Subject index

• A

• abrupt creolization 92–94

• accommodation 8–9, 16, 103, 105, 145, 155, 159–160, 167–170

• acrolect 114, 117–118, 124, 136–139, 146, 166, 288, 299, 306–307, 309, 328
  • acrolectal varieties 109, 137

• adjectives 57, 65, 72, 83, 329, 339, 347, 351–353, 357

• adpositions 12, 25–26, 32–33, 35, 38, 41–44

• adstrate 6,12, 84, 93–94, 225–231, 238–239, 243, 245–246
  • adstratal influence 93–94, 228

• agency 7–9, 18, 101, 104–105, 113, 118–119, 160, 170, 177, 192, 196, 321

• agglutination 333, 337, 339

• agreement 12–13, 52, 54–59, 61–62, 65, 70–72, 208, 301, 329, 331–334, 337–339, 352–353
  • gender 72, 105, 329
  • non-agreement 59, 61, 70
  • noun class (marking) 13, 328, 330, 352–353
  • number 12–13, 49, 54, 56, 58, 70
  • subject-verb 58–59, 71–72
  • variable 55, 62, 70
  • see also concord

• Allada, Kingdom of 3, 25–31, 29, 45

• Arawak 4, 81–82, 89–91, 94–95, 127

• Atlantic slave trade 1, 49, 75, 81, 98, 347

• B

• Bahamas 3–5, 123–142, 147, 150–152, 158, 162, 170

• basilect 109, 136–137, 139, 142, 166, 300, 306, 328
  • basilectal varieties 124, 146, 278

• Benin 3, 25–26, 31, 238–239, 242

• Brazil 3–4, 7, 28, 49, 51–56, 59–61, 64–70 71, 137, 190, 226, 231

• C

• children 4, 7, 9, 24, 32–33, 64, 69, 79–96, 107–108, 182–183, 327

• coda consonants 54–55, 64, 70, 189

• code-switching 14, 16, 24, 276, 288, 291, 300–301, 343–344, 346

• concord 105, 108–110, 114–118, 323–324, 327–335, 337–339, 352

• negative see negative concord conservative Creoles 124

• consonant cluster reduction 16, 148, 156–157, 160

• consonant lenition 55, 60, 64

• convergence 12, 70, 103, 117, 147, 157, 183, 233, 244–245

• communicative necessity 8, 74, 94, 101–102, 119, 194

• copula 33, 84, 138, 158–160, 166–169, 183–190, 205, 210, 213, 251–270, 307, 316–318, 327, 336–340, 349–353, 357, 359
  • absence 158–160, 167, 169, 183–188, 205, 213
  • existential 336
  • locative 138, 307, 336–339
  • nominal 251, 254–258, 261, 263–264, 270
  • verbal 254–256

• Creole continuum 67, 137, 217, 226, 276, 291, 300, 314

• crop 80–81, 91, 150, 216

• D

• decreolization 3, 5, 50, 66–68, 96, 359

• deletion 55, 158, 183, 185–186, 205, 307–318
  • d- 156
  • h- 307–308, 312–314
  • l- 311
  • r- 55–56, 62, 72
  • s- 55, 62, 72
  • t- 307–308, 314–318

• denasalization 56

• diffusion 3, 5–7, 14, 25, 114, 117–118, 145–148, 155, 157, 160–161, 214–215, 218–220

• divergence 9, 24, 68, 71, 103, 117–118, 147, 150, 160, 169, 183, 193

• Dutch West India Company (WIC) 80–81

• E

• elicitation 205, 346

• emphasis 108, 113–114, 278, 327, 333

• enregisterment 111

• epenthesis 54, 316

• erasure 193

• ethnolect 146

• ex-slave narratives 205–206, 209–210, 212, 217, 219

• exceptionalism 10, 31, 39, 123, 147

• F

• first language acquisition

• see language acquisition foreigner talk 326

• Founder Principle 30, 160, 181

• future tense 56, 140, 205, 334–335, 339

• G

• gradual creolization 93, 345

• grammaticalization 36, 84–85, 88, 278, 351

• H

• Hyde County, North Carolina 16, 148–150, 153, 156–163, 166–170

• I

• iconicity 107–109, 112–114, 118, 193

• iconization 109–110, 193

• identity 7–9, 89, 96, 102–103, 107, 111, 118, 137, 139, 146, 151, 153, 160, 168–170, 180, 190–193, 321, 358

• ideology see language ideology I-language 24–25, 33, 39, 45

• imperative 56

• imposition 60, 63, 65

• indentured servants 9, 128, 133, 179–182, 216, 326

• indigenous Americans
  • see Arawak

• innovation 13, 36, 39, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 74, 92–94, 96, 148, 205, 336, 344

• interlanguage 13, 33, 92, 323–325, 328, 338

• J

• Jamaica 6, 66, 68, 124, 128–129, 251–270

• L

• language acquisition 23–25, 31, 39, 41, 45, 66, 70, 87, 108, 327, 344
  • first language acquisition (L1) 4, 24, 39, 80, 92, 108, 327–329, 331
  • second language acquisition (SLA, L2) 13, 24, 63, 65–68, 74, 84, 90, 92, 213, 278, 323–340

• language evolution 25

• language ideology 9, 16, 177, 180, 192, 194

• lenition see consonant lenition

• lexicon 54, 82–84, 88–89, 91, 108, 277

• locative constructions 35, 43–44, 86–88, 225–246, 254, 263–264, 328, 346

• Loyalists 4, 130–131, 140–141, 150–151

• M

• markedness 11–12, 62, 107, 136, 184, 189, 328

• maroons 51, 82–83, 251–253, 261, 270

• mesolect 124, 135–139, 166, 177, 190, 213, 276–278, 288, 295, 298–301, 309, 328

• morphology 38, 56, 67, 80, 84, 95, 189–190, 276, 278, 306–308, 331, 338–340

• N

• nativization 4, 92–95, 345–346, 358

• negation 64, 84, 105–109, 325

• negative concord 105–106, 110, 114–118

• negative repetition 52, 56, 59–62, 64, 105–106, 108

• nominal copula see copula Nova Scotia, African American

• diaspora in 5–6, 205, 252–253

• number marking 15–16, 52, 59, 65, 72, 275–301, 329–330

• P

• past tense marking 139, 157, 184, 187–189, 214, 281, 334–337

• phonology 54–56, 64, 112, 160–166, 286, 305–321

• pidginization 32, 61, 295, 323–326, 337–340

• plantation 5–8, 31–32, 80–83, 88–91, 130–131, 149–150, 154, 179, 216, 325, 347

• plural marking 15–16, 52, 57–59, 62, 64–65, 72, 136, 138, 275–301

• post-Creole continuum

• see Creole continuum postposition 85, 87–88, 229–233

• predicates 36, 213, 254

• prepositions 32, 85–86, 229–245, 263–264, 326

• pronouns 66, 83–84, 116, 208, 305–314, 327–329, 332
  • appositional 327
  • bound 332, 338
  • demonstrative 268, 284, 319, 326
  • object 306–307, 319
  • possessive 306–307, 332
  • relative 208, 268
  • resumptive 345
  • subject 54, 66, 72–73, 138, 268, 285, 338

• property items 349–359

• R

• race 53, 60, 69, 110, 130, 141, 154, 177–183, 190–194, 358

• social construction of 53, 69

• recipient language agentivity 62

• reduplication 56, 108–109, 113, 351

• relexification 33, 35, 86–88

• repetition 59, 108, 115, 118
  • negative repetition
  • see negation

• S

• s- lenition

• see consonant lenition saliency 58–62, 65, 72, 327, 336

• Samaná, African American diaspora in 5–7, 207–209, 212, 220

• second language acquisition

• see language acquisition segregation 7, 63, 69, 94, 101, 134

• slavery 2–8, 26–31, 51–53, 65–70, 81, 126–133, 149–154, 178–180, 215–219, 358

• social class 4, 70–71, 134–137, 177–183, 190–192, 309–312, 319–320

• sound symbolism 108

• source language agentivity 63

• South Africa 111, 323, 325–326, 328

• standardization 68, 71–73, 105, 115

• style variation see variation subject pronouns see pronouns subject-verb agreement
  • see agreement

• subjunctive (loss of) 56, 336

• substrate 11–14, 25, 64, 79, 82–89, 92–96, 124, 129–130, 146, 156, 227–228, 234, 238–239, 245–246, 328, 345
  • homogeneity of the substrate 3, 11–12, 70, 225–226, 246
  • substrate influence 11–13, 25, 35, 82, 86, 88, 106–107, 114, 156, 230, 238, 285, 295, 340
  • substrate properties, reinterpretation of 87, 95

• Suriname 25–26, 32, 38, 45, 228, 263, 346, 357–359

• syntactic features 24, 33, 35, 38–40, 45, 87–88, 109, 185, 205, 256
  • recombination of 38–45, 87

• T

• tense/aspect marking 84, 124, 139–140, 157, 183, 188–190, 211–212, 214, 219–220, 254, 276, 281, 286, 328, 334–338, 351

• transfer 63, 84–88, 92–94, 104, 156, 213, 231, 243, 325, 352, 357

• V

• variation 15–16, 55–60, 136, 147–148, 156, 166–167, 185, 210, 232, 253, 275–301, 305–321, 357
  • cross-linguistic 36, 44
  • intragroup 161–162
  • morphological/ morphosyntactic 55–60, 275–301, 306–307
  • phonetic/phonological 102, 253, 305–321
  • sociolinguistic 170, 183–190, 193, 307
  • stylistic 102, 123, 139

• verbal -s 140, 203–214

• verbal copula see copula verbal inflection 59, 65, 72, 113–114

• verbs 55–56, 59, 83, 85, 188–190, 291, 325, 332, 349
  • serial verbs 124, 229, 234, 237

• vowel laxing 305, 308–312

• vowel systems 160–169, 253

• W

• White speakers 4, 9, 16, 107, 111, 155–170, 179–193, 203, 211