274, 284–285

• Seinsweise 318, 336

• semantic bleaching 207, 264, 270

• semanticization 319, 330–332

• semiotics 181, 326

• serial verb construction 150, 153

• Silverstein’s hierarchy 154–155

• social asymmetry468

• sociolinguistics 1, 4–5, 164, 293, 311–313, 316, 318, 338, 387, 404, 406–407, 413, 466, 470

• split ergativity 2, 154–159

• Strasbourg Oaths 258–259

• stress 49–50, 52–55, 57–60, 62, 278, 318, 416, 426, 482

• strong verb 178, 187–188, 195, 199, 201–202, 213, 220

• subjecthood 29–32, 34, 39, 44

• subjectivization326

• subjunctive 101, 110, 121, 125, 129, 136, 145, 169, 179, 212–213, 267, 273–274, 382, 459

• switch context 320, 324

• syncretism 2, 49–52, 55, 57–62, 154, 181, 242

• syntactic productivity 81–82

• synthetic passive 110, 117, 139

• telicity 1, 22–24, 113–114, 127, 132, 140

• temporal continuity 256, 264

• tense ix, 5, 31, 42–43, 85, 111–112, 121–122, 125, 129, 131–132, 149, 155–156, 158–159, 167, 170–171, 175, 178, 192–193, 207, 216–217, 219, 268, 273–275, 277–279, 282–283, 285, 288, 290–292, 294, 297, 309, 315, 329–330, 397, 405, 456, 460–461, 467, 469–470

• tense/aspect 273–275, 291

• thematic continuity264

• Topic-continuity 253, 256–257, 260–261, 263, 265

• topicality 37–38, 44, 71

• topicless construction 367, 379

• transitivity 2, 14–15, 24–25, 56, 65–66, 69, 74, 77–78, 83, 89, 98, 101–102, 109, 112, 116–117, 124, 135–136, 140, 143, 145–152, 154–155, 158, 175, 275–276, 283, 289, 297, 308, 343, 345, 349, 356–357, 359, 391, 394–395, 415, 420–421, 424, 427–428, 430

• typology, typological ix, 3,11, 13–15, 22, 25–27, 46–47, 78, 102, 138–140, 143, 154–156, 158–160, 163, 165, 178–181, 201, 206, 226–227, 229, 253, 269–270, 273, 277, 287–288, 290, 293, 295, 311–312, 313–316, 378, 405–407, 412, 416, 427, 430, 448, 488

• unaccusative 129, 131–132 214, 366, 430

• unaspirated 393–394

• unergative 129, 131–132, 144, 218

• verb initial (V1) 177, 255, 367, 369–370, 372, 374, 383

• verb of cognition32

• verb second (V2) 253–254, 257–258, 260, 263–266, 268–271, 368–370, 372, 374, 381

• Verner’s Law 53–54, 58–59

• voice 2, 42, 55, 86–90, 109–112, 115–118, 120–121, 124–125, 128, 134–139, 149, 151–152, 158–159, 216, 277, 297

• weak verb 187, 205–206

• Word and Paradigm (WP) 163–165, 179

• word order 29–30, 139, 269, 311, 387–388, 398–401, 404

• zero exponenda174