For some years a shift has been observable in many European countries towards stricter
conditions for people who want to enter, settle or apply for citizenship in the country.
One of the new (or renewed) conditions for obtaining citizenship is language
proficiency. Because of the diversity in Europe, the socio-political context in which
these conditions have been set up and in which language tests have been developed
differs considerably. At the same time policy makers strive for transparency and
uniformity in migration policies across Europe. This chapter identifies and illustrates
cross-national tendencies regarding conditions for admission, integration and
naturalization of immigrants.
2021. Migrant women becoming British citizens: care and coloniality. Citizenship Studies 25:4 ► pp. 583 ff.
Belo, Dani
2024. Enemies by kinship: securitizing language and the Russian diaspora in escalated gray zone conflict. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 30:1 ► pp. 30 ff.
Bešić, Edvina, Lisa Paleczek & Barbara Gasteiger-Klicpera
2020. Don’t forget about us: attitudes towards the inclusion of refugee children with(out) disabilities. International Journal of Inclusive Education 24:2 ► pp. 202 ff.
Bruzos, Alberto, Iker Erdocia & Kamran Khan
2018. The path to naturalization in Spain: Old ideologies, new language testing regimes and the problem of test use. Language Policy 17:4 ► pp. 419 ff.
Demmig, Silvia
2023. Testen und Prüfen im Fach DaF/DaZ 2022 unter Aspekten der Teilhabe. In IDT 2022: *mit.sprache.teil.haben Band 1: Mit Sprache handeln, ► pp. 299 ff.
Deygers, Bart
2017. Just testing. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 168:2 ► pp. 143 ff.
Edwards, John
2014. Language and migration: theoretical perspectives. In The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration,
Flubacher, Mi-Cha & Brigitta Busch
2022. Language advocacy in times of securitization and neoliberalization: The Network LanguageRights. Language Policy 21:4 ► pp. 545 ff.
Hilmarsson-Dunn, Amanda, Jaine Beswick, Marián Sloboda, Ivo Vasiljev, Mirna Jernej & Karl Ille
2010. Language use and opportunities for economic migrants in Europe: Policy and practice. European Journal of Language Policy 2:2 ► pp. 205 ff.
Hofer-Robinson, Michael
2018. Wozu Werte? Zum neuen Aspekt im österreichischen Integrationsdiskurs. ÖDaF-Mitteilungen 34:1 ► pp. 10 ff.
Hollebeke, Ily, Orhan Agirdag & Esli Struys
2022. Shifting towards the institutional language?. European Journal of Language Policy 14:2 ► pp. 227 ff.
Horner, Kristine
2015. Discourses on Language and Citizenship in Europe. Language and Linguistics Compass 9:5 ► pp. 209 ff.
Ife, Anne
2020. Language and Othering in Contemporary Europe. In The Cambridge Handbook of Intercultural Communication, ► pp. 396 ff.
Khan, Kamran
2022. The Securitisation of Language Borders and the (Re)production of inequalities. TESOL Quarterly 56:4 ► pp. 1458 ff.
2010. The use of language tests in the service of policy: issues of validity. Revue française de linguistique appliquée Vol. XV:1 ► pp. 7 ff.
McNamara, Tim
2011. Managing learning: Authority and language assessment. Language Teaching 44:4 ► pp. 500 ff.
Ndhlovu, Finex
2018. Language, Mobility, People. In Language, Vernacular Discourse and Nationalisms, ► pp. 105 ff.
Pietzcker, Dominik
2021. Sprachbeherrschung als integrativer Faktor: Eine Studie zu Migration, Spracherwerb und Kommunikation im akademischen Bereich. In Mobilität - Wirtschaft - Kommunikation, ► pp. 167 ff.
Pulinx, Reinhilde & Piet Van Avermaet
2014. Linguistic diversity and education. Dynamic interactions between language education policies and teachers' beliefs. A qualitative study in secondary schools in Flanders (Belgium). Revue française de linguistique appliquée Vol. XIX:2 ► pp. 9 ff.
Pulinx, Reinhilde, Piet Van Avermaet & Orhan Agirdag
2017. Silencing linguistic diversity: the extent, the determinants and consequences of the monolingual beliefs of Flemish teachers. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 20:5 ► pp. 542 ff.
Saville, Nick
2012. Language Testing and Immigration. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics,
Slembrouck, Stef, Piet Van Avermaet & Koen Van Gorp
2018. Strategies of Multilingualism in Education for Minority Children. In The Multilingual Edge of Education, ► pp. 9 ff.
Thoma, Nadja
2016. „Gib dir doch einfach mal ein wenig Mühe, unsere Sprache zu lernen“. In Kulturen der Bildung, ► pp. 221 ff.
Van Avermaet, Piet & Reinhilde Pulinx
2013. Language Testing for Immigration to Europe. In The Companion to Language Assessment, ► pp. 376 ff.
Van Hoof, Sarah, Sara Nyssen & Sibo Kanobana
2020. “If they could, they would put them on a drip with Dutch”: Language learning and the professional integration of migrants in Flanders. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2020:264 ► pp. 73 ff.
Weichselbraun, Anna
2014. ‘People here speak five languages!’: The reindexicalization of minority language practice among Carinthian Slovenes in Vienna, Austria. Language in Society 43:4 ► pp. 421 ff.
Yao, Don & Matthew P. Wallace
2021. Language Assessment for Immigration: A Review of Validation Research Over the Last Two Decades. Frontiers in Psychology 12
Yohannes, Hyab Teklehaimanot & Alison Phipps
2024. What Does it Mean to Move? Joy and Resistance Through Cultural Work in South–South Migration. In The Palgrave Handbook of South–South Migration and Inequality, ► pp. 125 ff.
Zielińska, Małgorzata
2013. Migration and Adult Education: Time, Place and Power – Polish Migrants in Reykjavik, Iceland. Power and Education 5:2 ► pp. 120 ff.
Zienkowski, Jan
2017. Articulating the Problematic of Integration in a Minority Debate. In Articulations of Self and Politics in Activist Discourse, ► pp. 175 ff.
2020. Application. In The Cambridge Handbook of Intercultural Communication, ► pp. 365 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 10 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.
