Tables and figures

Part of

Introduction to Cognitive Pragmatics
Klaus-Uwe Panther
[Cognitive Linguistics in Practice 4] 2022
► pp. xvii–xx

Tables and figures

Chapter 1.Cognitive linguistics and pragmatics

Table 1.Truth table for logical conjunction 5

Table 2.Truth table for logical disjunction 6

Table 3.Truth table for material implication 7

Figure 1.Continuum between semantics and pragmatics 15

Chapter 2.Cognitive-pragmatic motivation of language structure and use

Table 1.Word order in the world’s languages 23

Table 2.Verbs with the meaning ‘laugh’ in seven languages 30

Table 3.Verbs with the meaning ‘meow’ in five languages 31

Table 4.The word for ‘cuckoo’ in five languages 31

Table 5.The dichotomies ‘motivated’ vs. ‘unmotivated’ and ‘conventional’ vs. ‘non-conventional’ exemplified 33

Figure 1.Linguistic signs: Content vs. form 27

Figure 2.Conventionality and motivation scales 29

Chapter 3.The role of inferencing in the construction of meaning: Entailment and presupposition

Table 1.Deductive reasoning 45

Table 2.Inductive reasoning 46

Table 3.Abductive reasoning 48

Table 4.Entailment 49

Table 5.Presupposition 51

Table 6.Logical negation 58

Chapter 4.Principles guiding communication: The role of implicature

Figure 1.The code model of communication 64

Figure 2.The inferential model of communication 65

Figure 3.Saying and implicating: Misunderstandings 67

Figure 4.What is said vs. what is implicated 67

Chapter 5.Implicature, entailment, and presupposition: Differences and commonalities

Table 1.Distribution of entered a/the building/agreement vs. entered into a/the building/agreement in the now corpus 98

Table 2.Defeasibility and reinforceability of three inferential relations 104

Chapter 6.Talking as action: Speech act theory

Table 1.Component acts of speech acts 111

Table 2.Representatives (e.g. assert) 119

Table 3.Commissives (e.g. promise) 119

Table 4.Directives (e.g. request) 119

Table 5.Expressives (e.g. congratulate, apologize) 120

Table 6.Declarations (e.g. appoint, baptize) 121

Table 7.Prototypical directives vs. consultatives 133

Figure 1.Illocutionary force and propositional content indicators 124

Figure 2.Illocutionary scenario schema 128

Figure 3.Scenario for assertives 129

Figure 4.Commissives (promise) 130

Figure 5.Directives 131

Figure 6.Expressives 134

Figure 7.Apologizing 134

Figure 8.Congratulating 135

Figure 9.Thanking 136

Figure 10.Declarations 137

Figure 11.Resigning 138

Chapter 7.Metaphor: A figure of iconic and analogical reasoning

Table 1.Contrasting literal and metaphorical transfer I 156

Table 2.Contrasting literal and metaphorical transfer II 157

Table 3.Ditransitive construction with give: thing transfer vs. action transfer 158

Table 4.Ditransitive construction with give: thing transfer vs. feeling transfer 159

Figure 1.Conceptual-pragmatic structure of metaphor 147

Figure 2.The metaphor chameleon ⇒ person 148

Figure 3.The shakespearean metaphor stage ⇒ world 149

Figure 4.The metaphor fiddler ⇒ life 150

Figure 5.Some mappings of the metaphor journey ⇒ life 152

Figure 6.Metaphorical mapping of path topology onto scale topology: way beyond 154

Figure 7.Metaphorical mapping of path topology onto scale topology: far more 155

Chapter 8.Metonymy: A figure of indexical and associative reasoning

Table 1.Correspondences between language-independent abductive reasoning (Peirce) and an abductively motivated interpretation strategy for metonymies 182

Figure 1.Basic metonymic relation 167

Figure 2.Footprints in the desert as a visual index of the passage of camels 170

Chapter 9.Metonymic inferencing in indirect speech acts I: Assertives and commissives

Figure 1.Metonymic shifts in illocutionary force and propositional content 201

Figure 2.Asserting p by means of asking H to believe p 204

Figure 3.Offers by means of I can VP/Can I VP? 206

Figure 4.Offers by means of Do you want/would you like me to do A? 207

Figure 5.Promising my means of I intend to VP 207

Figure 6.Hedged performative commissives: I can promise/offer (you) to do A 208

Figure 7.Indirect offers: Shall I VP_ACTION 209

Figure 8.Indirect commissives via constructions that denote S’s obligation to do A 210

Figure 9.Indirect commissives: I will/shall VP_ACTION 211

Figure 10.Inferential structure of Consider it done 212

Chapter 10.Metonymic inferencing in indirect speech acts II: Directives, expressives, declarations

Table 1.The metonymy-based metaphor stepping down ⇒ leaving office 233

Figure 1.Directives by means of You can/could VP_ACTION and Can/could you VP_ACTION? 216

Figure 2.Indirect requests by means of If you can/could VP_ACTION 217

Figure 3.Directives by means of Why don’t you VP_ACTION? 218

Figure 4.Directives by means of I want you to VP_ACTION 219

Figure 5.Hedged directive performatives: I must ask you to VP_ACTION 220

Figure 6.Directives by means of You must/should VP_ACTION 221

Figure 7.Directives by means of You will VP_ACTION or Will you VP_ACTION? 222

Chapter 11.Cognitive pragmatics and grammar

Table 1.Conceptual and pragmatic properties of sit down and VP and stand up and VP 250

Table 2.Additional metaphorical mappings triggered by take a step back 253

Figure 1.Temporal-aspectual structure of go […] and VP 242

Figure 2.Temporal-aspectual structure of sit down and VP 245

Figure 3.Literal sit down (and) as aspectualizer signaling a facilitating/enabling action 247

Figure 4.Literal stand up (and) as aspectualizer signaling a facilitating/enabling action 250

Figure 5.Metonymic and metaphoric structure of take a step back and VP 252

Figure 6.Metonymic derivation of the target sense of the nice and Adj construction 257