Chinese language teachers’ instructional contexts, knowledge, and challenges in teaching students with special needs
Guided by Shulman’s (1987) concept of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), this study investigates pre-service and new Chinese language teachers’ instructional contexts, their PCK, and their challenges in teaching Chinese to students with disabilities in public K-12 schools in two Midwestern states in the United States. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected from a survey. The study finds that Chinese language teachers are teaching in very complicated and difficult contexts for students with disabilities, and they are facing tremendous challenges, which may have contributed to their lack of PCK and seriously undermined their confidence and instruction as well. Therefore, more assistance and support are needed for public K-12 Chinese teachers in the U.S. inclusive classroom to promote more sustained development of Chinese education. Since there has been little research on this aspect of K-12 Chinese education in the United States, this study may help prompt more discussion on the topic in our field.
References (30)
Arnoldy, B. (March 27, 2007). Chinese-language Classes Full, but Teachers Scarce in US. Retrieved March 23, 2010, from [URL].
Ball, D., Hill, H., & Bass, H. (2005). Knowing Mathematics for Teaching: Who Knows Mathematics Well Enough to Teach Third Grade, and How can We Decide? American Educator, 29(1), 14–46.
Borg, S. (2003). Teacher Cognition in Language Teaching: A Review of Research on What Language Teachers Think, Know, Believe, and Do. Language Teaching, 361, 81–109.
Creswell, J.W. (2015). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative Research. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Dillon, S. (Jan 20, 2010). Foreign Languages Fade in Class — Except Chinese. Retrieved March 23, 2010, from [URL].
Freeman, D. (2002). The Hidden Side of the Work: Teacher Knowledge and Learning to Teach. Language Teaching, 351, 1–13.
Freeman, D., & Johnson, K.E. (1998). Reconceptualizing the Knowledge-base of Language Teacher Education. TESOL Quarterly, 32(3), 397–417.
Friend, M.P. (2011). Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals. Boston, PA: Pearson.
Ganschow, L., & Schneider, E. (2006). Assisting Students with Foreign Language Learning Difficulties in School. Retrieved May 23, 2014, from [URL].
Grimmett, P.P., & MacKinnon, A.M. (1992). Craft Knowledge and the Education of Teachers. In G. Grant (Eds.), Review of Research in Education (Vol. 181, pp. 385–465). Washinton, DC: American Educational Research Association.
Howey, K. (1996). Designing Coherent and Effective Teacher Education Programs. In J. Sikula, T.J. Buttery, & E. Guyton (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Teacher Education: A Project of the Association of Teacher Education (2nd ed., pp. 143–170). New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan.
IDEA. (2004). Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act. Public Law 108-446.
Ingold, C.W., & Wang, S. (2010). The Teachers We Need: Transforming World Language Education in the United States. College Park, MD: National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland. Retrieved from [URL].
Irvine-Niakaris, C., & Kiely, R. (2015). Reading Comprehension in Test Preparation Classes: An Analysis of Teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge in TESOL. TESOL Quarterly, 49 (2), 369–392.
Kang, Y., & Cheng, X. (2014). Teacher Learning in the Workplace: A Study of the Relationship Between a Novice Efl Teacher’s Classroom Practices and Cognition Development. Language Teaching Research, 18(2), 169–186.
Mishra, P., & Koehler, M.J. (2006). Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge: A Framework for Teacher Knowledge. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017–1054.
NCOLCTL. (n.d.). National Flagship Language Initiative: Chinese K-16 Pipeline Project. Retrieved July 18, 2010, from [URL].
Pufahl, I., & Rhodes, N. (2011). Foreign Language Instruction in U.S. Schools: Results of a National Survey of Elementary and Secondary Schools. Foreign Language Annals, 44(2), 258–288.
Richards, J. & Pennington, M. (1998). The First Year of Teaching. In J. Richards. Beyond Training (pp. 173–190). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schwarz, R.L. (1997). Learning Disabilities and Foreign Language. Retrieved May 17, 2014, from [URL].
Shulman, L. (1987). Knowledge-base and Teaching: Foundations of the New Reform. Harvard Educational Review, 57(1), 1–22.
Tesch, R. (1990). Qualitative Research: Analysis Types and Software Tools. Bristol, PA: Falmer Press.
The College Board. (April 19, 2006). China National Office for Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language and the College Board Announce New Chinese Language and Culture Initiative. Retrieved from [URL].
The IRIS Center. (2015). Retrieved from [URL].
Torgesen, J.K. (2000). Individual Differences in Response to Early Interventions in Reading: The Lingering Problem of Treatment Resisters. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 151, 55–64.
Tsui, A.B.M. (2003). Understanding Expertise in Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wang, S. (2009). Preparing and Supporting Teachers of Less Commonly Taught Languages. The Modern Language Journal, 93(2), 282–287.
Wang, W. (2012). Chinese Language Teachers’ Socialization Into the Profession: A Comparative Study. (Ph.D. Dissertation). Michigan State University.
Weise, E. (2013). Mandarin Immersion Schools in the United States in 2014. Retrieved October 20, from [URL].
Zhou, M. (2012). Globalization and Language Order: Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language in the United States. In L. Tsung & K. Cruickshank (Eds.), Teaching and Learning Chinese in Global Contexts (pp. 131–150). New York: Continuum.
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
Zhu, Junling
2023.
Critical Literature Review on Teaching Chinese as a World Language in the Context of Globalization.
Language and Sociocultural Theory 9:2
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 1 august 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.