Subject index

• abstractness 46–48, 54

• accentual domains10

• adjectival nouns 66–67, 72n18

• adjectivalization160

• adjective stems 24–25, 29, 53, 55, 59, 68, 76–77, 82–84, 118, 127, 144

• adverbs, Conjunctives lexicalized as81

• affixes, derivational 1–7, 61, 118–120, 153, 233

• affixes, inflectional 1–3, 5–6, 11, 13, 31, 49, 119–120, 122, 153, 233–234

• agency80

• agentive subjects 52, 96, 108, 111

• agents 20, 80, 107–108, 234

• agglutinative morphology 21, 37

• Agree operation4

• agreement11

• allomorphy, listed 22–23, 30, 35, 46, 140 ; see also suppletion

• allosemes235

• alternations
  • automatic 122–123
  • neutralizing123
  • nonautomatic (morphophonological) 23–24, 123–124, 130, 133
  • typology 122–126
  • units 122, 124

• Amami 21, 162, 167, 173–175

• A-Morphous Morphology (AM) 4–6, 11

• analogy 75, 148, 160, 171, 219, 231, 233

• Analysis A of verbal suffix alternations 129–232 passim
  • explaining the choice of 178–211
  • GAJ evidence 134, 135–139
  • Ryukyuan 154–177
  • timing of adoption of 211–232

• Analysis B of verbal suffix alternations 129–133, 139, 178, 183, 185, 206

• Analysis C of verbal suffix alternations 130–133, 139, 146, 178, 183, 185, 206

• anaphora 12–13

• Anatolian dialects of Modern Greek 202–204

• Ancient Greek208

• animacy 72, 84, 95–96, 105, 107, 158, 173n18

• assimilation 28, 129n2, 147, 149, 158, 164–165, 170, 171–172, 175

• asyntactic theories of morphology 3–4

• Autolexical Syntax3

• automatic alternations 122–123

• auxiliaries 92, 137–138, 158n5

• Axininca Campa 208–209

• backformations215

• Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese (BCCWJ) 99–100, 102, 108, 110–111, 115–116, 198, 215

• basic alternants 124, 130, 135, 138 ; see also default forms, underlying representations

• bigrade alternation, leveling of 211–214

• bigrade blocking hypothesis 148, 214–223

• bleeding44

• blocking
  • of leveling 16, 148, 214, 216–221, 223, 225, 227–231
  • of morphological production 89, 93–97, 102, 107–108

• bracket erasure142

• cancellation (of the properties of an inner suffix) 51, 65, 69, 75, 83–85

• cancellation, combination by83

• case, structural4

• categorizing heads61

• causation, directive 95–96

• causation, inducive 95–96

• causation, manipulative 95–96, 98n4, 111

• causation, noninterventive 10n4, 95–96

• causation, permissive 95–96

• causative, lexical 15, 68n14, 81, 86, 88–120, 97–117

• causative, syntactic 88–120

• causative little vsee little v

• causative of a causative67

• causativization 74, 100, 105, 111, 156n2

• cause, nonagentive95

• causee 95–96

• causer, agentive95

• c-command85

• Chichewa86

• child language acquisition 177, 235

• Classical Chinese118

• Classical Ryukyuan162

• clitics 20, 187, 190, 192

• complementary distribution 98–100, 123

• complex symbols5

• composition, combination by83

• compositionality 80–82, 92n3, 98, 103, 109, 112, 118
  • failure of 64–77, 83, 233

• compounding 7, 8, 54–55, 65n10, 142, 207

• computation, syntactic 1, 4, 10, 50–51, 69, 120

• consonant deletion129n2

• constraint, phonotactic 122, 181

• constraint (re)ranking 121, 194

• Construction Grammar1

• containment, principle of 65, 69, 75–76

• coreferentiality110

• coronal consonants 35, 157–159, 161, 187–188, 190, 192–194, 208, 210

• corpus evidence 57, 98 ; see also Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese

• corpus-external evidencesee external evidence

• correspondence-based frameworks3

• counterbleeding44

• counterfeeding 48, 142n11, 207

• creolization119

• cumulative exponence 14, 18, 20

• C/V polarity alternations 33–34, 229–232

• declarative knowledge 3, 85

• decreasing complexity, rules applied in order of140

• default forms 34, 88, 90, 93, 144–146, 148, 177, 188
  • role in typology of alternations 125–126
  see also basic alternants, underlying representations

• deneutralizing rules194

• derivation, derivational morphology
  • featural override in 83–86
  • nonsyntactic nature of 50–87
  see also affixes, derivational

• derivational affixessee affixes, derivational

• descriptive adequacy 121–122, 178–179, 185

• diacritics 65, 125, 136, 145, 190–191, 220

• Distributed Morphology (DM) 1, 4–6, 50–93 passim, 120, 235

• ditransitive verbs79

• double causative test 92n3, 98, 111–112

• double object constructions85

• Dunan 21–49, 176

• empty consonants 160, 169

• endangered languages 154, 177

• English
  • compound tenses18
  • consonant copying119n22
  • deverbal nominals 50, 234
  • hierarchical relations9
  • inherent inflection as syntactic 11–13
  • intrusive r189
  • leveling in verbal paradigms223
  • lexicalized plurals 81, 113
  • past tense94
  • phrasal compounds8
  • Proto-Indo-European roots87
  • replacement of raught by reached149
  • suffix ordering77n20
  • zero exponent of definite article18

• epenthesis
  • coronal consonants208
  • glides207
  • Modern Greek 198–206, 209
  • “unnatural” 207–208
  see also r-Epenthesis

• evaluation, sequentialsee sequential evaluation

• evaluation, unitarysee unitary evaluation

• evaluation procedures/evaluation metrics 121, 179, 189

• event semantics 61, 69–71, 74–75, 234–235

• eventuality types61

• experiencers 20, 61

• explanatory adequacy 121–122, 178, 179–180, 190, 197

• exponence 43–46, 93, 145–146

• extended verbal projection61

• extension of an alternation 24, 123, 125–126, 186–190, 211, 225

• external arguments 13, 61, 64, 67, 69–71, 78, 85, 140

• external evidence 121–123, 153

• external possession 105, 109 ; see also possessor-raising causatives

• featural override 52, 83–84

• feature specification 31, 140, 182–183, 223

• feature-counting metrics121

• features, contextually determined 13–14

• features, inherent 13–14

• features, [+Interpretable]11

• features, [–Interpretable]11

• features, morphosyntactic 2, 11, 13–14, 31, 35, 84n24, 120, 128, 140, 195–196, 223, 226

• feeding 8, 38, 43, 130

• Finnish 23–24

• French 19, 32, 55, 86, 169, 200, 208

• functional heads 9, 69

• fusion, morphosyntactic 18–19, 20–21, 49–50

• fusion, phonological 14, 19–21, 49–50

• Generalized Type Frequency (GTF) 196–197, 204–206, 226

• German 24, 32, 84, 122, 222

• goal arguments 20, 79–80

• gradient concept of transitivity79

• Greek, Ancient208

• Greek, Modern
  • characteristic state to-adjectives 234–236
  • hiatus at noun stem boundary 124, 198–205, 208

• haplology156

• Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar3

• hiatus resolution
  • Dunan 27–49 passim
  • Japanese143
  • Modern Greek 124, 178, 198–199, 202–204

• hierarchical relations 2, 5, 9–11

• high attachmentsee low attachment vs. high attachment analyses

• Hirara dialect verb inflection Table 5, 33; Table 4, 160

• idiomatization 81–82, 98–100 ; see also lexicalization

• idioms 96, 98–100, 102, 107–108, 109–114

• inalienable possession 107–108, 110–111

• inferential theories of morphology 1, 18

• inflection, inflectional morphology
  • category-changing84
  • contextual 11, 13
  • inherent 2, 11–14
  • syntactic nature of 4–14
  see also affixes, inflectional

• inflectional affixessee affixes, inflectional

• innovative r-suffixes 134–139, 149–152, 163, 166, 172–173, 175–176, 211, 213–214, 216–219, 231n8

• interference mechanisms in analogy226n6

• internal suffixes 70–72, 74–76

• irregularity, grammatical characterization of 124–125, 190

• irregularity, psychological interpretation of 125, 190

• isolating languages9

• isolation forms 182, 192–193

• isoradical relations 55–60, 62–63, 65–68, 72, 77, 86–87, 96, 191n4

• isoradical sets 58–59, 62, 64, 65n10, 66n11, 66n12, 68, 72

• Italian84

• iterativity30

• Japonic family 21, 176–177, 215

• Kamigata-go 115, 137, 228

• Korean 85, 129n1, 182, 187–194, 196–197, 204

• Kumiodori 164, 167

• language acquisition 177, 235

• late insertion 4, 14, 31, 120

• Latin 54, 118, 183

• leveling
  • as loss of irregularity 125, 227
  • cases lacking proportional motivation 226–227
  • of C/V polarity alternations230
  • of the bigrade alternation 211–214
  • of the Inferential alternation 223–231
  • phonological distance in 221–223
  • regulated by the Regularization Priority Principle (RPP) 223–227
  • typology of alternations and 125–126

• levels of adequacysee descriptive adequacy; explanatory adequacy; observational adequacy

• lexical causatives 15, 68n14, 81, 86, 97–117

• lexical conditioning 32, 48

• lexical diffusion194

• Lexical (Morphology and) Phonology3

• lexical redundancy rules 1, 3, 5, 50–51, 85–86, 90, 236

• Lexical-Functional Grammar3

• lexicalization 72, 81–83, 102–103, 112–113 ; see also idiomatization

• listed representations, stems and inflectional affixes as units with 6, 119, 122, 153, 233

• little a 67, 76

• little n 50, 64

• little v
  • causative (v_c) 13, 51, 60–69, 76, 85–86
  • in Modern Greek 234–235
  • inchoative (v_i) 51, 60–69, 70–71, 74–76, 85–86
  • trapped67
  • Voice-little v split 69–76

• Livisi dialect (Modern Greek) noun inflection Table 5, 203

• loanwords 142n11, 169, 190, 200

• local markedness215

• low attachment vs. high attachment analyses 90–94, 118, 120

• Maori 181–182, 208

• Merge operation10

• Minimal Divergence Principle (MDP) 204–206, 209–210

• Minimalist Program 4, 180

• Miyako 21, 159–160, 162n11, 163
  • failure to adopt Analysis A 16, 176–177, 197–198, 232

• Modern Greek 124, 198–206, 208, 234–236

• monophthongization 19, 141, 143–144, 160, 171, 223–227

• morphemes, functional/grammatical 2, 51

• morphological conditioning 46, 47, 48, 208n14

• morphomes 22–25

• morphosyntactic conditioning, as a factor determining whether an alternation is rule-governed24

• morphosyntactic fusion 19–21

• narrow syntax11

• Natural Generative Phonology182

• Network Morphology4

• neutralization 47, 101, 122–123, 165, 178, 182, 185–195

• neutralizing choices of underlying representations 178, 185–195

• nominalization 50, 64

• nonagentive subjects 32, 95

• nonautomatic alternations 123–126, 182

• nonbasic morpheme alternants 124–125, 130, 182–183, 185

• Northern Ryukyuan 21, 174n20
  • adoption of Analysis A 16, 175–176

• observational adequacy 179, 197

• Okinawan 21, 31n6, 35
  • Shuri dialect 15, 35, 154–160, 162–175

• Old English 125, 221–222

• Old Japanese 55, 57, 72, 74, 81, 82, 92, 100, 102, 103, 118, 161, 212

• Omoro Soshi 162–167, 168n17

• onbin 127, 157–158, 165–166, 168n16, 170–171, 174n21

• operators13

• Optimality Theory194

• overregularization125

• overriding of the properties of an inner suffixsee cancellation

• Paradigm Function Morphology3

• Parallel Architecture3

• parameter setting121

• patient/theme78

• PF-deletion12

• phase heads68n14

• phonetic naturalness24

• phonological distance, as a determinant of leveling 221–231

• phonological distance, as a determinant of whether an alternation will be taken as rule-governed24

• phonological predictability 37, 127, 131

• phonological representationssee underlying representations

• phonological rules, ordering of 37, 43–47

• phonotactic constraints 122–123, 181–182

• phrasal affixes20

• phrasal compounds8

• piece-based theories of inflection 1, 3, 5, 11

• polysemy vs. homophony67n13

• polysynthetic languages9

• portmanteau suffixes 19, 21

• Portuguese 24, 85, 123–124, 186–187, 189–191, 195, 197, 204

• possessor-control causatives111

• possessor-raising causatives 99, 103–104, 107–110

• postsyntactic (post-spellout) phonology 4, 5, 18, 19, 142–143

• predictability, as a factor in morphophonological analysis 127, 131, 154–155, 183–185, 207

• Principles and Parameters framework 179–180

• probability matching in morphophonology 181, 194

• probability maximization in morphophonology181

• procedural knowledge3

• process-based theories of inflection 1, 3, 5, 11, 18, 20

• proportional analogy 75, 172–174, 226

• proportions, four-term 147, 231–232

• Proto-Algic209

• Proto-Algonquian 208–209

• Proto-Germanic222

• Proto-Indo-European 87, 118, 234

• Proto-Japonic 37, 161, 166, 176

• Proto-Ryukyuan159n6

• quantifier float79

• ra-nuki150

• readjustment rules 44–45, 49

• Realize Morpheme198

• reanalysis, morphophonological 1, 6, 54–55, 74–75, 149, 186n3, 190–191, 214, 233–234

• Regularization Priority Principle (RPP) 223–231

• relexification 189–191, 193

• r-Epenthesis 16, 90–92, 129–231 passim
  • as exemplar of stem-boundary epenthesis rule 206–210

• resyllabification 187–188, 191–192

• Romance verb paradigms 19, 25

• Romanian 222–223

• root-based syntax, hypothesis of 50–87 passim

• roots, acategorial 2, 51, 61

• r-stems (Shuri), secondary 166, 168, 175

• r-stems (Shuri), tertiary166

• r-suffixes, innovativesee innovative r-suffixes

• rule inversion 187, 189, 192, 194, 208

• rule ordering 37, 43, 47

• Russian123

• Ryuka 164, 167

• r-zero alternations 16, 128, 144, 181, 190, 197–198, 211, 213, 232

• Sakishima languages 35n8, 176–177 ; see also Dunan; Miyako; Yaeyama

• Sanskrit208

• scopal relations 10–11

• segmentation/segmentability 14, 18–22, 26–28, 48–49, 54–55, 59, 114n16, 148, 154, 228

• sequential evaluation 196–197

• Shuri dialectsee Okinawan

• Shuri dialect verb inflection Table 1, 155; Table 2, 157; Table 3, 158

• “single generative engine” 5, 85

• Spanish 24–25, 123

• specifier positions 61, 106–107

• spellout 45–46, 139, 142

• split morphology 2, 6–9

• stem alternations (Dunan) 22–23, 34, 35–43

• stem-boundary epenthesis 182, 205–210

• stem-level phonology 90–92, 118

• stems as lexical items 85–86

• stochastic rules in morphophonology 180–181, 194

• Stratal Optimality Theory3

• strong lexicalist morphology3

• Subset Principle 4, 14, 31, 139

• suffix sequences 17, 51, 60–80 passim, 233–234

• suppletion 23, 94, 122, 125

• suppletive forms 20, 25, 32, 82, 124, 128–129, 229

• syllable coalescence 141, 143–144, 146

• syncretism 128–129, 140

• syntactic computation 1, 4, 10, 50–51, 69, 120

• syntactic terminals 4, 5, 7, 13, 18, 139, 233

• syntactocentric frameworks4

• Syntax down to the Stem (SdS) 5–6

• syntax/inflection duplication problem 9–11

• T (tense element)61

• Tagalog20

• Takachiho dialect verb inflection Table 2, 213

• tampering, prohibition on 65, 69

• terminal elements (terminals), syntacticsee syntactic terminals

• thematic vowels 24–25, 220

• token frequency 195–198, 206, 208

• transitivity, gradient concept of79

• transitivity pairs 56, 58–59

• transitivity suffixes 46, 51, 56, 60–76, 234–235

• transitivizers 94–95, 97–99, 102

• trapped elements/interpretations 67, 70–72, 75

• trisuffixal stems 65n10, 72, 76–77

• Turkish 169, 200

• type frequency 195–199, 208

• unaccusativity 61, 78, 86, 104–112
  • Dunan 32–33, 36, 45–46
  • Japanese Passive/Potential140

• underlying representations (URs) 15, 122, 128, 180–181
  • frequency-based criteria for 195–198
  • informativeness as a criterion for47
  • neutralizing choices of 178, 185–195

• unification-based frameworks3

• unitary evaluation189

• Uyghur190

• Vietnamese7

• Vocabulary Item4

• Voice head 20, 61, 69–76, 235

• VP idioms 109–114

• weak imperatives 31–32, 136, 215

• weak lexicalist morphology 2, 6–9, 236

• Wiyot209

• word, grammatical9

• Word and Paradigm Morphology 4, 22

• word-level phonology 90–92, 94, 118, 130, 142, 156

• Yaeyama 21, 31n6, 32, 39–40
  • adoption of Analysis A 16, 176

• Yonaguni Island21

• Yonaguni languagesee Dunan

• Yurok39