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Part of
Our People’s Language: Variation and change in the Lánnang-uè of the Manila Lannangs
Wilkinson Daniel Wong Gonzales
[Contact Language Library 62] 2025
► pp. 205–249

Chapter 4
Examining phonological variation further

Stress and tone

Article outline
  • Introduction
  • A summary of the prosody of Lánnang‑uè and its source languages
  • Hypotheses
  • Participants
  • The task, stimuli, and conditions
  • Datasets and preparation
  • Analytical procedure
  • Criteria for hypothesis testing
  • Measuring spread and stability
  • Results: Stress
  • Results: Presence or absence of lexical tone
  • Results: Tone distributions
  • Discussion: Spread and stability in prosody
  • Discussion: Age-conditioned variation in prosody
  • Discussion: Gender-conditioned variation in prosody
  • Discussion: Proficiency and variation in prosody
  • Conclusion
  • Notes
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