Index

• academic text
  • frequency of nouns244

• Afrikaans
  • and WSAfE: convergence during 20th century 49–50
  • contact with WSAfE 46–47, 53
  • corpus36
  • effect on English genitive variation 29–53
  • genitive variation 31–32
  • se-genitive45

• Afrikaans fiction see fiction, Afrikaans

• Afrikaans newswriting see newswriting, Afrikaans

• American English
  • inanimate possessors in44
  • s-genitive use in33

• analyticity94
  • vs. hyperclarity94

• Anglicisms11

• animacy
  • effect on genitive choice 32–34
  • of possessors 32–34

• asymmetric bilingualism161

• Australian English
  • s-genitive use in34

• base constraints
  • summary of 17–18

• bidirectionality
  • of cross-linguistic influence (CLI)267

• bilingual activation constraint
  • vs. cross-linguistic influence99

• bilingual activation constraint92

• bilingual communication
  • definition of154

• bilingual comparison patterns
  • English–French 155–156

• bilingual language activation
  • consequences of 256–261
  • effect on cognitive demand217
  • effect on linguistic patterns93
  • effect on usage events11
  • in learner translation20
  • in Mainland Chinese English and Hong Kong English146
  • similarities of languages produced281

• bilingual language production
  • simplification in 158–160

• bilingual policy64

• bilingualism
  • as a driver of genitive preferences change80
  • register variation in194

• bilingual–monolingual cline101

• Black South African English (BSAfE)
  • as an L2 variety of English91
  • corpus100
  • development of 87–88
  • factors conditioning that/Ø-alternation 106–111
  • variation within88

• borrowing
  • grammatical30
  • lexical30

• bottom-up computational approach20

• British English
  • inanimate possessors in44
  • s-genitive use in33

• code-mixing276

• cognitive demand
  • of bilingual activation217

• collocations
  • as signals of constrained language use 193–198

• colonial lag50

• combination analyses236
  • advantages of149

• communicative constraints
  • of New English and Learner English 127–130

• complex comparisons
  • advantages and disadvantages of21

• complexity
  • in L2/FL language production160
  • of translated vs. non-translated texts 228–229

• complexity variables
  • effect on that/Ø-alternation 108–109

• concordance line
  • predictor variables 102–104

• conditional inference tree
  • of role of translation in language change 69–72
  • of variables influencing genitive choice 84–85
  • of variables influencing that/Ø-alternation119
  • vs. random forest analysis111

• conservatism
  • study of280

• constrained communication
  • definition of5

• constrained communication framework
  • challenges of8
  • purpose/design23

• constrained language
  • collocations as signals of use 193–198
  • criteria for generalisability in198
  • definition of 30, 192
  • effect of register 215–216
  • historical gaps in study of192

• constrained language framework
  • predictive capacity282

• constrained language varieties 275–276
  • definition of 17–18, 275

• constrainedness dimension
  • identification of 217–218

• constrainedness effects
  • common across languages 215–217
  • identifying features 195–197

• constraint
  • definition of30

• constraint dimensions
  • interaction of281
  • of language production5

• constraint dimensions 233–234

• constraint of language change
  • effect of translation 59–60

• constraints, micro-level
  • in translation177

• contact linguistics see language contact

• conventionalisation
  • sociocognitive effect on11

• conventionalised vs. innovative expressions 273–274

• core passives
  • English vs. German246

• core vocabulary coverage165
  • in L1 French and FL English translations169

• corpora 35, 37, 125–127, 161, 222
  • newswriting 162–163

• corpus compilation methods 66–67

• corpus methodology
  • challenges of 22–23

• corpus-based translation studies (CBTS)
  • translation directionality 157–158

• covert transfer30

• cross-linguistic comparability 193–194

• cross-linguistic comparable features 200–202

• cross-linguistic comparison278
  • workflow 202–203

• cross-linguistic influence (CLI) 258–261
  • bidirectionality267
  • considerations when interpreting results 111–112
  • definition of6
  • effect on usage events11
  • French–Spanish translations158
  • from Afrikaans to English33
  • from English to Afrikaans53
  • hypothesis 193–194
  • in English–Afrikaans translations 78–79
  • in L2 writing226
  • of translation 59–60
  • vs. bilingual activation constraint99

• cross-linguistic priming31

• deliberate choice vs. psycholinguistic fluidity16

• diachronic bidirectional parallel corpus 64–65

• diachronic comparative study 34–46

• directionality
  • effect on language activation20

• editorial intervention
  • effect on genitive choice49
  • effect on that-complementiser100

• English
  • similarities between native, non-native and translated 195–196
  • as a Foreign Language2
  • Dimension 1 205–208

• English, constrained
  • key features204

• English, indigenised see L2 English

• English, learner see English as a Foreign Language

• English>French translation
  • language activation in 161–162
  • language proficiency in 161–162
  • task expertise in 161–162

• English–Afrikaans contact 29–53

• English–Afrikaans translation
  • cross-linguistic influence 78–79

• Entrenchment-and-Conventionalisation (E-C) model 8–10

• expert writing
  • frequency of infinitives 240–241

• explicitness increased 257–258
  • as a result of language activation6

• extensive language contact, effect of3

• features weights
  • in text characterisation240

• fiction
  • as an innovative register41
  • inanimate possessors in Afrikaans43

• Finnish Dimension 1 208–211

• Finnish, constrained
  • key features204

• first language vs. second language16

• FL English translation
  • core vocabulary coverage169
  • lexical density169
  • lexico-syntactic simplicity 168–171
  • mean sentence length169

• FL into L1
  • translation constraints 161–162

• formal variation
  • in translation263

• French>English translation
  • language activation in 161–162
  • language proficiency in 161–162
  • task expertise in 161–162

• generalisability in constrained language
  • criteria for198

• genitive alternation
  • in translation 18–19

• genitive choice
  • additional constraints on51
  • authors vs. translators74
  • effect of editorial intervention on49
  • effect of possessor animacy 61–62
  • of translators272
  • possessor animacy as a predictor of 70–71
  • random forest analysis 69–71

• genitive distribution
  • in ICE-SA and ICE-GB39

• genitive preference change
  • as a result of bilingualism80

• genitive use
  • effect of final sibilant possessors62
  • in Afrikaans and SA English 61–63

• genitive variation
  • as a diagnostic for cross-linguistic influence 31–32
  • definition of31
  • effect of Afrikaans on 29–53
  • effect of phonological factors 62, 68
  • effect of possessor/possessum length 62, 72
  • effect of register46
  • effect of register 62, 73
  • in Afrikaans 31–32
  • in WSAfE and Afrikaans over time 40–42
  • in WSAfE and BrE 37–39
  • in WSAfE vs. Afrikaans 46, 60

• genitive, pre- and postnominal
  • frequency with non-animate possessors 40–42
  • over time and per register 42–43

• German vs. English
  • core passives246

• grammatical borrowing see borrowing, grammatical

• grammatical simplification256

• Hong Kong English
  • automatic measures of lexical complexity 131–133
  • bilingual language activation146
  • manual analysis of lexical choices 134–145
  • vs. Mainland Chinese English 19–20, 123–125
    • task expertise20

• infinitives
  • frequency in expert writing 240–241

• International Corpus of English Great Britain (ICE-GB)37

• International Corpus of English South Africa (ICE-SA) 35, 37

• interpreters
  • role in text production constraint12

• interpreting
  • as the first example of language contact in South Africa63

• Italian Dimension 1 211–215

• Italian, constrained
  • key features204

• joint attention 92–93

• Kachru’s model of world Englishes16

• L1 French translation
  • core vocabulary coverage169
  • lexical density169
  • lexico-syntactic simplicity 168–171
  • mean sentence length169

• L1 into FL
  • translation constraints 161–162

• L2 English2
  • conservative choices in14

• L2 writing
  • choice of passives272
  • cross-linguistic influence (CLI) in226
  • effect of bilingual text production250
  • lexicogrammatical features of 229–232
  • vs. translation 223–251

• language activation
  • as a communicative constraint in New English and Learner English127
  • consequences of6
  • effect on text production249
  • effect on usage events11
  • in FL>L1 and L1>FL translations 161–162
  • overview of6

• language boundaries2

• language change
  • as a result of translation 59–80

• language contact
  • Afrikaans vs. White South African English (WSAfE)18, 46–47, 53
  • as a constraint5
  • as a negative influence4
  • definition of5
  • effect of duration of 13–14
  • effects of2

• language production
  • under the influence of bilingual activation281

• language proficiency 265–266
  • as a communicative constraint in New English and Learner English128
  • cognitive and emotive forces in 12–13
  • definition of7
  • effect on lexical simplification in translation266
  • effect on lexical variation146
  • effect on variation 12–13
  • French–Spanish translations158
  • in FL>L1 and L1>FL translations 161–162
  • interaction with task expertise 270–271
  • interaction with text production264
  • overview of7

• language usage 9–10

• language variety
  • characterisation 15–16

• Learner English
  • communicative constraints 127–130
  • vs. New English 122–123

• learner language
  • definition of90

• lexical borrowing see borrowing, lexical

• lexical choices, manual analysis of
  • in Mainland Chinese English and Hong Kong English 134–145

• lexical complexity, automatic measures of
  • in Mainland Chinese English and Hong Kong English 131–133

• lexical density
  • computation of165
  • effect of translation experience170
  • in L1 French and FL English translations169

• lexical phrase order
  • by weight 67–68

• lexical simplification257
  • as a result of L2 proficiency266

• lexical variation
  • effect of language proficiency146
  • effect of modality and register 147–148
  • effect of task expertise148
  • effect of translation directionality and experience 176–177

• lexical variation, restricted
  • as a result of language activation6

• lexicogrammatical features
  • of L2 writing and translated texts 229–232

• lexico-syntactic simplicity
  • in L1 French and FL English translations 168–171

• lexico-syntactic simplification
  • hypothesis measures159
  • in target texts 171–176

• lexis comparison
  • in spoken English 19–20

• linear discriminant analysis (LDA)227

• linguistic choices
  • effect of social factors on13
  • logistic regression modelling to predict 70, 74–78

• linguistic conservatism 272–273

• linguistic features
  • of second-language and translated English 1–2

• logistic regression modelling
  • to predict linguistic choices 70, 74–78

• Mainland Chinese English
  • automatic measures of lexical complexity 131–133
  • bilingual language activation146
  • manual analysis of lexical choices 134–145
  • vs. Hong Kong English 19–20, 123–125

• Mainland Chinese English and Hong Kong English
  • task expertise20

• matrix subject complexity96

• matrix verb
  • complexity95
    • effect on that/Ø-alternation 97–98

• mean sentence length
  • definition of164
  • L1 French vs. FL English169

• modality and register
  • as communicative constraints in New English and Learner English128
  • effect on lexical variation 147–148
  • effect on usage events 11–12
  • overview of6

• monofactorial vs. multifactorial analyses167

• monolingual vs. bilingual
  • text production 244, 248

• multilingual corpus 64–65

• multilingualism
  • in South Africa18
  • integrated approach to14

• native and non-native English
  • similarities 195–196

• negative transfer
  • in translation 226–227

• New English
  • communicative constraints 127–130
  • vs. Learner English 122–123

• New Zealand English
  • s-genitive use in33

• newswriting
  • as a dynamic register41
  • corpora 162–163
  • English vs. French165
  • inanimate possessors in Afrikaans43

• nominal vs. verbal orientation
  • English 205–208
  • Finnish 208–211
  • Italian 211–215

• normalisation
  • in translation270

• noun frequency
  • in academic texts244

• of-/van-genitive
  • in translated text72

• of-genitive
  • distribution with non-animate possessors39

• original vs. translated text, Afrikaans
  • statistical analysis of86

• original vs. translated text, English
  • statistical analysis of86

• paradigm gap4

• passive, choice of
  • in L2 writing272

• phonological factors
  • effect on genitive variation 62, 68

• POS bigram comparison workflow 202–203

• POS bigrams 197, 200–202

• possessor animacy 32–34
  • as a predictor of genitive choice 70–71
  • influence on genitive choice 61–62

• possessor, pre- and postnominal
  • change over time 62–63

• possessor/possessum
  • animacy67
    • effect on genitive variation 62, 72

• possessors
  • effect on genitive use62
  • inanimate 42–45
    • in Afrikaans newswriting43
    • in British English, American English and WSAfE44
    • factors influencing se-genitive use with 48–49
    • distribution of s-genitive and of-genitive with39
    • frequency with s-genitives38

• predictor variables
  • of concordance lines 102–104

• principal component analysis (PCA)227

• processing time/processing pressure
  • effect of modality on 11–12

• proficiency92
  • effect on linguistic patterns93

• proficiency vs. task expertise7

• psycholinguistic factors
  • influencing that-complementiser retention95

• psycholinguistic fluidity vs. deliberate choice16

• published professional writing
  • WSAfE vs. BSAfE in19

• R script normalisation235

• random forest analysis
  • of genitive choice 69–71
  • vs. conditional inference tree111

• register
  • effect on constrained language 215–216
  • effect on genitive variation 46, 62, 73
  • effect on syntactic variability 261–262
  • effect on that/Ø-alternation 98–99, 108
  • effect on variability277
  • experience level 269–270
  • interaction with task expertise262, 270
  • strong influence of 268–269
  • text types65
  • variation in translations and bilingualism194

• register, dynamic
  • newswriting41

• register, innovative
  • fiction41

• regularisation of languages3

• s-/se-genitive
  • with animate possessors in original text72

• scatterplot matrices 237–245

• second language acquisition (SLA) 3–4

• second-language English and translated English
  • common linguistic features 1–2

• se-genitive45
  • factors influencing spread to low-animacy possessors 48–49
  • frequency with non-animate possessors 46, 48

• s-genitive
  • distribution with non-animate possessors39
  • effect of Afrikaans on 46–47
  • frequency with non-animate possessors38
  • in varieties of English 33–34
  • tendency towards use in news47
  • use in Afrikaans 33–34
  • with inanimate possessors in American English51
  • with inanimate possessors in British English45

• shaping of language10

• simplicity
  • definition of155
  • measures of 3, 163–165
  • models of linear mixed-effects 187–188

• simplification
  • effect of directionality on20
  • grammatical256
  • in bilingual language production 158–160
    • differing perspectives of155
  • lexical 257, 266
    • hypothesis measures159
  • measures of 163–165
  • models of linear mixed-effects 189–190

• simplification, lexico-syntactic see lexico-syntactic simplification

• sociocognitive factors11
  • influencing that-complementiser retention95

• socio-political factors
  • influence on translation 64–65

• source ratio166

• South African English and Afrikaans
  • factors influencing genitive use in 61–63

• specialised vs. non specialised text comparison 238–241

• statistical analysis methods
  • combination analyses236
  • conditional inference tree 69–72
  • linear discriminant analysis (LDA)227
  • logistic regression modelling 70, 74–78
  • principal component analysis (PCA)227
  • R script normalisation235
  • random forest analysis 69–71
  • random forest analysis vs. conditional inference tree111
  • scatterplot matrices 237–245

• study methodology
  • diachronic 64–65
  • diachronic comparative study 34–46
  • multidimensional analysis23
  • scaling-up approach22
  • single-feature studies22

• syntactic
  • complexity
    • effect on that/Ø-alternation 95–96
  • variability
    • effect of register on 261–262

• target text
  • lexico-syntactic simplification 171–176

• target–source ratio 166–167

• task expertise 264–265
  • as a cognitive force13
  • as a communicative constraint in New English and Learner English129
  • comparison of British English vs. Mainland Chinese English and Hong Kong English20
  • effect on lexical variation148
  • French–Spanish translations158
  • in FL>L1 and L1>FL translations 161–162
  • interaction with proficiency 265, 270–271
  • interaction with register 262, 270

• task expertise constraint
  • definition of7
  • overview of7

• text characterisation
  • feature weights in240

• text comparison
  • specialised vs. non-specialised 238–241

• text production 262–264
  • as a communicative constraint in New English and Learner English 128–129
  • effect of language activation249
  • interaction with proficiency264
  • monolingual vs. bilingual 244, 248

• text production constraint
  • overview of 6–7
  • role of language workers in12

• text production, bilingual
  • effect on L2 writing250

• that/Ø-alternation
  • conditioning factors in BSAfE and WSAfE 106–111
  • conditioning variables 94–99
  • effect of complexity variables 108–109
  • effect of register on 98–99, 108
  • effect of syntactic complexity 95–96
  • effect of verb 107–108
  • pre-existing literature93
  • variable importance plot110

• that/Ø-complementiser
  • frequencies across BSAfE and WSAfE corpora 105–106

• that-complementiser
  • alternation 19, 89–112
  • editor effect on100
  • retention in BSAfE89
  • variation between languages89
  • verb lemmas118

• that-complementiser retention
  • psycholinguistic and sociocognitive factors95
  • in English90

• translated texts
  • lexicogrammatical features of 229–232

• translated vs. non-translated texts
  • complexity 228–229

• translation
  • as a constraint of language change 59–60
  • contribution to language change 59–80
  • effect on complexity of texts 228–229
  • effect on language change64
  • formal variation in263
  • genitive alternation in 18–19
  • micro-level constraints on177
  • mirroring of language change80
  • negative transfer in 226–227
  • normalisation in270
  • register variation in194
  • socio-political factors affecting 64–65
  • variation due to direction228
  • vs. L2 writing 223–251

• translation constraints
  • FL into L1 and L1 into FL 161–162

• translation directionality
  • in corpus-based translation studies 157–158
  • effect on lexical variation 176–177

• translation experience
  • effect on lexical density170

• translation ratio 165–166

• translation studies 3–4

• translation vs. other contact-influenced varieties4

• translations
  • comparison over time 71–74
  • typical features of3

• translator
  • genitive choice272
  • genitive preference vs. author preference74
  • role in text production constraint12

• type- and lemma-token ratios164

• universality hypothesis 193–194

• usage events
  • cross-linguistic influence on11
  • effect of modality and register 11–12
  • language activation effect on11
  • variation in 10–11

• variability caused by register277

• variable importance plot
  • of that/Ø-alternation110

• variation 10–11
  • as a result of language proficiency 12–13
  • due to direction of translation228

• varioversals5

• verb
  • effect on that/Ø-alternation 107–108

• verb lemmas
  • allowing finite that-complementation118

• White South African English (WSAfE)
  • Americanisation of 51–52
  • corpus 35, 100
  • effect of Afrikaans on 29–53
  • factors conditioning that/Ø-alternation 106–111
  • inanimate possessors in44

• WSAfE and Afrikaans
  • convergence during 20th century 49–50

• WSAfE vs. BSAfE
  • in published professional writing19