Language index

• A

• African American Vernacular English (AAVE) 5–6, 71, 107, 110, 145–146, 156–160, 168–169, 183–190, 203–221, 277, 282, 285–287, 290, 298, 316–317

• Afrikaans 5, 8, 14, 101–102, 105–119, 326

• Afro-Bolivian Spanish

• see Spanish

• Akan 83, 227–228, 343, 345, 347–348, 350, 353–354, 357

• Andalusian Spanish see Spanish Angolar 83, 277

• Arawak 89, 12, 81–82, 89–91, 94–95, 127

• Argentine Spanish see Spanish Aymara 71

• Azorean Portuguese
  • see Portuguese

• B

• Bahamian Creole English (BahCE) 3, 6, 123–125, 130, 134–135, 137–142, 192

• Bajan 16, 146, 177, 180, 182–183, 185–193, 216

• Bantu languages 31, 65, 238, 240, 245, 323, 326, 329, 331, 334

• Bazaar Malay 106

• Belizean Creole 255, 258, 262

• Berbice Dutch Creole 3–4, 9, 12, 44, 79–96, 127, 246

• Bhojpuri 328

• Black English Vernacular
  • see African American
  • Vernacular English

• Bozal 3, 49, 52, 59, 63

• Brazilian Portuguese
  • see Portuguese

• Bubi 227–228

• C

• Cameroon Pidgin (Kamtok) 229, 234, 237, 258–262, 267, 270

• Cape Malay Dutch see Dutch Caribbean Spanish see Spanish Cuban Spanish see Spanish

• D

• Degema 35, 239, 241–242

• Dominican Spanish see Spanish Dutch 80–82, 85–89, 91, 94–96, 105–106, 114–116, 167, 226–228, 230, 233–234, 237, 244–245, 347–352

• Cape Malay Dutch 107

• E

• Eastern Ịjọ (EI) 3, 9, 12, 79–80, 82–91, 94–96

• Eastern Jamaican Maroon Creole 261

• English 32–36, 41–44, 58, 70, 83, 111–112, 124, 129, 136–140, 145–170, 180–184, 189–190, 203–209, 212, 220–221, 229, 236–237, 253–254, 276–279, 282–287, 296–301, 324, 336–337, 347–349, 353–359
  • African American English see African American Vernacular English
  • Anglo-Caribbean English 146, 152–170, 181–194
  • Saba English 16, 157
  • Samaná English 207–208, 212, 220
  • Southern White Vernacular English 203, 215
  • Vernacular Liberian English (VLE) 277–278, 295, 297–299

• Eton 239–241

• Ewe 14, 38, 64, 226, 230, 239, 242–243, 246, 345–359

• F

• Fanakalo 9, 13, 323–324, 326–328, 331–340

• Florianópolis Portuguese
  • see Portuguese

• Fongbe 38

• G

• Gbe languages 25, 34–35, 38–39, 43, 238, 240, 242–243, 343, 347, 352, 357

• Ghanaian Pidgin English 237, 258–259

• Gullah 6, 14, 50, 130, 140, 203–204, 209–210, 253, 277, 282, 285, 288, 295–296

• Gungbe 34–36, 38, 42–44

• Gur languages 347

• Guyanese Creole 15, 82–83,190, 277, 295, 305

• H

• Hawai’i Creole English 92, 102

• Hawai’i Pidgin English 325

• I

• Igbo 64–65, 83, 285, 295

• Islander Creole (San Andrès and Providencia) 254

• J

• Jamaican Patwa (JP) 15–16, 139, 146, 216, 226, 253, 255, 270, 275–277, 280–284, 286–301, 306, 319

• Javanese 227–228

• K

• Kabiye 345, 347, 352–353, 357

• Khoisan 106

• KiKongo 12, 32, 45, 64–65, 74, 86, 227, 234, 238–241, 245–247

• Kimbundu 64–65, 74

• Krio 6, 14–15, 211, 216, 227–228, 234, 237–238, 244, 251–252, 256, 258–262, 266–270, 272, 277

• L

• Liberian Settler English (LSE) 5–6, 15, 19, 134, 144, 146, 173–174 177, 198, 204–205, 209, 211–212, 214, 219, 223–224, 278, 296

• Limba 227–228

• Lingala 239–241, 247–248

• M

• Ma’a 105

• Maroon Spirit Language 251–252, 261

• Mende 227–228

• Michif 105

• Mina 281, 345, 347

• Myènè 239–240

• N

• Ndyuka 34–36, 39, 230–231, 258, 261, 263, 277, 351

• Negerhollands 277, 346

• Nigerian Pidgin English (NPE) 229, 234, 237, 258–260, 262, 270, 277, 282, 285, 295–299

• P

• Palenquero 3, 49–51, 59, 64, 67, 73

• Papiamentu 3, 7, 49–50, 53, 67, 277, 281–282, 346

• Pichi 6–7, 12, 225–231, 234–245, 251, 256–257, 262, 267–269

• Portuguese 3–4, 7, 26–28, 30, 49–54, 56–67, 70, 73–74, 83
  • Azorean Portuguese 60
  • Brazilian Portuguese (BP) 3, 12–13, 16, 49, 51–52, 55–74
  • Florianópolis Portuguese 60

• Portuguese-lexifier Creoles 3, 52–53, 66, 106

• Proto-Bantu 64, 329

• Proto-Niger-Congo 64

• Puerto Rican Spanish
  • see Spanish

• Q

• Quechua (Lambayeque) 105

• S

• São Tomense 52, 59

• Saramaccan 8, 83, 351

• Sarnami 227–228

• Spanish 3, 6–7, 12, 28, 49–56, 59, 61, 63–66, 70–5, 127, 129, 226–231, 235, 237–238, 244, 256, 323, 325
  • Afro-Bolivian Spanish (ABS) 13, 71–73, 75
  • Andalusian Spanish 64
  • Argentine Spanish 62
  • Caribbean Spanish (CS) 3, 12–13, 49, 52, 55–74
  • Cuban Spanish (Bozal) 3, 49, 52, 57, 59, 63, 71
  • Dominican Spanish 55–56
  • Puerto Rican Spanish 54, 59

• Sranan 6–7, 12–14, 23, 32–36, 38, 41, 43–44, 83, 86–87, 93, 216, 225–246, 257–258, 261–264, 351, 357, 359

• T

• Tamil 328, 339

• Temne 227–228

• Tok Pisin 79, 277, 285

• Trinidadian Creole 187, 190

• U

• Uisai 105

• Umbundu 64–65

• V

• Virgin Islands Creole

• see Negerhollands

• W

• Western Jamaican Maroon
  • Creole 251, 270
  • see also Krio

• X

• Xhosa 326–327

• Y

• Yoruba 12, 30–31, 45, 64–65, 74, 133, 227–228

• Z

• Zulu 9, 13, 323–340