This content is being prepared for publication; it may be subject to changes.
Amnesty. 2017. “Amnesty Reveals
Alarming Impact of Online Abuse Against Women.” November 20. [URL].
Amossy, Ruth. 2017. “Understanding
Political Issues Through Argumentation Analysis.” In The Routledge
Handbook of Language and Politics, ed. by Ruth Wodak, and Bernard Forchtner, 262–275. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
Anderlini-D’Onofrio, Serena. 1998. “Neither
‘War Bride’ Nor ‘White Widow’: The Discursive Construction of Italian Women in
America.” Women’s Studies International
Forum 21 (4): 363–374.
Anderson, Kristin J.2015. Modern Misogyny: Anti-Feminism in a
Post-Feminist Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Anderson, Kristin J., Melinda Kanner, and Nisreen Elsayegh. 2009. “Are
Feminists Man Haters? Feminists’ and Nonfeminists’ Attitudes Toward Men.” Psychology of Women
Quarterly 33 (2): 216–224.
Arora, Naina. 2018. “No-Single-Women
Policy in Gurugram MG Road Pubs is ‘Bizarre and Primitive’.” Hindustan
Times. July 11. [URL]
Baele, Stephane J., Lewys Brace, and Travis G. Coan. 2019. “From
“Incel” to “Saint”: Analyzing the Worldview Behind the 2018 Toronto Van Attack.” Terrorism and
Political
Violence 33 (8): 1667–1691.
Banet-Weiser, Sarah. 2018. Empowered:
Popular Feminism and Popular Misogyny. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Bao, Kai.2023. “When Feminists Become ‘Extremists’: A Corpus-Based Study of Representations of Feminism on Weibo’.” Discourse & Communication 17 (5): 590–612.
Bao, Kai. 2024. “War
on Feminism: An Analysis of Metaphorical Representations on Weibo.” Social
Semiotics: 1–19.
Barber, Kate. 2022. (Re)framing
Rape: A Sociocognitive Discourse Analysis of Sexual Violence at the Intersection of White and Male
Supremacy. PhD thesis, Cardiff University.
Bardhan, Ashley. 2022. “Vilifying
Amber Heard Shows We Learned Nothing From GamerGate.” Kotaku. June
22. [URL].
Barker, Kim, and Olga Jurasz. 2019. Online
Misogyny as a Hate Crime: A Challenge for Legal
Regulation? London: Routledge.
Barr, Caelainn, and Alexandra Topping. 2021. “Fewer than One in 60 Rape Cases Lead to Charge in England and Wales.” The
Guardian. May 23. [URL].
Barroso, Amanda. 2020. “61%
of U.S. Women Say ‘Feminist’ Describes Them Well; Many See Feminism as Empowering,
Polarizing.” Pew Research Center. July 7. [URL].
Barthel, Michael, Galen Stocking, Jesse Holcomb, and Amy Mitchell. 2016. “Seven-in-Ten
Reddit Users Get News on the Site.” February 25. Pew Research
Center. [URL].
Bates, Laura. 2015. Everyday
Sexism. London: Simon & Schuster.
Bates, Laura. 2020. Men
Who Hate Women: The Extremism Nobody is Talking
About. London: Simon & Schuster.
Baumeister, Roy F., and Kathleen D. Vohs. 2004. “Sexual
Economics: Sex as Female Resource for Social Exchange in Heterosexual
Interactions.” Personality and Social Psychology
Review 8 (4): 339–363.
Baumgarten, Nicole. 2017. “Othering
Practice in a Right-Wing Extremist Online
Forum.” Language@Internet 14. [URL].
BBC News. 2015. “Caitlin Jenner
Avoids Charges Over Fatal Crash.” September 30. [URL].
Bednarek, Monika, and Helen Caple2012. News
Discourse. London: Continuum.
Bertoia, Carl, and Janice Drakich. 1993. “The
Fathers’ Rights Movement: Contradictions in Rhetoric and Practice.” Journal of Family
Issues 14 (4): 592–615.
Bezio, Kristin M. S.2018. “Ctrl-Alt-Del: GamerGate as a
Precursor to the Rise of the
Alt-Right.” Leadership 14 (5): 556–566.
Bianchi, Suzanne M., Liana C. Sayer, Melissa A. Milkie, and John P. Robinson. 2012. “Housework:
Who Did, Does or Will Do It, and How Much Does It Matter?” Social
Forces 91 (1): 53–63.
Biddle, Catherine, and Elizabeth Hufnagel. 2019. “Navigating
the “Danger Zone”: Tone Policing and the Bounding of Civility in the Practice of Student
Voice.” American Journal of
Education 125 (4): 487–520.
Bilandzic, Helena, and Rick Busselle. 2013. “Narrative
Persuasion.” In The SAGE Handbook of Persuasion: Developments in
Theory and Practice, ed. by James Price Dillard and Lijang Shen, 200–219. London: SAGE Publications.
Blais, Melissa, and Francis Dupuis-Déri. 2012. “Masculinism
and the Antifeminist Countermovement.” Social Movement
Studies 11 (1): 21–39.
Blake, Mariah. 2015. “Mad
Men: Inside the Men’s Rights Movement — and the Army of Misogynists and Trolls It
Spawned.” Mother Jones. [URL].
Bliss, Shepherd. 1987. “Revisioning
Masculinity: A Report on the Growing Men’s Movement.” In
Context 16. [URL].
Blodgett, Bridget, and Anastasia Salter. 2018. “Ghostbusters
Is For Boys: Understanding Geek Masculinity’s Role in the Alt-Right.” Communication, Culture
& Critique 11 (1): 133–146.
Boe, Bryce. 2020. PRAW:
The Python Reddit API wrapper. [URL]
Bogetić, Ksenija. 2022. “Race
and the Language of Incels: Figurative Neologisms in an Emerging English Cryptolect.” English
Today 39 (2): 89–99.
Boukala, Salomi. 2016. “Rethinking
Topos in the Discourse Historical Approach: Endoxon Seeking and Argumentation in Greek Media Discourses
on ‘Islamist Terrorism’.” Discourse
Studies 18 (3): 249–268.
Bouvier, Gwen, and David Machin. 2018. “Critical
Discourse Analysis and the Challenges and Opportunities of Social Media.” Review of
Communication 18 (3): 178–192.
Bower, Tim. 2019. “The
#MeToo Backlash.” Harvard Business Review. [URL].
Boyd, Susan B.2004. “Demonizing Mothers: Fathers’
Rights Discourses in Child Custody Law Reform Processes.” Journal of the Association for
Research on
Mothering 6 (1): 52–74. [URL].
Boyle, Karen, and Chamil Rathnayake. 2020. “#HimToo
and the Networking of Misogyny in the Age of #MeToo.” Feminist Media
Studies 20 (8): 1259–1277.
Braithwaite, Andrea. 2014. ““Seriously,
Get Out”: Feminists on the Forums and the War(craft) on Women.” New Media &
Society 16 (5): 703–718.
Braun, Virginia, and Celia Kitzinger. 2001. “The
Perfectible Vagina: Size Matters.” Culture, Health & Sexuality: An International Journal
for Research, Intervention and
Care 3 (3): 263–277.
Bridges, Tristan, and C. J. Pascoe. 2014. “Hybrid
Masculinities: New Directions in the Sociology of Men and Masculinity.” Sociology
Compass 8 (3): 246–258.
Briffault, Robert. 1931. The
Mothers: The Matriarchal Theory of Social Origins. New York: The MacMillan Company.
Burt, Martha R.1980. “Cultural Myths and Support for
Rape.” Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology 38 (2): 217–230.
Busch, Robbie, Mandy Morgan, and Leigh Coombes. 2014. “Manufacturing
Egalitarian Injustice: A Discursive Analysis of the Rhetorical Strategies Used in Fathers’ Rights Websites in Aotearoa/New
Zealand.” Feminism &
Psychology 24 (4): 440–460.
Calder-Dawe, Octavia, and Nicola Gavey. 2016. “Jekyll
and Hyde Revisited: Young People’s Constructions of Feminism, Feminists and the Practice of “Reasonable
Feminism”.” Feminism &
Psychology 26 (4): 487–507.
Cameron, Deborah. 2015. “Evolution,
Language, and the Battle of the Sexes: A Feminist Linguist Encounters Evolutionary
Psychology.” Australian Feminist
Studies 30 (86): 315–358.
Cameron, Deborah. 2018. “Is
‘Terrorism’ the Right Word?” Language: A Feminist Guide. May
1. [URL]
Carlson, Caitlin Ring, and Hayley Rousselle. 2020. “Report
and Repeat: Investigating Facebook’s Hate Speech Removal Process.” First
Monday 25 (2–3).
Carpenter, Jordan, William Brady, Molly Crockett, René Weber, and Walter Sinnott-Armstrong. 2021. “Political
Polarization and Moral Outrage on Social Media.” Connecticut Law
Review 52 (3): 1107–1120. [URL].
Carter, Rosie. 2020. “Young
People in the Time of COVID-19: A Fear and Hope Study of 16–24 Year Olds.” Hope Not
Hate. [URL].
Castells, Manuel. 2009. Communication
Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chafetz, Janet Saltzman, and Anthony Gary Dworkin. 1987. “In
the Face of Threat: Organized Antifeminism in Comparative Perspective.” Gender and
Society 1 (1): 33–60.
Chandrasekharan, Eshwar, Mattia Samory, Shagun Jhaver, Hunter Charvat, Amy Bruckman, Cliff Lampe, Jacob Eisenstein, and Eric Gilbert. 2018. “The
Internet’s Hidden Rules: An Empirical Study of Reddit Norm Violations at Micro, Meso, and Macro
Scales.” Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer
Interaction 2: 1–24.
Chang, Winnie. 2022. “The
Monstrous-Feminine in the Incel Imagination: Investigating the Representation of Women as “Femoids” on
/r/Braincels.” Feminist Media
Studies 22 (2): 254–270.
Charteris-Black, Jonathan. 2014. Analysing
Political Speeches: Rhetoric, Discourse and
Metaphor. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Chen, Eva. 2013. “Neoliberalism
and Popular Women’s Culture: Rethinking Choice, Freedom and Agency.” European Journal of
Cultural
Studies 16 (4): 440–452.
Choudhri, Aniqah. 2022. “The Depp-Heard Trial Proves That Blanket Women’s Solidarity Is a Myth.” Dazed. June 3. [URL].
Clatterbaugh, Kenneth. 2000. Literature
of the U.S. Men’s
Movements. Signs 25 (3): 883–894. [URL].
Cockerill, MacKenzie. 2019. “Convergence
on Common Ground: MRAs, Memes and Transcultural Contexts of Digital
Misogyny.” In Gender Hate Online: Understanding the New
Anti-Feminism, ed. by Debbie Ging and Eugenia Siapera, 87–110. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cole, Alyson M.2007. The Cult of True Victimhood: From the
War on Welfare to the War on Terror. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Cole, Nicki Lisa, and Alison Dahl Crossley. 2009. “On Feminism in the
Age of Consumption.” Consumers, Commodities & Consumption: A Newsletter of the Consumer
Studies Research Network 11 (1). [URL]
Collins, Patricia Hill. 2000. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge,
Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (2nd edition). New York: Routledge.
Collins, Patricia Hill. 2004. Black Sexual Politics: African
Americans, Gender, and the New Racism. New York: Routledge.
Collisson, Brian, Jennifer L. Howell, and Trista Harig. 2020. “Foodie
Calls: When Women Date Men for a Free Meal (Rather than a Relationship).” Social Psychological
and Personality
Science 11 (3): 425–432.
Conrad, Browyn Kara. 2006. “Neo-Institutionalism, Social
Movements, and the Cultural Reproduction of a Mentalité: Promise Keepers Reconstruct the Madonna/Whore
Complex.” The Sociological
Quarterly, 47 (2): 305–331.
Copland, Simon. 2020. “Reddit
Quarantined: Can Changing Platform Affordances Reduce Hateful Material Online?”. Internet
Policy
Review 9 (4): 2–26.
Coston, Bethany. M., and Michael Kimmel. 2013. “White
Men as the New Victims: Reverse Discrimination Cases and the Men’s Rights Movement.” Nevada Law
Journal 13 (2): 368–385. [URL].
Davis, Jenny L. and Timothy Graham. 2021. “Emotional
Consequences and Attention Rewards: The Social Effects of Ratings on Reddit.” Information,
Communication &
Society 24 (4): 649–666.
Dayter, Daria, and Sofia Rüdiger. 2022. The
Language of Pick-Up Artists: Online Discourses of the Seduction Industry. New York: Routledge.
de Beauvoir, Simone. 1953. The
Second Sex. Translated by Howard M. Parshley. London: Jonathan Cape.
De Choudhury, Munmun, and Sushovan De. 2014. “Mental
Health Discourse on Reddit: Self-Disclosure, Social Support, and Anonymity.” Proceedings of the
International AAAI Conference on Web and Social
Media 8 (1): 71–80.
de Maricourt, Clotilde, and Stephen R. Burrell. 2022. “#MeToo or #MenToo? Expressions of Backlash and Masculinity Politics in the #MeToo Era.” The Journal of Men’s Studies 30 (1): 49–69.
DeCook, Julia R.2022. “r/WatchRedditDie and the
Politics of Reddit’s Bans and Quarantines.” Internet
Histories 6(1–2): 206–222.
DeCook, Julia R., and Megan Kelly. 2022. “Interrogating
the “Incel Menace”: Assessing the Threat of Male Supremacy in Terrorism Studies.” Critical
Studies on
Terrorism 15 (3): 706–726.
Dej, Erin, and Jennifer Kilty. 2024. ““Die
Alone, Old, and Let the Cat Eat Your Face”: Anti-Feminist Backlash and Academic
Cyber-Harassment.” Feminist Media
Studies 24 (1): 70–86.
DeKeseredy, Walter S.1999. “Tactics of the Antifeminist
Backlash Against Canadian National Woman Abuse Surveys.” Violence Against
Women 5 (11): 1258–1276.
Demjén, Zsofia, and Claire Hardaker. 2016. “Metaphor,
Impoliteness, and Offence in Online Communication.” In The Routledge
Handbook of Metaphor and Language, ed. by Elena Semino and Zsofia Demjén, 353–367. New York: Routledge.
Denes, Amanda. 2011. “Biology
as Consent: Problematising the Scientific Approach to Seducing Women’s Bodies.” Women’s Studies
International
Forum 34 (5): 411–419.
Dewaele, Jean-Marc. 2015. “British
‘Bollocks’ Versus American ‘Jerk’: Do Native British English Speakers Swear More — or Differently — Compared to American
English Speakers?” Applied Linguistics
Review 6 (3): 309–339.
Dewaele, Jean-Marc. 2018. “Cunt”:
On the Perception and Handling of Verbal Dynamite by L1 and LX Users of
English. Multilingua 37 (1): 53–81.
Dhankhar, Leena. 2012. “Banned
in Gurgaon Pubs: Bouncers, Escorts, Stag Entry.” Hindustan
Times. March 21. [URL].
Dhrodia, Azmina. 2018. “Unsocial
Media: A Toxic Place for Women.” IPPR Progressive
Review 24 (4): 380–387.
Dignam, Pierce Alexander, and Deana A. Rohlinger. 2019. “Misogynistic
Men Online: How the Red Pill Elected Trump.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and
Society 44 (3): 589–612.
Dimsdale, Connie. 2022. “Teachers
Urged to Listen for ‘Manosphere Talk’ in School Corridors and Misogynistic Social Media
Trends.” iNews. August 22. [URL].
Dodd, Vikram. 2023. “Large
Rise in Men Referred to Prevent over Women-Hating Incel Ideology.” The
Guardian. January 26. [URL].
Donaghue, Ngaire. 2015. “Who
Gets Played by ‘The Gender Card’? A Critical Discourse Analysis of Coverage of Prime Minister Julia Gillard’s Sexism and
Misogyny Speech in the Australian Print Media.” Australian Feminist
Studies 30 (84): 161–178.
Donegan, Moira. 2022a. “The
Amber Heard-Johnny Depp Trial Was an Orgy of Misogyny.” The
Guardian. June 1. [URL].
Donegan, Moira. 2022b. “There’s
an Antifeminist Backlash Silencing Women — More and More Literally.” The
Guardian. July 7. [URL].
Donovan, Brian L.2017. “Alimony Panic, Gold Diggers,
and the Cultural Foundations of Early Twentieth-Century Marriage Reform in the United
States.” Journal of Family
History 42 (2): 111–127.
Dragiewicz, Molly. 2008. “Patriarchy
Reasserted: Fathers’ Rights and Anti-VAWA Activism.” Feminist
Criminology 3 (2): 121–144.
Duggan, Maeve. 2017. “Online
Harassment 2017.” Pew Research Center. July 11. [URL].
Dworkin, Andrea. 1983. Right-Wing
Women: The Politics of Domesticated Females. London: The Women’s Press.
Dworkin, Andrea. 1989. Pornography:
Men Possessing Women. London: Penguin Books.
Earl, Jennifer, and Katrina Kimport. 2011. Digitally Enabled Social Change: Activism in the Internet Age. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Edley, Nigel, and Margaret Wetherell. 2001. “Jekyll
and Hyde: Men’s Constructions of Feminism and Feminists.” Feminism &
Psychology 11 (4): 439–457.
Eslen-Ziya, Hande, and Margunn Bjørnholt. 2023. “Men’s
Rights Activism and Anti-Feminist Resistance in Turkey and Norway.” Social
Politics 30 (1): 213–238.
Fairclough, Norman. 1989. Language
and
Power. London: Longman.
Fairclough, Norman. 2013. Critical
Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language (2nd
edition). London: Routledge.
Fairclough, Isabela, and Norman Fairclough. 2012. Political
Discourse Analysis: A Method for Advanced
Students. London: Routledge.
Fairclough, Norman, and Ruth Wodak. 1997. “Critical
Discourse Analysis.” In Discourse as Social
Interaction, ed. by Teun A. van Dijk, 258–284. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Fairclough, Norman, Jane Mulderrig, and Ruth Wodak. 2011. “Critical
Discourse Analysis.” In Discourse Studies: A Multi-Disciplinary
Introduction, ed. by Teun A. van Dijk, 357–378. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Falk, Erika. 2013. “Clinton
and the Playing-The-Gender-Card Metaphor in Campaign News.” Feminist Media
Studies 13 (2): 192–207.
Faludi, Susan. 2006. Backlash:
The Undeclared War Against American Women (15th Anniversary Edition). New York: Three Rivers Press.
Faludi, Susan. 2007. The
Terror Dream: Fear and Fantasy in Post-9/11 America. New York: Metropolitan Books.
Farci, Manolo, and Nicola Righetti. 2019. “Italian
Men’s Rights Activism and Online Backlash Against Feminism.” Rassegna Italiana di
Sociologa 4: 765–781.
Farrell, Tracie, Miriam Fernandez, Jakub Novotny, and Harith Alani. 2019. “Exploring
Misogyny Across the Manosphere in Reddit.” WebSci ’19 Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on
Web Science: 87–96.
Farrell, Tracie, Oscar Araque, Miriam Fernandez, and Harith Alani. 2020. “On
the Use of Jargon and Word Embeddings to Explore Subculture Within Reddit’s
Manosphere.” Proceedings of the 12th ACM Conference on Web
Science: 221–230.
Farrell, Warren. 1974. The
Liberated Man. New York: Bantam Books.
Farrell, Warren. 1994. The
Myth of Male Power: Why Men Are the Disposable
Sex. London: Fourth Estate.
Farvid, Pantéa, Virginia Braun, and Casey Rowney. 2017. “‘No
Girl Wants to Be Called a Slut!’: Women, Heterosexual Casual Sex and the Sexual Double
Standard.” Journal of Gender
Studies 26 (5): 544–560.
Fazackerley, Anna. 2023. “Don’t
Talk to Pupils About Misogynist Andrew Tate, Government Urges Teachers in England.” The
Guardian. April 29. [URL].
Ferber, Abby L.2000. “Racial Warriors and Weekend
Warriors: The Construction of Masculinity in Mythopoetic and White Supremacist Discourse.” Men
and
Masculinities 3 (1): 30–56.
Fernández, Silvia Díaz, Elisa García Mingo, and Anita Fuentes. 2023. “#TeamAlienadas:
Anti-Feminist Ideologic Work in the Spanish Manosphere.” European Journal of Women’s
Studies 30 (4): 421–439.
Fiesler, Casey, Jialun Jiang, Joshua McCann, Kyle Frye, and Jed Brubaker2018. “Reddit
Rules! Characterizing an Ecosystem of Governance.” Proceedings of the Twelfth International
AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM
2018) 12 (1): 72–81. [URL].
Flood, Michael. 2010. ““Fathers’
Rights” and the Defense of Paternal Authority in Australia.” Violence Against
Women 16 (3): 328–347. .
Flood, Michael., Molly Dragiewicz, and Bob Pease. 2021. “Resistance
and Backlash to Gender Equality.” Australian Journal of Social
Issues 56 (3): 393–408.
Fox, John. 2004. “How
Men’s Movements Participants View Each Other.” The Journal of Men’s
Studies 12 (2): 103–118.
Freelon, Deen. G.2010. “Analyzing Online Political
Discussion Using Three Models of Democratic Communication.” New Media &
Society 12 (7): 1172–1190.
Friedan, Betty. 1963The
Feminine Mystique. New York: Norton.
Fuchs, Christian. 2017. Social
Media: A Critical Introduction (2nd edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Futrelle, David. 2012. “Rationalization
Hamsters… Or Hamster Rationalizations?” We Hunted the Mammoth. January
17. [URL].
García-Favaro, Laura and Rosalind Gill. 2016. ““Emasculation
Nation Has Arrived”: Sexism Rearticulated in Online Responses to Lose the Lads’ Mags
Campaign.” Feminist Media
Studies 16 (3): 379–397.
Gardiner, Becky. 2018. ““It’s
a Terrible Way to Go to Work:” What 70 Million Readers’ Comments on The Guardian Revealed About Hostility to Women and
Minorities Online.” Feminist Media
Studies 18 (4): 593–608.
Garrett, R. Kelly. 2009. “Echo
Chambers Online?: Politically Motivated Selective Exposure Among Internet News Users.” Journal
of Computer-Mediated
Communication 14 (2): 265–285.
Gaudette, Tiana, Ryan Scrivens, Garth Davies, and Richard Frank. 2021. “Upvoting
Extremism: Collective Identity Formation and the Extreme Right on Reddit.” New Media &
Society, 23 (12): 3491–3508.
Georgakopoulou, Alexandra. 2008. “‘On
MSN with Buff Boys’: Self- and Other-Identity Claims in the Context of Small Stories.” Journal
of
Sociolinguistics 12 (5): 597–626.
Gheorge, Ruxandra Mihaela, and David Yuzva Clement. 2023. “‘It’s Time to Put the
Copes Down and Get to Work’: A Qualitative Study of Incel Exit Strategies on
R/IncelExit.” Behavioral Studies of Terrorism and Political Aggression: 1–21.
Gill, Rosalind. 1993. “Justifying
Injustice: Broadcasters’ Accounts of Inequality.” In Discourse
Analytic Research: Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action, ed. by Erica Burman and Ian Parker, 75–93. London: Routledge.
Gill, Rosalind. 2007. “Postfeminist
Media Culture: Elements of a Sensibility”. European Journal of Cultural
Studies 10 (2): 147–166.
Gill, Rosalind. 2016. “Post-Postfeminism?:
New Feminist Visibilities in Postfeminist Times.” Feminist Media
Studies 16 (4): 610–630.
Gillespie, Tarleton. 2018. Custodians
of the Internet: Platforms, Content Moderation, and the Hidden Decisions That Shape Social
Media. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Ging, Debbie. 2019a. “Alphas,
Betas, and Incels: Theorizing the Masculinities of the Manosphere.” Men and
Masculinities 22 (4): 638–657.
Ging, Debbie. 2019b. “Bros
V. Hos: Postfeminism, Anti-Feminism and the Toxic Turn in Digital Gender
Politics.” In Gender Hate Online: Understanding the New
Anti-Feminism, ed. by Debbie Ging and Eugenia Siapera, 45–67. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ging, Debbie, and Tanya Lokot. 2019. “Does
Social Media Love Hate?” RTE. April 2. [URL].
Ging, Debbie, and Eugenia Siapera. 2018. “Special
Issue on Online Misogyny.” Feminist Media
Studies 18 (4): 515–524.
Glace, Alyssa M., Tessa L. Dover, and Judith G. Zatkin. 2021. “Taking
the Black Pill: An Empirical Analysis of the “Incel””. Psychology of Men &
Masculinities 22 (2): 288–297.
Glick, Peter, and Susan T. Fiske. 2001. “An
Ambivalent Alliance: Hostile and Benevolent Sexism as Complementary Justifications for Gender
Inequality.” American
Psychologist 56 (2): 109–118. [URL].
Glick, Peter, and Susan T. Fiske. 2011. “Ambivalent
Sexism Revisited.” Psychology of Women
Quarterly 35 (3): 530–535.
Goffman, Erving. 1981. Forms
of Talk. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Goldberg, Herb. 1976. The
Hazards of Being Male: Surviving the Myth of Masculine Privilege. New York: Signet.
Górska, Anna Maria, Karolina Kulicka, and Dariusz Jemielniak. 2022. “Men
Not Going Their Own Way: A Thick Big Data Analysis of #MGTOW and #Feminism Tweets.” Feminist
Media
Studies 23 (8): 3374–3792.
Gorup, Meta. 2019. “Ethics
of Discourse Analysis.” In Handbook of Research Ethics And Scientific
Integrity, ed. by Ron Iphofen, 1–22. Cham: Springer Reference.
Gotell, Lise, and Emily Dutton. 2016. “Sexual
Violence in the ‘Manosphere’: Antifeminist Men’s Rights Discourses on Rape.” International
Journal for Crime, Justice and Social
Democracy 5 (2): 65–80.
Gottschall, Jonathan, Elizabeth Allison, Jay de Rosa, and Kaia Klockeman. 2006. “Can
Literary Study Be Scientific?: Results of an Empirical Search for the Virgin/Whore
Dichotomy.” Interdisciplinary Literary
Studies 7 (2): 1–17. [URL].
Gough, Brendan. 1998. “Men
and the Discursive Reproduction Of Sexism: Repertoires of Difference and Equality.” Feminism
&
Psychology 8 (1): 25–49.
Gough, Brendan, and Paul Peace. 2000. “Reconstructing
Gender at University: Men as Victims.” Gender and
Education 12 (3): 385–398.
Gover, Angela R., Shannon B. Harper, and Lynn Langton. 2020. “Anti-Asian
Hate Crime During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploring the Reproduction of Inequality.” American
Journal of Criminal
Justice 45: 647–667.
Graham, Timothy, and Aleesha Rodriguez. 2021. “The
Sociomateriality of Rating and Ranking Devices on Social Media: A Case Study Of Reddit’s Voting
Practices.” Social Media +
Society 7 (3): 1–12.
Grieser, Jessica. A.2018. “When the White Knight Is a
Woman: An Intertextual Analysis of Antagonism in a Female-Oriented
Fandom.” Language@Internet 15 (2). [URL].
Halley, Janet, Prabha Kotiswaran, Rachel Rebouché, and Hila Shamir. 2018. Governance
Feminism: An Introduction. Minneapolis, MA: University of Minnesota Press.
Han, Xiaoting, and Chenjun Yin. 2023. “Mapping
the Manosphere: Categorization of Reactionary Masculinity Discourses in Digital
Environment.” Feminist Media
Studies 23 (5): 1923–1940.
Hanisch, Carol. 1975. Men’s
Liberation. In Feminist Revolution, ed.
by Redstockings, 72–76. New York: Random House.
Hardaker, Claire, and Mark McGlashan. 2016. “‘Real
Men Don’t Hate Women’: Twitter Rape Threats and Group Identity.” Journal of
Pragmatics 91: 80–93.
Harrington, Carol. 2021. “What
Is “Toxic Masculinity” and Why Does It Matter?” Men and
Masculinities 24 (2): 345–352.
Harvard Health
Publishing. 2019. “Marriage and Men’s
Health.” June 5. [URL].
Haslam, Nick. 2006. “Dehumanization:
An Integrative Review.” Personality and Social Psychology
Review 10 (3): 252–264.
Haslop, Craig, Jessica Ringrose, Idil Cambazoglu, and Betsy Milne. 2024. “Mainstreaming
the Manosphere’s Misogyny Through Affective Homosocial Currencies: Exploring How Teen Boys Navigate the Andrew Tate
Effect.” Social Media +
Society 10 (1): 1–11.
Heartfield, James. 2002. “There
Is No Masculinity Crisis.” Genders 35. [URL].
Henry, Nicola, and Anastasia Powell. 2018. “Technology-Facilitated
Sexual Violence: A Literature Review of Empirical Research.” Trauma, Violence and
Abuse 19 (2): 195–208.
Heritage, Frazer. 2023. Incels
and Ideologies: Exploring How Incels Use Language to Construct Gender and
Race. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hern, Alex. 2024. “How
Positive Male Role Models Are Detoxifying the Social Media ‘Manosphere.’The
Guardian. March 2. [URL].
Herring, Susan. 1996. “Linguistic
and Critical Analysis of Computer-Mediated Communication: Some Ethical and Scholarly
Considerations.” The Information
Society 12(2): 153–168.
Herring, Susan C., and Sharon Stoerger. 2014. “Gender
and (A)nonymity in Computer-Mediated Communication.” In The Handbook
of Language, Gender, and Sexuality (2nd edition), ed.
by Susan Ehrlich, Miriam Meyerhoff, and Janet Holmes, 567–586. Maldon, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Hodapp, Christa. 2017. Men’s
Rights, Gender, and Social Media. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Hoffman, Bruce, Jacob Ware, and Ezra Shapiro. 2020. “Assessing
the Threat of Incel Violence.” Studies in Conflict &
Terrorism 43 (7): 565–587.
Hong, Sun-Ha. 2023. “Fact
Signalling and Fact Nostalgia in the Data-Driven Society.” Big Data &
Society 10 (1): 1–12.
hooks, bell. 2000. Feminism
Is for Everybody: Passionate Politics. Cambridge, MA: South End Press.
hooks, bell. 2015. Feminist
Theory: From Margin to Center (3rd edition). New York: Routledge.
Hope Not Hate. 2020. State of Hate
2020: Far Right Terror Goes Global. [URL].
Hope Not Hate. 2023. State of Hate
2023: Rhetoric, Racism and Resentment. [URL].
Huang, Qiqi. 2023. “Anti-Feminism:
Four Strategies for the Demonisation and Depoliticization of Feminism on Chinese Social
Media.” Feminist Media
Studies 23 (7): 3583–3598.
Ihnen, Constanza, and John E. Richardson. 2011. “On
Combining Pragma-Dialectics with Critical Discourse
Analysis.” In Keeping in Touch with
Pragma-Dialectics, ed. by Eveline T. Feteris, Bart Garssen, and Francisca Snoeck-Henkemans, 231–244. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
IPSOS. 2019. “Less than a Third
of American Women Identify as Feminists.” November 25. [URL].
Jane, Emma. 2016. Misogyny Online: A Short (and Brutish)
History. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Jane, Emma. 2017. “Gendered Cyberhate: A New
Digital Divide?” In Theorizing Digital
Divides, ed. by Massimo Ragnedda and Glenn. W. Muschert, 186–198. New York: Routledge.
Jia, Haomiao, and Erica I. Lubetkin. 2020. “Life
Expectancy snd Active Life Expectancy by Marital Status Among U.S. Older Adults: Results from the U.S. Medicare Health Outcome
Survey (HOS).” SSM Population
Health 12: 1–9.
Johanssen, Jacob. 2021. Fantasy,
Online Misogyny and the Manosphere: Male Bodies of Dis/Inhibition. New York: Routledge.
Johansson, Evelina, and Mona Lilja. 2013. “Understanding
Power and Performing Resistance: Swedish Feminists, Civil Society Voices, Biopolitics and “Angry”
Men.” NORA — Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender
Research 21 (4): 264–279.
Johansson, Kristina, Elias Andersson, Maria Johansson, and Gun Lidestav. 2017. “The
Discursive Resistance of Men to Gender-Equality Interventions: Negotiating “Unjustness” and “Unnecessity” in Swedish
Forestry.” Men and
Masculinities 22 (2): 177–196.
Jones, Callum, Verity Trott, and Scott Wright. 2020. “Sluts and Soyboys: MGTOW and the Production of Misogynistic Online Harassment.” New Media &
Society 22 (10): 1903–1921.
Jong-Fast, Molly. 2021. “My
Body, My Choice? The Paradox of Republican Anti-Vaxxers.” Vogue. July
14. [URL].
Jordan, Ana. 2009. “‘Dads
Aren’t Demons. Mums Aren’t Madonnas.’ Constructions of Fatherhood and Masculinities in the (Real) Fathers4Justice
Campaign.” Journal of Social Welfare and Family
Law 31 (4): 419–433.
Jordan, Ana. 2016. “Conceptualising
Backlash: UK Men’s Rights Groups, Anti-Feminism, and Postfeminism.” Canadian Journal of Women
and the
Law 28 (1): 18–44.
Jurgenson, Nathan. 2012. “When
Atoms Meet Bits: Social Media, the Mobile Web and Augmented Revolution.” Future
Internet 4 (1): 83–91.
Karlsen, Rune, Kari Steen-Johnsen, Dag Wollebæk, and Bernard Enjolras. 2017. “Echo
Chamber and Trench Warfare Dynamics in Online Debates.” European Journal of
Communication 32 (3): 257–273.
Kaye, Miranda, and Julia Tolmie. 1998. “Discoursing
Dads: The Rhetorical Devices of Fathers’ Rights Groups.” Melbourne University Law
Review 22: 162–94.
Kelly, Annie. 2017. “The
Alt-Right: Reactionary Rehabilitation for White
Masculinity.” Soundings 66: 68–78.
Kelly, Annie. 2020. Fear,
Hate and Countersubversion: American Antifeminism Online. PhD thesis, University of East Anglia.
Kerr, David A.1999. “Christian Understandings of
Proselytism.” International Bulletin of Mission
Research 23 (1): 8–14.
KhosraviNik, Majid. 2014. “Critical
Discourse Analysis, Power, and New Media Discourse.” In Why Discourse
Matters: Negotiating Identity in the Mediatized World, ed. by Yusuf Kalyango Jr. and Monika Weronika Kopytowska, 287–306. New York: Peter Lang.
KhosraviNik, Majid. 2018. “Social
Media Critical Discourse Studies (SM-CDS).” In The Routledge Handbook
of Critical Discourse Studies, ed. by John Flowerdew and John E. Richardson, 582–596. New York: Routledge.
KhosraviNik, Majid, and Eleonora Esposito. 2018. “Online
Hate, Digital Discourse and Critique: Exploring Digitally-Mediated Discursive Practices of Gender-Based
Hostility.” Lodz Papers in
Pragmatics 14 (1): 45–68.
KhosraviNik, Majid, and Nadia Sarkoh. 2017. “Arabism
and Anti-Persian Sentiments on Participatory Web Platforms: A Social Media Critical Discourse
Study.” International Journal of
Communication 11: 3614–3633. [URL]
KhosraviNik, Majid, and Johann W. Unger. 2016. “Critical
Discourse Studies and Social Media: Power, Resistance and Critique in Changing Media
Ecologies.” In Methods of Critical Discourse
Studies (3rd edition), ed. by Ruth Wodak and Michael Meyer, 205–233. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Kienpointner, Manfred. 2018. “Rhetoric
and Argumentation.” In The Routledge Handbook of Critical Discourse
Studies, ed. by John Flowerdew and John E. Richardson, 228–241. New York: Routledge.
Kim, Eddie. 2022. “Johnny
Depp, Men’s Rights Hero.” Mel Magazine. [URL].
Kim, Jinsook. 2018. “Misogyny
for Male Solidarity: Online Hate Discourse Against Women in South
Korea.” In Mediating Misogyny: Gender, Technology, and
Harassment, ed. by Jacqueline Ryan Vickery and Tracy Everbach, 151–169. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kim, Jinsook. 2023. “Wikiality
Within the Manosphere: Namuwiki, Gender Equalism, and Antifeminist Disinformation in the Post-Truth
Era.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and
Society 48 (1): 97–123.
Kimmel, Michael. 2010. Misframing
Men: The Politics of Contemporary Masculinities. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Kimmel, Michael. 2013. Angry
White Men: American Masculinity at the End of an Era. New York: Nation Books.
Kimmel, Michael. S.1987. “Men’s Responses to Feminism at
the Turn of the Century.” Gender &
Society 1 (3): 261–283.
Kimmel, Michael. S, and Michael Kaufman. 1994. “Weekend
Warriors: The New Men’s Movement.” In Theorizing
Masculinities, ed. by Harry Brod and Michael Kaufman, 259–288. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
King, Andrew Stephen. 2018. “Feminism’s Flip Side: A
Cultural History of the PUA.” Sexuality &
Culture 22: 299–315.
King, Storm. A.1996. “Researching Internet
Communities: Proposed Ethical Guidelines for the Reporting of Results.” The Information
Society 12 (2): 119–128.
Kleinman, Sherryl, Matthew B. Ezzell, and A. Corey Frost. 2009. “Reclaiming Critical Analysis:
The Social Harms of “Bitch”.” Sociological
Analysis 3 (1): 56–68.
Koller, Veronika, Alexandra Krendel, and Jessica Aiston. 2023. The
Language of Gender-Based Separatism: A Comparative Analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Kopf, Susanne. 2019. “Content
Policies in Social Media Critical Discourse Studies: The Invisible Hand of Social Media
Providers?” Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis Across
Disciplines 11 (1): 1–19. [URL]
Koteyko, Nelya. 2010. “Mining
the Internet for Linguistic and Social Data: An Analysis of ‘Carbon Compounds’ in Web
Feeds.” Discourse &
Society 21 (6): 655–674.
Krendel, Alexandra. 2020. “The
Men and Women, Guys and Girls of the ‘Manosphere’: A Corpus-Assisted Discourse
Approach.” Discourse &
Society 31 (6): 607–630.
Krendel, Alexandra. 2021. “From
Sexism to Misogyny: Can Online Echo Chambers Stay
Quarantined?” In Misogyny as a Hate Crime, ed
by. Irene Zempi and Jo Smith, 99–118. New York: Routledge.
Krendel, Alexandra, Mark McGlashan, and Veronika Koller. 2022. “The
Representation of Gendered Social Actors Across Five Manosphere Communities on
Reddit.” Corpora 17 (2): 291–321.
Kruse, Lisa M., Dawn R. Norris, and Jonathan R. Flinchum. 2018. “Social
Media as a Public Sphere? Politics on Social Media.” The Sociological
Quarterly 59 (1): 62–84.
Lakoff, Robin Tolmach. 2015. “Nine Ways of Looking at
Apologies: The Necessity of Interdisciplinary Theory and Methodology in Discourse
Analysis.” In The Handbook of Discourse
Analysis (2nd edition), ed. by Deborah Tannen, Heidi E. Hamilton, and Deborah Schiffrin, 290–308. Maldon, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
LaViolette, Jack, and Bernie Hogan. 2019. “Using
Platform Signals for Distinguishing Discourses: The Case of Men’s Rights and Men’s Liberation on
Reddit.” Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on The Web and Social
Media 13: 323–334. [URL].
Lazar, Michelle M.2006. ““Discover the Power of
Femininity!”: Analyzing Global “Power Femininity” in Local Advertising.” Feminist Media
Studies 6 (4): 505–517.
Lazar, Michelle2014. “Recuperating Feminism,
Reclaiming Femininity: Hybrid Postfeminist I-Dentity in Consumer Advertisements.” Gender and
Language 8 (2): 205–224.
Lazard, Lisa. 2017. “Here’s
the Truth About False Accusations of Sexual Violence.” The
Conversation. November 24. [URL].
Levy, Neil. 2020. “Virtue
Signalling Is
Virtuous.” Synthese 198: 9545–9562.
Lewiński, Marcin. 2011. “Towards
a Critique-Friendly Approach to the Straw Man Fallacy
Evaluation.” Argumentation 25: 469–497.
Lewis, Ruth, Mike Rowe, and Clare Wiper. 2019. “Online/Offline
Continuities: Exploring Misogyny and Hate in Online Abuse of
Feminists.” In Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and
Discrimination on the Web, ed. by Karen Lumsden and Emily Harmer, 121–143. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Lilja, Mona, and Evelina Johansson. 2018. “Feminism
as Power and Resistance: An Inquiry into Different Forms of Swedish Feminist Resistance and Anti-Genderist
Reactions.” Social
Inclusion 6 (4): 82–94.
Lilja, Mona, and Stellan Vinthagen. 2014. “Sovereign
Power, Disciplinary Power and Biopower: Resisting What Power with What Resistance?” Journal of
Political
Power 7 (1): 107–126.
Lin, Jie Liang. 2017. “Antifeminism online: MGTOW
(Men Going Their Own Way).” In Digital Environments: Ethnographic
Perspectives Across Global Online and Offline Spaces, ed. by Urte U. Frömming, Steffen Köhn, Samantha Fox, and Mike Terry, 77–96. Bielefield: Transcript Verlag.
Lindsay, Jessica. 2020. “What
Is Simping, and What Is A Simp?” Metro. January
4. [URL].
Lodhia, Sharmilla. 2014. ““Stop
Importing Weapons of Family Destruction!”: Cyberdiscourses, Patriarchal Anxieties, and the Men’s Backlash Movement in India.” Violence Against
Women 20 (8): 905–936.
López Maestre, Mária D.2015. “‘Man the Hunter’: A Critical
Metaphor of Hunt-Based Conceptual Metaphors of Love and Sexual Desire.” Journal of Literary
Semantics 44 (2): 89–113.
Lopez, Kimberly J., Meghan L. Muldoon, and Janet K. L. McKeown. 2018. “One
Day of #Feminism: Twitter as a Complex Digital Arena for Wielding, Shielding, and Trolling Talk on
Feminism.” Leisure
Sciences 41 (9): 203–220.
Lumsden, Karen. 2019. “‘I Want to Kill You in Front of Your Children” Is Not a Threat. It’s an Expression of Desire’: Discourses of Online Abuse, Trolling, and Violence on r/MensRights.” In Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web, ed. by Karen Lumsden and Emily Harmer, 91–115. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mackay, Rowan. R.2017. “Real Women:
Objectivity Versus Situatedness in Critical Discourse Studies.” Critical Discourse
Studies 14 (5): 548–568.
Mackenzie, J.2017. “Identifying
Informational Norms in Mumsnet Talk: A Reflexive-Linguistic Approach to Internet Research
Ethics.” Applied Linguistics
Review 8 (2–3): 293–314.
Maclean, Andrew. 2018. Welcome
to the Front Page: An Ethnographic Exploration of Free Speech Within Reddit. Master’s thesis, Concordia University.
Mahdawi, Arwa. 2022. “New
Documents from the Johnny Depp v Amber Heard Trial Have Been Unsealed — and Things Have Only Gotten
Uglier.” The Guardian. August 10. [URL].
Manne, Kate. 2018. Down
Girl: The Logic of Misogyny. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Markham, Annette. 2012. “Fabrication
as Ethical Practice: Qualitative Inquiry in Ambiguous Internet Contexts.” Information,
Communication, and
Society 15 (3): 334–353.
Markham, Annette, and Elizabeth Buchanan. 2012. “Ethical
Decision Making and Internet Research: Recommendations from the AoIR Ethics Working Committee (Version
2.0).” Association of Internet Researchers. [URL].
Marwick, Alice E, and Robyn Caplan. 2018. “Drinking
Male Tears: Language, the Manosphere, and Networked Harassment.” Feminist Media
Studies 18 (4): 543–549.
Marwick, Alice, Lindsay Blackwell, and Katherine Lo. 2016. “Best
Practices for Conducting Risky Research and Protecting Yourself from Online Harassment.” Data
& Society. [URL].
Massanari, Adrienne. 2017. “#Gamergate
and The Fappening: How Reddit’s Algorithm, Governance, and Culture Support
Toxic Technocultures.” New Media &
Society 19 (3): 329–346.
Massanari, Adrienne L.2015. Participatory Culture, Community and
Play: Learning from Reddit. New York: Peter Lang.
Massanari, Adrienne L.2018. “Rethinking Research Ethics,
Power, and the Risk of Visibility in the Era of the “Alt-Right” Gaze.” Social Media +
Society 4 (2): 1–9.
Massanari, Adrienne L., and Shira Chess. 2018. “Attack
of the 50-Foot Social Justice Warrior: The Discursive Construction of SJW Memes as the Monstrous
Feminine.” Feminist Media
Studies 18 (4): 525–542.
McCrea, Aisling. 2019. “The
Magical Thinking of Guys Who Love Logic.” The Outline. February
15. [URL].
McGlashan, Mark, and Alexandra Krendel. 2024. “Keywords
of the Manosphere.” International Journal of Corpus
Linguistics 29 (1): 87–115.
McLean, Carmen P., Anu Asnaani, Brett T. Litz, and Stefan G. Hofmann. 2011. “Gender
Differences in Anxiety Disorders: Prevalence, Course of Illness, Comorbidity and Burden of
Illness. Journal of Psychiatric
Research 45 (8): 1027–1035.
McKee, Heidi A., and James E. Porter. 2009. The
Ethics of Internet Research: A Rhetorical, Case-Based Process. New York: Peter Lang.
McRobbie, Angela. 2009. The
Aftermath of Feminism: Gender, Culture, and Social Change. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
McVey, Alex. 2021. “The
Definition of Racism” — A Critique of Racial Deduction. In Local
Theories of Argument, ed. by Dale Hample, 97–102. New York: Routledge.
Mendes, Kaitlynn. 2011. Feminism
in the News: Representations of the Women’s Movement Since the
1960s. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Messner, Michael A.1998. “The Limits of “The Male Sex
Role”: An Analysis of the Men’s Liberation and Men’s Rights Movements Discourse.” Gender and
Society 12 (3): 255–276.
Mill, John Stuart, and Harriet Taylor Mill. 2009. The Subjection of
Women. Auckland: The Floating Press.
Miller, Cassie. 2022. “SPLC
Poll Finds Substantial Support for ‘Great Replacement’ Theory and Other Hard-Right
Ideas.” Southern Poverty Law Center. June 1. [URL].
Mills, Richard A.2018. “Pop-Up Political Advocacy
Communities on Reddit.com: SandersForPresident and The Donald.” AI &
Society 33: 39–54.
Mills, Sara. 2008. Language
and Sexism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Mirlees, Tanner. 2018. “The
Alt-Right’s Discourse of “Cultural Marxism”: A Political Instrument of Intersectional
Hate.” Atlantis
Journal 39 (1): 49–69. [URL].
Mountford, J. B.2018. “Topic
Modelling The Red Pill.” Social
Sciences 7 (3): 1–16.
Mueller, Christopher. 2016. “Positive
Feedback Loops: Sarcasm and the Pseudo-Argument on Reddit.” Working Papers in TESOL &
Applied
Linguistics 16 (2): 84–97.
Munro, Ealasaid. 2013. “Feminism:
A Fourth Wave?” Political
Insight 4 (2): 22–25.
Musolff, Andreas. 2017. “Metaphor
in the Discourse-Historical Approach.” In Contemporary Critical
Discourse Studies, ed. by Christopher Hart and Piotr Cap, 45–66. London: Bloomsbury.
Myers, Greg. 1999. “Unspoken
Speech: Hypothetical Reported Discourse and the Rhetoric of Everyday Talk.” Text &
Talk 19 (4): 571–590.
Neumann, Laiken. 2022. “‘Classic
Capitalism Profiting Off Women’s Suffering’: An Online Sex Top Shop Released a Dildo Based on Amber Heard’s Alleged Sexual
Assault, Sparking Backlash (Updated).” Daily Dot. June
10. [URL].
Nevin, Andrew D., Yimin Chen, Shuzhe Yang, and Anabel Quan-Haase. 2022. “Key
Considerations in the Interpretation of Digital Trace Data.” In The
SAGE Handbook of Social Media Research Methods (2nd edition), ed.
by Anabel Quan-Haase and Luke Sloan, 54–66. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
Nicholas, Lucy, and Christine Agius. 2018. The
Persistence of Global Masculinism. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Nieborg, David, and Maxwell Foxman. 2018. “Mainstreaming
Misogyny: The Beginning of the End and the End of the Beginning in Gamergate
Coverage.” In Mediating Misogyny: Gender, Technology, and
Harassment, ed. by Jacqueline Ryan Vickery and Tracy Everbach, 111–130. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
No Ma’Am. 2001. MGTOW
Manifesto. February 3. [URL].
O’Connor, Ciarán. 2021. “Hatescape:
An In-Depth Analysis of Extremism and Hate Speech on TikTok.” ISD Global. [URL].
O’Donnell, Jessica. 2019. “Militant
Meninism: The Militaristic Discourse of Gamergate and Men’s Rights Activism.” Media, Culture
&
Society 42 (5): 654–674.
O’Neill, Rachel. 2018. Seduction:
Men, Masculinity and Mediated Intimacy. New York: Polity.
Ochs, Elinor, and Lisa Capps. 2001. Living
Narrative: Creating Lives in Everyday Storytelling. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Office for National
Statistics. 2020. “Marriages in England and
Wales: 2017.” [URL].
Osuna, Amanda Isabel. 2024. “Leaving the Incel
Community: A Content Analysis.” Sexuality &
Culture 28: 749–770.
Owen, Tess. 2020. “US Coast Guard Officer Facing Gun Charges Researched ‘How to Rid the U.S. of Jews,’ Court Docs Reveal.” Vice. January 30. [URL]
Page, Ruth. 2011. Stories
and Social Media: Identities and Interaction. New York: Routledge.
Page, Ruth, David Barton, Carmen Lee, Johann W. Unger, and Michelle Zappavigna. 2022. Researching
Language and Social Media: A Student Guide (2nd edition). New York: Routledge.
Papacharissi, Zizi. 2004. “Democracy Online: Civility, Politeness, and the Democratic Potential of Online Political Discussion Groups.” New Media & Society 6 (2): 259–283.
Papacharissi, Zizi. 2014. Affective
Publics: Sentiment, Technology, and
Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Park, S. Nathan. 2022. “The
Origin and Development of South Korean Young Men’s Right-Wing Radicalization.” Georgetown
Journal of International
Affairs, 23 (2): 153–160.
Parker, Trey, dir. 2015. South
Park, Season 19, episode 1, “Stunning and Brave.” Aired September 13, 2015, on Comedy
Central.
Pedroja, Cammy. 2021. “Reddit
Bans ‘Men Going Their Own Way’ Forums for Violating Hate Speech
Rules.” Newsweek. August 4. [URL].
Pepin, Joanna R., Liana C. Sayer, and Lynne M. Casper. 2018. “Marital
Status and Mothers’ Time Use: Childcare, Housework, Leisure, and
Sleep.” Demography 55 (1): 107–133.
Peters, Jay. 2008. “Measuring
Myths About Domestic Violence: Development and Initial Validation of the Domestic Violence Myth Acceptance
Scale.” Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and
Trauma 16 (1): 1–21.
Potts, Amanda, and Elena Semino. 2019. “Cancer
as a Metaphor.” Metaphor and
Symbol 34 (2): 81–95.
Prażmo, Ewelina. 2020. “Foids
Are Worse than Animals. A Cognitive Linguistics Analysis of Dehumanizing Metaphors in Online
Discourse.” Topics in
Linguistics 21 (2): 16–27.
Preston, Kayla, Michael Halpin, and Finlay Maguire. 2021. “The
Black Pill: New Technology and the Male Supremacy of Involuntarily Celibate Men.” Men and
Masculinities 24 (5): 823–841.
Probyn-Rapsey, Fiona. 2018. “The
“Crazy Cat Lady”.” In Animaladies: Gender, Animals, and
Madness, ed. by Lori Gruen, Fiona Probyn-Rapsey, and Carol J. Adams, 175–186. London: Bloomsbury.
Rafail, Patrick, and Isaac Freitas. 2019. “Grievance
Articulation and Community Reactions in the Men’s Rights Movement Online.” Social Media +
Society 5 (2): 1–11.
RAINN. n.d. “The Criminal Justice System: Statistics.” [URL]
Regehr, Kaitlyn. 2020. “In(cel)doctrination:
How Technologically Facilitated Misogyny Moves Violence off Screens and on to Streets.” New
Media &
Society 24 (1): 138–155.
Reilly, Claire. 2016. “‘Not
Just Words’: Online Harassment of Women an ‘Epidemic’.” CNET. March
7. [URL].
Reisigl, Martin. 2014. Argumentation
Analysis and the Discourse-Historical Approach: A Methodological
Framework. In Contemporary Critical Discourse
Studies, ed. by Christopher Hart and Piotr Cap, 67–96. London: Bloomsbury.
Reisigl, Martin. 2018. “The
Discourse-Historical Approach.” In The Routledge Handbook Of Critical
Discourse Studies, in J. Flowerdew and John E. Flowerdew, 44–59. New York: Routledge.
Reisigl, Martin, and Ruth Wodak. 2001. Discourse
and Discrimination: Rhetorics of Racism and Antisemitism. New York: Routledge.
Reisigl, Martin, and Ruth Wodak. 2016. “The
Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA).” In Methods of Critical
Discourse Studies (3rd edition), ed. by Michael Meyer and Ruth Wodak, 23–61. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Ribeiro, Manoel Horta, Jeremy Blackburn, Barry Bradlyn, Emiliano de Cristofaro, Gianluca Stringhini, Summer Long, Stephanie Greenberg, and Savvas Zannettou. 2021. “From
Pick-Up Artists to Incels: A Data-Driven Sketch of the Manosphere.” Proceedings of the 15th
International AAAI Conference on Web and Social
Media: 1–12.
Richardson, John E.2018. “Fascist
Discourse.” In The Routledge Handbook of Critical Discourse
Studies, ed. by John Flowerdew and John E. Richardson, 447–461. New York: Routledge.
Richardson, John E., and Ruth Wodak. 2009. “The
Impact of Visual Racism: Visual Arguments in Political Leaflets of Austrian And British Far-Right
Parties.” Controversia 6 (2): 45–77.
Richardson-Self, Louise. 2023. “Analysing
Principled Resistance to Affirmative Action.” Feminist Media
Studies 23 (3): 766–782.
Richterich, Annika. 2014. ““Karma,
Precious Karma!” Karmawhoring on Reddit and the Front Page’s Econometrisation.” Journal of Peer
Production 4 (1). [URL].
Rivera, Elizabeth, Ellis S. Logan, and Anne Price. 2024. “The
“Childfree” Movement: How Individuals Negotiate Identities on Reddit.” Journal of Public and
Professional Sociology 16 (1): 1–22.
Robards, Brady. 2018. “Belonging
and Neo-Tribalism on Social Media Site Reddit.” In Neo-Tribes:
Consumption, Leisure and Tourism, ed. by Anne Hardy, Andy Bennett and Brady Robard, 187–206. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Roberts, Steven, and Stephanie Wescott. 2024. “To
Quell the Problem, We Must Name the Problem: The Role of Social Media ‘Manfluencers’ in Boys’ Sexist Behaviours in School
Settings.” Educational and Developmental Psychologist 41 (2): 125–128.
Rojo-Rodriguez, Elayne. 2020. “Police:
Doorbell Video Captures Woman Raping 2 Young Boys.” ABC News. July
17. [URL].
Romano, Aja. 2022. “Why
the Depp-Heard Trial Is So Much Worse Than You Realize.” Vox. May
20. [URL].
Roth, J. D., Todd A. Nelson, Adam Greener, Doug Wilson, Claire McCabe, Michael Hirschorn, Jeff Olde, and Suzanne Murch, Executive Producers. 2007. The
Pickup Artist. Aired August 2007 — November 2008 on VH1.
Rothermel, Ann-Kathrin. 2020. “Global-Local
Dynamics in Anti-Feminist Discourses: An Analysis of Indian, Russian and US Online
Communities.” International
Affairs 96: 1367–1385.
Rothermel, Ann-Kathrin. 2023. “The
Role of Evidence-Based Misogyny in Antifeminist Online Communities of the ‘Manosphere’.” Big
Data &
Society: 10 (1): 1–6.
Rottenberg, Catherine. 2014. “The
Rise of Neoliberal Feminism.” Cultural
Studies 28 (3): 418–437.
Rüdiger, Sofia, and Daria Dayter. 2017. “The
Ethics of Researching Unlikeable Subjects: Language in an Online Community.” Applied
Linguistics
Review 8 (2–3): 251–269.
Rudman, Laurie A.2017. “Myths of Sexual Economics
Theory: Implications for Gender Equality.” Psychology of Women
Quarterly 41 (3): 299–313.
Salter, Michael. 2016. “Men’s
Rights or Men’s Needs? Anti-Feminism in Australian Men’s Health Promotion.” Canadian Journal of
Women and the
Law 28 (1): 69–90.
Schmitz, Rachel M., and Emily Kazyak. 2016. “Masculinities
in Cyberspace: An Analysis of Portrayals of Manhood in Men’s Rights Activist Websites.” Social
Sciences 5 (2): 1–16.
Scotto di Carlo, Giuseppina. 2023. “An Analysis of Self-Other Representations in the Incelosphere: Between Online Misogyny and Self-Contempt.” Discourse & Society 34 (1): 3–21.
Sengul, Kurt. 2022. ““It’s
OK to Be White”: The Discursive Construction of Victimhood, ‘Anti-White Racism’ and Calculated Ambivalence in
Australia.” Critical Discourse
Studies 19 (2): 593–609.
Shaw, Daniel O.2018. “The New Language of Hate:
Misogyny and the Alt-Right.” In Identities in Flux: Globalisation,
Trauma, and Reconciliation, ed. by Dagmar Kusá, 186–197. Bratislava: Kritika and Kontext.
Siapera, Eugenia. 2019. “Online
Misogyny as Witch Hunt: Primitive Accumulation in the Age of
Techno-Capitalism.” In Gender Hate Online: Understanding The New
Anti-Feminism, ed. by Debbie Ging and Eugenia Siapera, 21–43. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Smith, Andrea. 2005. “Beyond
Pro-Choice Versus Pro-Life: Women of Colour and Reproductive Justice.” NWSA
Journal 17 (1): 119–140. [URL].
Sobieraj, Sarah. 2018. “Bitch,
Slut, Skank, Cunt: Patterned Resistance to Women’s Visibility in Digital Publics.” Information,
Communication &
Society 21 (11): 1700–1714.
Sparks, Brandon, and Chloe Papandreou. 2023. “The
Manosphere and Men’s Wellbeing: How Healthcare Can Help Young Men Find Alternatives to the
Manosphere.” BMJ: 1–3.
Sparks, Brandon, Alexandra M. Zidenberg, and Mark E. Olver. 2024. “One
Is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness.” Current
Psychology 43: 392–406.
Squirrell, Tim. 2019. “Platform
Dialectics: The Relationships Between Volunteer Moderators and End Users on Reddit.” New Media
&
Society 21 (9): 1910–1927.
Statista Research
Department. 2022. “Marital Status of the U.S. Population 2021, by
Sex.” Statista. June 1. [URL].
Stollznow, Karen. 2020. “‘Virtue
Signalling’, a Slur Meant to Imply Moral Grandstanding That Might Not Be All Bad.” The
Conversation. September 28. [URL].
Stommel, Wyke, and Lynn de Rijk. 2021. “Ethical Approval: None
Sought. How Discourse Analysts Report Ethical Issues Around Publicly Available Online
Data.” Research
Ethics 17 (3): 275–297.
Strauss, Neil. 2006. The
Game: Penetrating the Secret Society of Pickup Artists. New York: Harper.
Suler, John. 2004. “The
Online Disinhibition Effect.” Cyberpsychology and
Behaviour 7 (3): 321–326.
Sunstein, Cass R.2002. “The Law of Group
Polarization.” The Journal of Political
Philosophy 10 (2): 175–195.
Suschinsky, Kelly D, and Martin L. Lalumière. 2007. “The
View From the Cuckold,” Review of Female Infidelity and Paternal Uncertainty: Evolutionary Perspectives on Male Anti-Cuckoldry Tactics by S. M. Platek & T. K. Schaleford. Evolutionary
Psychology 5 (2): 358–362.
Syrda, Joanna. 2023. “Gendered
Housework: Spousal Relative Income, Parenthood and Traditional Gender Identity Norms.” Work,
Employment and
Society 37 (3): 794–813.
Talbot, Mary. 2003. “Gender
Stereotypes: Reproduction and Challenge.” In The Handbook of Language
and Gender, ed. by Janet Holmes and Miriam Meyerhoff, 468–486. Maldon, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Taylor, Jim. 2018. “The
Woman Who Founded the ‘Incel’ Movement.” BBC News. [URL].
Thompson, Sharon. 2016. “In
Defence of the ‘Gold-Digger.’” Oñati Socio-Legal
Series 6 (6): 1225–1248. [URL].
Thorburn, Joshua. 2023. “Exiting
the Manosphere. A Gendered Analysis of Radicalization, Diversion and Deradicalization Narratives From r/IncelExit and
r/ExRedPill.” Studies in Conflict &
Terrorism: 1–25.
Tomassi, Rollo. 2017. War
Brides. Medium. March 30. [URL].
Toulmin, Stephen E.2003. The Uses of
Argument (2nd edition). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Träbert, Alva. 2017. “At
the Mercy of Femocracy? Networks and Ideological Links Between Far-Right Movements and the Anti-Feminist Men’s Rights
Movements.” In Gender and Far Right Politics in
Europe, ed. by Michaele Köttig, Renate Bitzan, and Andrea Petö, 273–288. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Tranchese, Alessia. 2023. From
Fritzl to #MeToo: Twelve Years of Rape Coverage in the British
Press. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Tranchese, Alessia, and Lisa Sugiura. 2021. “I
Don’t Hate All Women, Just Those Stuck-Up Bitches”: How Incels and Mainstream Pornography Speak the Same
Extreme Language of Misogyny.” Violence Against
Women 27 (14): 2709–2734.
Triggs, Anthony H., Kristian Møller, and Christina Neymayer. 2021. “Context
Collapse and Anonymity Among Queer Reddit Users.” New Media &
Society 23 (1): 5–21.
Trott, Verity Anne. 2022. “‘Gillette: The Best a Beta Can
Get’: Networking Hegemonic Masculinity in the Digital Sphere.” New Media &
Society 24 (6): 1417–1434.
Trott, Verity, Jennifer Beckett, and Venessa Paech. 2022. “Operationalising
‘Toxicity’ in the Manosphere: Automation, Platform Governance and Community
Health.” Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media
Technologies 28 (6): 1754–1769. .
Tucker, Lancelot. 2024. “What
Is the Story of Job?” Christianity. March 5. [URL].
Twenge, Jean M., and Alyssa N. Zucker. 1999. “What
Is a Feminist? Evaluations and Stereotypes in Closed- and Open-Ended Responses.” Psychology of
Women
Quarterly 23 (3): 591–605.
United Nations Development
Programme. 2023. “Breaking Down Gender Biases: Shifting Social Norms
Towards Gender Equality.” [URL].
van der Nagel, Emily, and Jordan Frith. 2015. “Anonymity,
Pseudonymity, and the Agency of Online Identity: Examining the Social Practices of
r/Gonewild.” First
Monday 20 (3).
van Dijk, Teun A.1998. Ideology: A Multidisciplinary
Approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
van Dijk, Teun A.2011. “Discourse and
Ideology.” In Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary
Introduction (2nd edition), ed. by Teun A. van Dijk, 379–407. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
van Dijk, Teun A.2015. “Critical Discourse
Analysis.” In The Handbook of Discourse
Analysis (2nd edition), ed. by Deborah Tannen, Heidi E. Hamilton, and Deborah Schiffrin, 466–485. Maldon, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
van Eemeren, Franz H., Rob Grootendorst, and Francisca Snoeck Henkemans. 1996. Fundamentals of
Argumentation Theory: A Handbook of Historical Backgrounds and Contemporary Developments. New York: Routledge.
van Eemeren, Franz H., Rob Grootendorst, and Francisca Snoeck Henkemans. 2002. Argumentation
Analysis, Evaluation, Presentation. New York: Routledge.
van Leeuwen, Theo. 1996. “The
Representation of Social Actors.” In Texts and Practices: Readings in
Critical Discourse Analysis, ed. by Carmen Rosa Caldas-Coulthard and Malcolm Coulthard, 32–70. New York: Routledge.
van Leeuwen, Theo. 2007. “Legitimation
in Discourse and Communication.” Discourse and
Communication 1 (1): 91–112.
van Valkenburgh, Shawn P.2019. ““She Thinks of Him as a
Machine”: On the Entanglements of Neoliberal Ideology and Misogynist Cybercrime.” Social Media
+
Society 5 (3): 1–12.
van Valkenburgh, Shawn P.2021. “Digesting The Red Pill:
Masculinity and Neoliberalism in the Manosphere.” Men and
Masculinities 24 (1): 84–103.
VanHoose, Benjamin. 2022. “Amber
Heard Cries in Court as Johnny Depp’s ‘No Mercy’ Text Message Wishing Her Dead Is Read
Aloud.” People. May 25. [URL].
Vera-Gray, F.2017. “‘Talk
About a Cunt with Too Much Idle Time’: Trolling Feminist Research.” Feminist
Review 115 (1): 61–78.
Vickery, Jacqueline Ryan, and Tracy Everbach. 2018. “The
Persistence of Misogyny: From the Streets, to Our Screens, to the White
House.” In Mediating Misogyny: Gender, Technology and
Harassment, ed. Jacqueline Ryan Vickery and Tracy Everbach, 1–27. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Vijayakumar, Lakshmi. 2015. “Suicide
in Women.” Indian Journal of
Psychiatry 57: 233–238.
Vivenzi, Laura. 2018. “Infiltrating
the Manosphere: An Exploration of Male-Oriented Virtual Communities from the
Inside.” Diggit. June 8. [URL].
Vogels, Emily A., Risa Gelles-Watnick, and Navid Massarat. 2022. “Teens,
Social Media and Technology 2022.” Pew Research Center. [URL].
Wachowski, Lana, and Lilly Wachowski, dir. 1999. The
Matrix. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros.
Walby, Sylvia. 2005. “‘Backlash’
in Historical Context.” In Connections: Women’s Studies, Women’s
Movements, Women’s Lives, ed. by Mary Kennedy, Cathy Lubelska, and Val Walsh, 76–86. London: Taylor & Francis.
Waling, Andrea. 2019. “Problematising
‘Toxic’ and ‘Healthy’ Masculinity for Addressing Gender Inequalities.” Australian Feminist
Studies 34 (101): 362–375.
Waltman, Michael S., and Ashely A. Mattheis. 2017. “Understanding
Hate Speech.” Oxford Encyclopedia of Communication.
Walton, Douglas. 1996. “The
Straw Man Fallacy.” In Logic and
Argumentation, ed. by Johan van Benthem, Franz. H van Eemeren, Rob Grootendorst, and Frank Veltman, 115–128. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company.
Weiss, Suzannah. 2015. “5
Things That Are #MyBodyMyChoice.” Bustle. September
25. [URL].
Wescott, Stephanie, Steven Roberts, and Xuenan Zhao. 2024. “The
Problem of Anti-Feminist “Manfluencer” Andrew Tate in Australian Schools: Women Teachers’ Experiences of Resurgent Male
Supremacy.” Gender and
Education 36 (2): 167–182.
Wilson, Chris. 2022. “Nostalgia,
Entitlement and Victimhood: The Synergy of White Genocide And Misogyny.” Terrorism and
Political
Violence 34 (8): 1810–1825.
Wodak, Ruth. 2013. “Critical
Discourse Analysis: Challenges and Perspectives.” In Critical
Discourse Analysis: Volume I Concepts, History, Theory, ed. by Ruth Wodak, xix–xliii. Thousand Oakes, CA: SAGE Publications.
Wodak, Ruth. 2020. The
Politics of Fear: The Shameless Normalization of Far-Right Discourse (2nd
edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Wodak, Ruth, Rudolf de Cillia, Martin Reisigl, and Karin Liebhart. 2009. The
Discursive Construction of National Identity (2nd
edition). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Wodak, Ruth, and Michael Meyer. 2016. Methods
of Critical Discourse Studies (3rd edition). Thousand Oakes, CA: SAGE Publications.
Wojcieszak, Magdalena. 2010. “‘Don’t Talk to Me’: Effects of Ideologically Similar Online Groups and Politically Dissimilar Offline Ties on Extremism.” New Media & Society 12 (4): 637–655.
Wojnicka, Katarzyna. 2016. “Masculist
Groups in Poland: Aids of Mainstream Antifeminism.” International Journal of Crime, Justice and
Social
Democracy 5 (2): 36–49.
Wollstonecraft, Mary. 2010. Vindication
of the Rights Of Women with Strictures on Political and Moral
Subjects. Auckland: The Floating Press.
Wright, David. 2020. “The
Discursive Construction of Resistance to Sex in an Online Community.” Discourse, Context &
Media 36: 1–9.
Wright, Scott, Verity Trott, and Callum Jones. 2020. “‘The
Pussy Ain’t Worth It, Bro’: Assessing the Discourse and Structure Of MGTOW.” Information,
Communication &
Society 23 (6): 908–925.
Yang, Yi Edward, and Xinsheng Liu. 2012. “The
‘China Threat’ Through the Lens of US Print Media: 1992–2006.” Journal of Contemporary
China 21 (76): 695–711.
Yelin, Hannah, and Laura Clancy. 2021. “Doing
Impact Work While Female: Hate Tweets, ‘Hot Potatoes’ and ‘Having Enough of Experts’.” European
Journal of Women’s
Studies 28 (2): 175–193.
Young Women’s Trust. 2019. “More
Young Women than Ever Now Call Themselves Feminists.” November 19. [URL].
Young, Iris Marion. 1990. Justice and the Politics of
Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Žagar, Igor Ž.2010. “Topoi in Critical Discourse
Analysis.” Lodz Papers in
Pragmatics 6 (1): 3–27.
Zhao, Sumin, and Michelle Zappavigna. 2018. “Beyond
the Self: Intersubjectivity and the Social Semiotic Interpretation of the Selfie.” New Media
&
Society 20 (5): 1735–1754.
Zimmer, Michael. 2010. ““But
the Data Is Already Public”: On the Ethics of Research in Facebook.” Ethics in Information
Technology 12: 313–325.
Zimmerman, Shannon, Luisa Ryan, and David Duriesmith. 2018. “Recognising
the Violent Extremist Ideology of Incels.” Women in International Security Policy
Brief: 1–5. [URL].
Zuckerberg, Donna. 2018. Not
All Dead White Men: Misogyny and Classics in the Digital Age. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.