To be or not to be ‘African’
Discursive race politics in a South African online forum
Since 1994, the term ‘African’ has increasingly become a contested reference label in post-apartheid South Africa, as numerous ‘white’ South Africans have appropriated it in self-reference, much to the disapproval of a significant number of ‘black’ people. In this chapter I examine what it means to individuals of different ‘racial’ backgrounds to identify as ‘African’ and how this is communicated and represented linguistically on the renowned South African online forum Thought Leader. The study illustrates not only the pervasiveness of individual ‘racial’ thinking and stereotyping in South Africa, but also demonstrates different facets of identities are negotiated and contested within the controversial discourse of ‘Africanness’.
References (44)
References
Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London and New York: Verso.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ballard Richard. 2004a. “Middle Class ‘Neighbourhoods’ or ‘Africans Kraals’. The Impact of Informal Settlements and Vagrants on Post-Apartheid White Identity”. Urban Forum 15:1, 48-73. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ballard, Richard. 2004b. “Assimilation, Emigration, Semigration, and Integration: White Peoples’ Strategies for Finding a Comfort Zone”. Under Construction: 'Race' and Identity in South Africa Today ed. by Natascha Distiller and Melissa Steyn, 51‐66. Johannesburg: Heinemann.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Barney, Darin. 2004. The Network Society. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bendels, Katja. 2009. White Africans? Negotiating Identity in White South African Writing. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bentley, Kristina, and Adam Habib. 2008. “Racial Redress, National Identity and Citizenship in Post-apartheid South Africa.” In Racial Redress and Citizenship in South Africa, ed. by Adam Habib and Kristina Bentley, 3-32. Pretoria: HSRC Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Casale, Daniela, and Dorrit Posel. 2010. “Mind Your Language: The Benefits of English Proficiency in the Labour Market.” In Vision or Vacuum? Governing the South African Economy, ed. by Jan Hofmeyr, 58-66. Cape Town: Institute for Justice and Reconciliation.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Castells, Manuel (ed). 2004. The Network Society: A Cross-cultural Perspective. Northampton, MA: Elgar.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Coetzee, John M. 1988. White Writing: on the Culture of Letters in South Africa. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
De Klerk, Vivian. 2000. “Language Shift in Grahamstown: A Case Study of Selected Xhosa-speakers.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 146, 87-110. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Diakanyo, Sentletse. 2010. “We are not all Africans, Black People are!” Thought Leader, Mail and Guardian online. [Accessed November, 2011]. [URL]![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Distiller, Natasha, and Melissa Steyn. 2004. “Introduction”. Under Construction: 'Race' and Identity in South Africa Today, ed. by Natascha Distiller and Melissa Steyn, 1-11. Johannesburg: Heinemann.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Dolby, Nadine E. 2001. Constructing Race. Youth, Identity and Popular Culture in South Africa. Albany: State University of New York Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Durrheim, Kevin, Xoliswa Mtose, and Lisa Brown. 2011. Race Trouble: Race, Identity and Inequality in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Pietermaritzburg: KwaZulu-Natal Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fairclough, Norman. 1989. Language and Power. London: Longman.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fairclough, Norman. 1993. “Critical Discourse Analysis and the Marketization of Public Discourse: the Universities”. Discourse and Society 4 (2): 133-159. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fairclough, Norman. 1995. Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Longman.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fought, Carmen. 2006. Language and Ethnicity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Goldberg, David T. 1993. Racist Culture: Philosophy and the Politics of Meaning. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gqola, Pumla D. 2001. “Defining People: Analysing Power, Language and Representation in Metaphors of the new South Africa”. Transformation 47: 94-106.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hill, Jane H. 2008. The Everyday Language of White Racism. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kamwangamalu, Nkonko M. 2003. “Social Change and Language Shift: South Africa.” Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 23: 225-242. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kolko, Beth, Lisa Nakamura, and Gilbert B. Rodman (eds). 2000. Race in Cyberspace. New York: Routledge.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Krog, Antje. 2010. Begging to be Black. Cape Town/Johannesburg: Random House Struik.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Labov, William. 1972. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Oxford: Blackwell.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Langa, Zakes, Pieter Conradie, and Benjamin Roberts. 2006. “Slipping through the Net: Digital and other Communication Divides in South Africa.” In South African Social Attitudes: Changing Times, Diverse Voices, ed. by Udesh Pillay, Benjamin Roberts and Stephen Rule, 131-149. Cape Town: HSRC Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Makgoba, Malegapuru. 2005. “Wrath of Dethrowned White Males.” Mail and Guardian online: [URL].![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Maré, Gerhard. 2011. “‘Broken down by Race…’: Questioning Social Categories in Redress Policies”. Transformation 77: 62-79. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Matthews, Sally. 2011. “Becoming African: Debating Post-Apartheid White South African Identity”. African Identities 9 (1): 1-17. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
McKaiser, Eusebius. 2011. “Confronting Whiteness.” Mail and Guardian online, [accessed 30 January 2012], [URL]![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mesthrie, Rajend. 2008. “South Africa: The Rocky Road to Nation Building.” In Language and National Identity in Africa, ed. by Andrew Simpson, 314 - 338. Oxford: Oxford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Morris, Mike. 2005. “It’s My Country and I’ll Whinge If I Want To.” Mail and Guardian, 14 April, p. 25.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Nakamura, Lisa. 2002. Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet. New York: Routledge.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ndebele, Njabulu. 2000. “
Iphi’indlela? Finding Our Way into the Future.” Social Dynamics 26 (1): 43-56. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Norris, Pippa. 2002. “The Bridging and Bonding Role of Online Communities.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 7 (3): 2-13.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone. New York: Free Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ratele, Kopano. 1998. “The End of the Black Man.” Agenda 37: 60-64. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rodzvilla, John (ed). 2002. We’ve Got Blog: How Weblogs Are Changing Our Culture. Cambridge, MA: Perseus.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schmidt, Ronald. 2002. “Racialization and Language Policy: The Case of the U.S.A.” Multilingua 21: 141-161.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
South African Country Report. 2011. Internet User Profile. Johannesburg: Anlytix Business Intelligence. [Accessed 18 August 2012] [URL]![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Steyn, Melissa. 2001. ‘Whiteness Just isn’t What it Used to Be’: White Identity in a Changing South Africa. Albany: State University of New York.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Tucker, Andrew. 2009. Queer Visibilities: Space, Identity and Interaction in Cape Town. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Vice, Samantha. 2010. “How Do I Live in the Strange Place?” Journal of Social Philosophy 41 (3): 323-342. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wetherell, Margaret, and Jonathan Potter. 1992. Mapping the Language of Racism: Discourse and the Legitimation of Exploitation. Hertfordshore: Harvester Wheatsheaf.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
Rudwick, Stephanie
2018.
Language, Africanisation, and Identity Politics at a South African University.
Journal of Language, Identity & Education 17:4
► pp. 255 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 24 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.