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Part of
Perfects in Indo-European Languages and Beyond
Edited by Robert Crellin and Thomas Jügel
[Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 352] 2020
► pp. 669–674

Language Index

A

  • Afrikaans662
  • Alanic37
  • Albanian 5, 30, 39, 40, 200, 505–548, 594, 642, 649, 651, 653, 655–657, 660, 663
    • Modern Albanian 506, 538, 541, 543, 544
    • Modern Standard Albanian 506–508, 519, 528, 533
    • Old Albanian 505–507, 518, 538
    see also Geg, Tosk
  • Alemannic112
    • Central Alemannic113
    • Low Alemannic113
  • Alqosh (Christian)331
  • Anatolian 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25–27, 30, 36, 378, 384, 413
    • Proto-Anatolian19
  • Anglo-Irish74
  • Arabic 301, 312, 330, 591, 592, 603–605, 610
    • Arbel Arabic (Jewish)328
    • Classical Arabic604
    • Gulf Arabic604
    • Modern Standard Arabic604
    • qǝltu Arabic dialects 312, 327, 328
    • Standard Arabic 604, 605
  • Aramaic 312, 316 ; see also Neo-Aramaic
  • Arbel (Jewish) 315, 327–331, 342, 343
  • Armenian 24, 30, 33, 35, 152, 300, 312, 351–376, 505, 594, 642, 654
    • Classical Armenian 33, 152, 153, 351, 352, 354, 371, 373, 374, 514
    • Modern Eastern Armenian 351, 370, 373
    • West Armenian653
  • Aromanian 181, 182, 200, 506, 519
  • Austronesian648
  • Avestan 16, 17, 20, 24, 27, 251–256, 259, 274, 279, 284
    • Gatha Avestan 245, 246, 252, 253
    • Old Avestan 252, 253, 255, 258, 284
    • Young Avestan 28, 252, 253, 259, 281, 284, 285
  • Azeri Turkish312

B

  • Bactrian 279, 283, 285, 288–290, 297
  • Bahdini 326–328
  • Balkan languages654
  • Balkan Romance 203, 506
  • Balkan Slavic 6, 35, 40, 150, 152, 156, 161, 176, 183, 189, 196, 197, 200, 545
  • Balochi 304, 615, 619, 629
    • Sistani Balochi 615–617, 619, 623, 627, 631
    • Turkmenistan Balochi304
    • Western Balochi617
  • Baltic 1, 5, 6, 30, 34, 35, 38, 40, 123–148, 151–153, 156, 160–162, 183, 185, 188, 189, 194, 196, 197, 200–204, 226, 232, 591, 642
    • East Baltic40
  • Baltic Sea Slavic607
  • Balto-Finnic 35, 40
  • Balto-Slavic157
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic30
  • Bantu languages248
  • Bartangi 279, 290
  • Barwar (Christian) 316, 317, 318, 322, 343
  • Basque 591, 594
  • Bavarian112
    • Central Bavarian 111, 113
    • North Bavarian113
  • Bedyel (Christian) 323, 328
  • Belarusian 151, 154, 157, 162, 185, 188, 189, 194, 196, 197, 202, 594
    • North(ern) Belarusian 196, 197
  • Bengali 651, 653–655
  • Betanure (Jewish)317
  • Bohemian 606, 607, 609, 610
  • Bohtan316
  • Bokmål653
  • Bosnian-Serbian-Croatian193
  • Brandenburgish113
  • Brazilian Portuguese649
  • Breton 50, 51, 76, 77, 81, 84, 87, 591, 594, 596, 651, 653, 655
    • Middle Breton38
    • Modern Breton38
  • British (Northern)11
  • Brittonic/Brythonic 50, 78
  • Bulgarian 35, 40, 149, 150, 155, 159, 161, 162, 175, 182, 191, 192, 196, 506, 510, 519, 594, 651, 653, 656, 657, 660

C

  • Calabrian594
  • Castilian 594, 602–605
  • Catalan 594, 651, 653, 655, 656, 659, 661, 663
  • Caucasian Tat 299, 301, 304, 305
  • Cebuano648
  • Celtic 2, 16, 20, 23, 24, 29, 30, 38, 39, 49–93, 591, 642, 654, 660
    • Continental Celtic49
    • Insular Celtic 39, 49
    • p-Celtic49
    • q-Celtic49
  • Church Slavonic 167, 169, 649, 652–655
    • NW Church Slavonic35
    • Old Church Slavonic 24, 30, 35, 148, 152, 163, 166–169, 172, 189, 190, 198, 200, 413, 418, 639, 653
  • Conamara Irish74
  • Connacht68
  • Cornish 50, 52, 77
  • Croatiansee Bosnian-Serbian-Croatian, Serbian-Croatian
  • Cymraeg Byw52
  • Czech 148, 151, 154, 155, 162–164, 166, 177–180, 183, 185, 186, 200, 201, 203, 204, 591, 592, 594, 598, 606–610, 662
    • Old Czech 147, 163, 166, 177, 198, 199
    see also Hanakian dialects

D

  • Danish 36, 96, 101, 102, 594, 596, 649, 653, 656
  • Dardic32
  • Dari653
  • Dutch, 1, 8, 11, 12, 95–98, 101, 102, 109, 110, 420, 424, 425, 431, 594, 597, 651, 653, 655, 656, 660, 662

E

  • Eastphalian113
  • English 1, 4–13, 36, 52, 58, 59, 66, 67, 69, 72–74, 76, 78, 86, 90, 95–98, 101, 102, 105, 109, 110, 117, 118, 163, 217, 219, 247, 248, 256, 271, 289, 333, 335, 339, 381, 383, 417, 420, 424, 425, 429–431, 440, 460, 493, 496, 497, 500, 514, 517, 523, 544, 552, 558, 591, 594, 600, 615–617, 620, 623–626, 631, 637, 641, 645, 646, 649, 651, 653–657, 660–663
    • American English111
    • British English 111, 558
    • Canadian varieties11
    • Early Middle English117
    • Hebridean English58
    • Hiberno-English 57, 58, 64, 74, 91
    • Irish-English58
    • Middle English 11, 429, 654, 661
    • Modern (=New) English, 1, 6, 96, 102, 417, 420, 427, 431, 457, 460, 509, 537
    • Modern Standard English10
    • Northern English11
    • Old English 102, 418, 419, 423, 427, 429, 431
    • Scottish English11
    • Singaporean English662
    • South African English662
  • Estonian 40, 594, 649, 661
  • European languages 36, 49, 65, 90, 140, 592, 593, 602, 606, 645, 646, 655
    • Standard Average European 51, 81, 82, 175, 519, 597
    • West(ern) European 36, 287

F

  • Faliscan513
  • Faroese 118, 594, 653
  • Farsisee Persian
  • Finnic 189, 197, 200, 202
  • Finnish 35, 594, 649, 661
  • Finno-Ugric 162, 649
  • Franconian
    • East Franconian 112, 113
    • Moselle Franconian 112, 113
    • Rhine Franconian 112, 113
  • French 5, 8, 38, 61, 77, 78, 81, 84, 105, 109, 162, 488, 493, 510, 532, 595–597, 610, 623, 649, 651, 653, 655–660
    • Standard French595
  • Frisian 118, 594
  • Friulian594

G

  • Gaelic 51, 54, 57, 60, 76, 81, 83
    • Eastern Gaelic75
    • Irish Gaelic49
    • Modern Gaelic39
    • Scots Gaelic594
    • Scottish Gaelic 11, 49, 59–63, 75, 76, 83
    see also Shetland dialect, Orkney dialect
  • Gagauz595
  • Galician595
  • Geg 505–548
  • Georgian236
  • German 5, 7, 8, 12, 67, 78–80, 87, 95–99, 101, 103–112, 115–118, 145, 147, 148, 160, 162–165, 180, 183, 187, 200, 203, 229, 304, 369, 389, 420, 423–425, 429–431, 493, 494, 510, 518, 520, 544, 591, 592, 596, 597, 600, 601, 606–610, 640, 651, 653, 655, 656, 660
    • Central German 103, 108, 110, 113
    • dialects of the South Mark113
    • Early New High German 103, 104, 107, 108, 117
    • East Central German112
    • High German 103, 108, 109
    • Low German 107, 108, 112, 113, 651, 653, 662
    • Middle High German 103, 104, 107, 108, 117
    • Middle Low German 104, 107, 108
    • Modern German 421, 425, 430, 521
    • Modern Standard High German425
    • New High German 103, 104, 106, 117
    • Old High German 22, 98–103, 117, 118, 418, 419, 421, 422, 424, 427–429, 431, 591, 592, 598–601, 609
    • Southern German 5, 594
    • Standard German 108, 431, 595, 662
    • Upper German 101–103, 107–111, 113, 425
    • West Central German 107, 108, 115
  • Germanic 8, 16, 22, 29, 38, 52, 58, 73, 95–122, 139, 150, 154, 295, 378, 381, 393, 412–414, 419, 423, 427, 429, 591, 595, 598, 599, 609, 610, 642, 654, 660, 662
    • Continental West Germanic 425, 599, 649
    • East(ern) Germanic 411, 412, 426
    • Middle Germanic95
    • New Germanic95
    • North Germanic 36, 38, 95, 97, 102, 649, 651, 653, 655, 662
    • Runic Germanic24
    • Old Germanic 97, 101, 117, 411, 413
    • Old West(ern) Germanic 426, 431
    • Proto-Germanic 413, 414
    • West(ern) Germanic 38, 95, 411, 418–420, 422, 424–426, 429, 431, 591
  • Gileki 298, 299
  • Goidelic/Gaelic49
  • Gorani312
  • Gothic 22–24, 38, 96, 98, 102, 103, 411–434, 639
  • Greco-Arian412
  • Greek 16–18, 20, 22–24, 28, 37, 163, 167, 168, 200, 226, 353, 354, 358–371, 378, 381, 382, 414–417, 436, 438–444, 447, 456, 460, 462, 470, 474, 475, 483–503, 505, 516, 519, 524, 527, 542, 566, 568, 575, 595, 615, 616, 623–626, 631, 642, 649, 655, 661, 662
    • Ancient Greek 2, 3, 4, 6, 27, 37, 221, 232, 382, 398, 435–481, 483, 485, 493
    • Archaic Greek 435, 436, 442, 449–453, 456, 458, 461, 465
    • Classical Greek 245, 437, 451, 454, 456–458, 460, 461, 465, 474, 516, 530, 615, 654
    • Greco-Roman Greek 447, 486
    • Hellenistic Greek 412, 447
    • Hellenistic Koine415
    • Homeric Greek 3, 16, 17, 28, 245, 246, 438, 446, 465, 514
    • Koine Greek 133, 465, 472, 473, 649, 652, 653
    • Medieval Greek 483, 484, 488, 492, 498, 519
    • Modern Greek 5, 8, 36, 37, 156, 483, 486, 488, 490, 493–495, 506, 519, 649, 652, 653, 656
    • Mycenaean Greek 6, 435, 436, 441, 442
    • New Testament Greek 398, 615, 616, 619, 620, 623, 624, 631
    • Post-Classical Greek 437, 446, 462, 464–466, 474
  • Gujarati 653–655

H

  • Ḥalabja (Jewish)321
  • Hanakian dialects 154, 177, 184–186, 204, 607, 608
  • Hawrami298
  • Hebrew623
  • Hertevin 315, 323
  • Hessian 112, 113
  • Hindi 7, 32, 653, 654
  • Hittite 2, 16, 19–24, 36, 295, 377–410, 413
    • Middle Hittite 384, 385, 390–395, 399, 400, 402, 404
    • New Hittite 377, 384, 385, 390, 393, 394, 398, 401–405
    • Old Hittite 377, 384, 396, 400, 404, 406
  • Hungarian 595, 609

I

  • Ibero-Romance 36, 591, 603, 649, 658
  • Icelandic 118, 595, 653
  • Indic 28, 32, 514, 642, 660
    • Middle Indic 28, 31
  • Indo-Aryan 3, 7, 8, 32, 245, 378, 651, 652
    • Old Indo-Aryan 245, 246, 248, 260, 274
    • Modern Indo-Aryan 7, 32
    see also Indo-Iranian
  • Indo-European 1–3, 5–7, 9, 15, 16, 20–23, 25, 27, 31, 39, 49, 52, 78, 90, 91, 152, 153, 166, 215, 221, 245, 306, 312, 378, 380–382, 387, 411–413, 485, 505, 513, 550, 553, 579, 635, 641, 642, 644, 646–652, 654, 656, 657, 660, 661, 663
    • Common Indo-European 15, 16, 18, 19, 22–27
    • Core Indo-European 16, 18, 19, 22–27
    • Modern Indo-European9
    • Proto-Indo-European 2, 3, 6, 7, 15, 16, 18–20, 22–27, 31, 43, 45–47 97, 153, 216, 219, 220, 226, 232, 245, 254, 256, 354, 377, 378, 382, 404, 411, 413, 414, 432, 436, 512–514, 487
  • Indo-Iranian 3, 6, 8, 16, 20, 21, 24, 27, 28, 31–33, 36, 39, 245, 246, 251, 252, 254, 259, 514
    • Old Indo-Iranian 253, 274
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian 20, 245, 251, 253–258, 260, 265, 274
    see also Indo-Aryan
  • Indonesian 645, 648, 652, 653, 656, 658, 659
  • Iranian 3, 6, 7, 8, 27, 28, 32, 40, 245, 259, 274, 279–309, 311, 312, 345, 352, 615, 642, 654
    • East Iranian 290, 298, 299
    • East Middle Iranian292
    • Middle Iranian 2, 32, 252, 279, 281, 285–288, 292, 304, 305
    • New Iranian languages 5, 279, 281, 282, 290, 294, 299, 304
    • Northern Iranian36
    • Old Iranian 245, 246, 252, 253, 259, 274, 279, 281, 286, 288, 292, 296, 298, 299
    • Old Central Iranian253
    • Old Northeast Iranian253
    • Old Northwest Iranian253
    • Old Southwest Iranian253
    • Proto-Old-Iranian281
    • Western Iranian 299, 325
  • Irish 39, 49, 50–76, 78–83, 85, 87–91, 595
    • Classical Irish54
    • Conamara Irish74
    • Middle Irish 52, 54
    • Modern Irish 50, 51, 62–64, 78, 90
    • Northern Irish59
    • Old Irish 23, 24, 29, 39, 52, 54, 78, 88, 91
  • Iron dialect287
  • Iškašmi 279, 290, 303, 304
  • Italian 8, 148, 383, 389, 395, 488, 489, 506, 519, 597, 610, 649, 651, 653, 656
    • Northern Italian 109, 594
    • Standard Italian595
  • Italic 16, 20, 29, 30, 35, 36, 38, 513, 549
    • Common Italic29
    • Old Italic38
    • Proto-Italic 29, 513
  • Italo-Romance489

J

  • Judeo-Spanish 604, 605, 610 ; see also Ladino

K

  • Kalasha32
  • Kashubian 35, 38, 154, 179, 180, 185, 186, 201, 204, 591, 595, 607
  • Khotanese 28, 33, 34
  • Khowar32
  • Khwarezmian 2, 32, 36, 37, 279, 283, 290, 295, 301
  • Koy Sanjaq (Jewish)331
  • Kurdish 311, 325–332, 344, 345
    • Central Kurdish 290, 312
    • Northern Kurdish 32, 280, 312
    • Southern Kurdish 296, 305
    see also Bahdini, Gorani, Hawrami, Mukri, Sorani, Kurmanji, Zazaki
  • Kurmanji 304, 312, 326, 328
    • Standard Kurmanji326

L

  • Ladino595see also Judeo-Spanish
  • Latgalian124
  • Latin 5, 9, 22, 24, 29, 35, 38, 73, 74, 76, 78, 85, 152, 216, 421, 483, 485, 486, 489, 500, 506, 507, 513, 516, 518, 519, 521, 530, 535, 536, 537, 540, 542, 543, 549–590, 592, 595, 597–601, 609, 610
    • Classical Latin 553, 554, 559, 572, 576, 577, 583
    • Early Latin 554, 559, 571, 576, 577
    • Late Latin 554, 566, 598, 599, 601, 610
    • Pre-Latin 35, 577
    • Pre-Vulgate Latin600
    • Silver Latin553
  • Latino-Faliscan513
  • Latvian 5, 38, 124–138, 140–145, 156, 160, 164, 197, 202, 595, 653
    • Old Latvian 145–147
  • Leoneg77
  • Lithuanian 24, 35, 38, 124–145, 147, 153, 156, 160, 177, 185, 197, 202, 203, 591, 595, 660
    • Old Lithuanian 145, 146
  • Livonian40
  • Luwian19
  • Luxembourgish112
  • Lycian19

M

  • Macedonian 38, 40, 150, 151, 154–161, 165, 175, 180–184, 186–188, 191, 192, 200, 201, 203, 204, 506, 519, 594
    • Aegean dialect158
    • Old Macedonian187
    • Standard Macedonian156
  • Malay 648, 652
  • Mandaic (Neo-)311
  • Manx 49, 59, 60, 62, 63, 75, 76, 83
  • Marathi 653, 654
  • Mardin327
  • Māṣarm dialect297
  • Molise Slavic 177, 193, 201
  • Moravian 185, 607, 610
  • Mukri 300, 304, 326, 328, 345
  • Munǰi 279, 298, 304
  • Munster 68, 74–76
  • Mycenaean Greeksee Greek

N

  • Neo-Aramaic 1, 6, 8, 299, 311, 312, 330
    • Central Neo-Aramaic311
    • North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) 305, 311–350
    • Christian NENA dialects312
    • Jewish NENA dialects 312, 313, 319, 328, 331
    • Western Neo-Aramaic311
    see also Alqosh, Arbel, Barwar, Bedyel, Betanure, Bohtan, Ḥalabja, Hertevin, Koy Sanjaq, Mardin, Nerwa, North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic, Qaraqosh, Rustaqa, Sanandaj, Sulemaniyya, Urmi
  • Nerwa (Jewish)331
  • Nivkh 3, 4, 6
  • Norwegian 523, 594, 649, 653, 656 ; see also Bokmål
  • Novgorod dialect (Old) 170, 171, 172, 187

O

  • Occitan594
  • Orkney dialect11
  • Ormuṛi 283, 298, 302, 304, 305
  • Oscan550
  • Ossetic 283, 286, 287, 295, 305
    • Modern Ossetic37
    see also Alanic, Iron dialect
  • Ottoman Turkish299

P

  • Palaic19
  • Pāli 32, 34, 223, 231
  • Pamir languages 279, 290–292, 295, 296, 303
  • Parači 294, 299, 305
  • Parthian 279, 285, 286, 288, 292, 293, 305
    • Inscriptional Parthian292
    • Manichaean Parthian 288, 292, 293
  • Pashto 32, 299, 305
  • Persian (Farsi) 5, 279, 282, 286, 291, 295, 296, 299, 300, 301, 304, 305, 345, 653, 656, 657, 660, 661
    • Early Judeo-Persian 296, 297
    • Early New Persian 282, 283, 296, 297
    • Inscriptional Middle Persian293
    • Manichaean Persian286
    • Middle Persian 32, 33, 279, 281–283, 285, 286, 288, 292–294, 296, 297, 301, 302, 305
    • Modern New Persian 281, 282
    • Modern Persian 33, 40
    • New Persian 286, 288, 290, 296, 298–302
    • Old Persian 28, 32, 251–253, 257, 259, 260, 274, 279, 281, 283, 285, 302
    • Standard Persian312
  • Plautdietsch653
  • Polish 35, 145, 148, 150, 151, 154, 157, 160, 164–166, 177, 178, 183, 185, 193, 196, 199, 200, 202, 416, 418, 591, 594, 662
    • borderland Polish185
    • Old Polish177
    • Standard Polish187
  • Pomeranian (Central)113
    • Mecklenburgish-West Pomeranian113
  • Portuguese 38, 73, 591, 592, 594, 598, 601–603, 605, 610, 649, 652–654, 656, 658, 660, 661
    • Modern Portuguese601
    see also Brazilian Portuguese
  • Proto-Indo-Europeansee Indo-European
  • Prussian (Old) 24, 124, 147, 148
  • Pskov dialectssee (Northwest-)Russian

Q

  • Qaraqosh (Christian) 317, 318

R

  • Resian dialects of Slovene 177, 201
  • Ripuarian 112, 113
  • Romance 5, 8, 38, 39, 73, 74, 118, 139, 150, 154, 295, 378, 381, 393, 397, 483, 487, 488, 493, 500, 505, 506, 519, 583, 591, 592, 595, 597, 598, 601, 603, 605, 610, 642, 654, 660, 661
    • Early Romance598
    • North-Western Romance39
    see also Balkan Romance, Ibero-Romance, Italo-Romance
  • Romanian 36, 39, 506, 519, 594
    • Old Romanian519
  • Romansh594
  • Rošani 279, 290
  • Russian 35, 148, 150, 153, 155–158, 163–165, 185, 188, 189, 194–196, 200–202, 204, 239, 287, 416, 418, 419, 594, 662
    • North-Russian 162, 171, 188, 194, 195
    • Northwest-Russian 159, 162, 188, 189, 196–198, 200
    • Old Russian 148, 169
    • Southern Russian194
    • Standard Russian 194, 195
    see also Old East Slavic
  • Rustaqa (Jewish) 322, 330

S

  • Saami (South)35
  • Saamic35
  • Sabellian 513, 550
  • Saka 279, 292, 305
    • Khotanese Saka 28, 33, 34
    • Tumshuqese Saka33
  • Sanandaj (Christian)315
  • Sanandaj (Jewish) 313, 314, 319–323, 328, 331
  • Sangesari298
  • Sanskrit 7, 8, 31, 34, 40, 223, 232, 251, 382
    • Classical Sanskrit 34, 251, 252
    • Epic Sanskrit34
    • Vedic Sanskrit 16, 246
  • Sardinian 39, 594
  • Sarikoli 279, 290, 303–305
  • Sasak648
  • Saxon
    • North Saxon113
    • North Upper Saxon113
    • Old Saxon 98–102, 118, 418, 419, 423, 424, 427–429, 431, 591, 592, 598, 600, 601, 609
    • Upper Saxon113
  • Scandinavian languages 101, 236
  • Scottish 11, 49, 59
  • Semitic 1, 311
  • Serbian 176, 178
    • Old Serbian148
    see also Bosnian-Serbian-Croatian, Serbian-Croatian, Torlak dialects
  • Serbian-Croatian 164, 193, 197, 198
  • Serbo-Croatian594
  • Shetland dialect11
  • Shughni (Šuγni) 279, 290, 305
  • Sicilian 594, 610
  • Slavic 5, 7, 8, 20, 24, 25, 30, 35, 38, 40, 52, 91, 123, 129, 139, 144, 145, 148–201, 202–204, 226, 232, 412–414, 416, 418–420, 430, 606–609, 642, 649, 662
    • Common Slavic 148–151, 153, 155, 160, 161, 163, 170, 183, 184, 189, 199, 200
    • East Slavic 148, 151, 160, 183, 185, 186, 188, 194, 196, 197, 200, 202, 418
    • Modern East Slavic194
    • Modern West Slavic193
    • North Slavic 148, 150, 183
    • Old Church Slavic221
    • Old East Slavic 162, 166, 167, 169, 172–174, 183, 190, 191, 195, 198, 199
    • Old Slavic 189, 424
    • Pomeranian Slavic 180, 200, 201
    • South Slavic 35, 148, 154, 155, 164, 176, 186, 187, 191, 200–202, 204, 649
    • West Slavic 35, 148, 150–152, 154, 160, 164, 177, 180, 182, 184–188, 193, 200–203, 591, 606, 609, 610
    see also Balkan Slavic, Baltic Sea Slavic, Molise Slavic
  • Slavonic354
    • Old Slavonic414see also Church Slavonic
  • Slovak 166, 178, 179, 183, 193, 199, 592, 594, 606–610
    • Central Slovak609
  • Slovene 35, 176, 183, 199, 200
    • Old Slovene 148, 166
    • Resian dialects of Slovene 177, 201
  • Slovenian594
  • Slovincian 148, 154, 179, 180, 185–187, 201, 203, 204, 594
  • Sogdian 2, 28, 32, 36, 37, 279, 283, 290, 295, 305
    • Buddhist Sogdian37
    • Christian Sogdian37
    • Later Sogdian33
    • New Sogdian295
  • Sorani (Central Kurdish) 290, 312
    • Sorani Sulemaniyya 325, 327
  • Sorbian 164, 165, 180, 187, 194, 201, 607
    • Colloquial Upper Sorbian164
    • Lower Sorbian 164, 591, 594
    • Standard Upper Sorbian39
    • Upper Sorbian 183, 200, 591, 595
  • Spanish 8, 38, 82, 602, 603, 610, 651, 653, 655, 656, 658–663
    • Latin American Spanish 604, 661
    • New World Spanish605
    • Peninsular Spanish663
    see also Castilian, Judeo-Spanish
  • Standard Average European 51, 81, 82, 88, 175, 519, 597
  • Sulemaniyya (Jewish) 321, 322, 341, 342
  • Swabian 112, 113
  • Swedish 95–98, 102, 109, 110, 595, 653, 656, 660
    • North Swedish658
    • Västerbotten Swedish658
  • Syriac362

T

  • Tajik 286, 287, 294, 303, 653, 655
  • Taleši 299, 305
  • Tat (Caucasian) 299, 301, 304, 305
  • Thai644
  • Thuringian113
  • Tocharian 16, 24, 30, 152, 215–244, 354
    • Tocharian A 215, 216, 219–223, 225–227, 230–236, 239–241, 354
    • Tocharian B 215, 222–233, 235–240, 354
  • Torlak dialects150
  • Tosk 506, 540, 653
  • Turkic 40, 222, 299, 302, 312, 336
  • Turkish 290, 299, 545, 595
    • Modern Turkish299
    • Ottoman Turkish299

U

  • Ukrainian 154, 160, 194, 196, 199, 595, 607
    • Standard Ukrainian194
  • Umbrian550
  • Uralic languages 35, 648, 661
  • Urdu7
  • Urmi (Christian) 317, 318, 327, 332–340, 344–347
  • Urmi (Jewish) 318, 319, 329, 330

V

  • Vedic 17, 18, 22–24, 27, 28, 34, 40, 226, 245, 246, 251–256, 263, 271, 274, 368
    • Early Middle Vedic 252, 267–269
    • Early Vedic 246, 252, 254, 255, 257, 258, 260–268, 273
    • Late Middle Vedic 252, 269
    • Late Vedic 28, 31, 245, 246, 252, 272–274
    • Middle Vedic 28, 40, 246, 252, 267, 269, 270–272
    • Vedic Sanskrit 16, 246
  • Vietnamese 645, 648, 652, 653, 656, 657

W

  • Wakhi 32, 281, 290, 291, 305
  • Waray648
  • Welsh 39, 50–53, 59–62, 76–78, 83, 84, 86, 88, 595, 651, 653, 658, 660
    • Medieval Welsh78
  • Westphalian113

Y

  • Yazγulami 279, 290–292, 305
  • Yaγnobi (Yaghnobi) 282, 283, 286, 287, 295, 305
    • Modern Y.32
  • Yiddish595
  • Yidγa 279, 298

Z

  • Zazaki305