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Part of
Advances in Iranian Linguistics II
Edited by Simin Karimi, Narges Nematollahi, Roya Kabiri and Jian Gang Ngui
[Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 361] 2023
► pp. 12–43

Chapter 1
Anaphoric potential of pseudo-incorporated bare objects in Persian

| Leibniz-Zentrum Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (ZAS)
| Leibniz-Zentrum Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (ZAS)

This paper investigates the syntax, semantics and discourse effects of bare nominal objects in Persian, analysed as an instance of pseudo-incorporation, in contrast to objects marked by the indefinite article yek and to objects marked by the object marker -rā. The main experimental result is that bare objects readily allow for anaphoric uptake, in contrast to claims in previous literature about Persian and pseudo-incorporated objects in other languages. However, anaphoric uptake is less readily available than with yek-marked objects.

We account for this difference, elaborating on Krifka & Modarresi (2016), where we argue for existential closure over the vP (Diesing 1992) as analyzed in Modarresi (2014) and an interpretation of bare objects as definites dependent on this existential closure. We give an implementation in Discourse Representation Theory (Kamp & Reyle 1993) which provides a model for our experimental findings. We consider -rā as marking constituents that moved out of the existential closure. Thus BNs if marked with -rā are definite and if not are definites dependent on existential closure similar, leading to weak definite effects. This also explains semantic features like the number-neutrality of bare objects, the specific/definite interpretation of rā-marked objects, and the similarity of bare objects to weak definites in languages like English.

Keywords: anaphoric reference, pseudo-incorporation, weak definites, definiteness
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Experimental findings on anaphoric uptake
    • 2.1Experimental studies
    • 2.2Reported experiments
    • 2.3Experiments 1/2: Self-paced-reading and acceptability judgment tests
    • 2.4Experiment 3: Anaphora choice
    • 2.5Experiment 4: Antecedent choice
    • 2.6Experiment 5: Free sentence completion
  • 3.Explaining anaphoric reference to BN vs. YK objects
    • 3.1BN objects as kind-referring expressions?
    • 3.2Syntactic structure of BN objects, YK objects and rā-marking
    • 3.3Semantic interpretation: The framework of DRT
    • 3.4The interpretation of BN objects and YK objects
  • 4.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
Published online: 14 April 2023
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.361.01mod
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