Article published in:
A Gender-based Approach to Parliamentary Discourse: The Andalusian Parliament
Edited by Catalina Fuentes Rodríguez and Gloria Álvarez-Benito
[Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture 68] 2016
► pp. 1–25

Introduction

Article outline
  • 1.Gender and political discourse
  • 2.Gender and political discourse in the Andalusian Parliament
    • 2.1A gender-balanced parliament
    • 2.2A corpus-based analysis
  • 3.Studies on Spanish parliamentary discourse
  • 4.Holistic approach to parliamentary argumentation
  • 5.Structure of the volume
  • Notes
  • References
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.

Published online: 01 December 2016
https://doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.68.01alv
References
Achugar, M.
(2001) “Piropos as metaphors for gender roles in Spanish speaking cultures” in Pragmatics 11(2): 127–138. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Acuña Ferreira, V.
(2009) Género y discurso: las mujeres y los hombres en la interacción conversacional. München: Lincom.Google Scholar
Adam, J.M.
(1990) Éléments de linguistique textuelle, Liege: Mardaga.Google Scholar
Alcaide Lara, E.
(1999) “Las intervenciones parlamentarias: ¿lengua hablada o lengua escrita?” in Anuario de estudios filológicos 22(9): 9–36.Google Scholar
Alvar, M.
(1956) “Diferencias en el habla de Puebla de Don Fadrique” in RFE XL: 1–32.Google Scholar
(coord.) (1987) Lenguaje político. Madrid: Fundación Friedrich Ebert : Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana.Google Scholar
Álvarez-Benito, G., G. Fernández-Díaz and I. Íñigo-Mora
(eds.) (2009) Discourse and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar
Álvarez-Benito, G. and I. M. Íñigo-Mora
(2009) “Verbal and Nonverbal Strategies of Political Discourse” in IADA online series on “Dialogue Analysis and Rhetoric” vol. 2: 265–284. http://​www​.uni​-muenster​.de​/Ling​/iada​/publications​_online​.html
Álvarez-Benito, G. and I. Íñigo-Mora
(2012a) “Redundancy in Parliamentary Discourse” in Fetzer, A., E. Weizman and E. Reber (eds.) Proceedings of the ESF Strategic Workshop on Follow-ups across discourse domains: a cross-cultural exploration of their forms and functions. URL: http://​opus​.bibliothek​.uni​-wuerzburg​.de​/volltexte​/2012​/7165
(2012b) “Lo que los gestos dicen y las palabras callan: una entrevista con Clinton” en Philologia Hispalensis 26/1–2: 9–36.Google Scholar
Anscombre, J. C. and O. Ducrot
(1983) L´argumentation dans la langue. Lieja: Pierre Mardaga.Google Scholar
Arce Castillo, A.
(2006) El lenguaje político. Recursos pragmático- discursivos en registros formales e informales. Salamanca: Europa.Google Scholar
Arriaga Flores, M. et al.
(2009) Comunicación y género. Sevilla: Arcibel Editores.Google Scholar
Arundale, R. B.
(2006) “Face as relational and interactional: a communication framework for research on face, facework and politeness”, Journal of Politeness Research 2 (2): 193–216 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, M.
(1984) Our Master’s Voices. The Language and Body Language of Politics. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ballington, J.
(2008) Equality in Politics: A Survey of Women and Men in Parliaments, Inter-Parliamentary Union. Geneva: Reports and Documents 54.Google Scholar
Banerjee, Sikata
(2003) “Gender and nationalism: the masculinisation of Hinduism and female political participation in India” in Women’s Studies International Forum Vol. 26/2: 167–179. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Blas Arroyo, J. L.
(1998) “«Pero no me interrumpa usted, haga el favor…» Las interrupciones en el debate político-electoral” in Mediterranean Language Review 10: 54–88.Google Scholar
(1999) “ ‘Diga por qué, diga por qué’: la repetición en el debate político-electoral” in Revista de investigación lingüística 2: 5–42.Google Scholar
(2001) “ ‘No digas chorradas…’ La descortesía en el debate político cara a cara. Una aproximación pragmavariacionista” in Oralia 4: 9–46.Google Scholar
(2002) “En los límites de la (des)cortesía: formas atenuadas de la agresividad verbal en el debate político español” in I.T.L. Review of Applied Linguistics: 137–138, 181–204.Google Scholar
(2003) “ ‘Perdóneme que se lo diga, pero vuelve usted a faltar a la verdad, señor González’: form and function of politic verbal behaviour in FACE-to-face Spanish political debates” in Dicourse and Society 14(4): 395–423. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2011) Políticos en conflicto: una aproximación pragmáticodiscursiva al debate electoral cara a cara. Berne: Peter Lang. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bolívar, A.
(2001a) “El insulto como estrategia en el diálogo político venezolano” in Oralia 4: 47–74.Google Scholar
(2001b) “Changes in Venezuelan political dialogue. The role of advertising during electoral campaigns” in Discourse and Society 12(1): 23–46. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2005) “La descortesía en la dinámica social y política” in J. Murillo (ed.) Actas del II coloquio internacional del programa EDICE. Actos de habla y cortesía en distintas variedades del español: perspectivas teóricas y metodológicas, Estocolmo, Costa Rica: Programa EDICE, 137–164.Google Scholar
Bousfield, D. and M. Locher
(2008) Impoliteness in Language: Studies on its Interplay with Power in Theory and Practice. Berlín: Mouton the Gruyter.Google Scholar
Boxer, B. y N. Boxer
(1994) Strangers in the Senate: Politics and the new revolution of women in America. Washington, D.C: National Press Books.Google Scholar
Brenes Peña, E.
(2012) “El discurso de los parlamentarios y parlamentarias andaluces. Análisis pragmalingüístico de la ironía verbal” in Discurso y Sociedad 6, 1, 79–97, http://​www​.dissoc​.org​/ediciones​/v06n01​/DS6%281%29Brenes​.pdf
Brookes, P.
(1967) Women at Westminister: An Account of Women in the British Parliament. London: P. Davies, 1918–1966.Google Scholar
Brown, P.
(1993) “Gender, politeness and confrontation in Tenejapa” in D. Tanen (ed.) Gender and Conversational Interaction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 144–164.Google Scholar
Brown, P. and S. C. Levinson
([1978] 1987) Politeness. Some Universals in Language Use. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Campbell, K. K.
(1998) “The discursive performance of femininity: hating Hillary” in Rhetoric and Public Affairs 1: 1–19 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Carranza Márquez, A.
(2012) “Diferencias de género en el uso del afecto dentro del foro parlamentario andaluz” in Discurso y Sociedad 6(1): 98–113.Google Scholar
Castillo Carballo, A. and García Platero, J.M.
(2012) “Peculiaridades léxicas y recurrencias semánticas en el discurso parlamentario” in Discurso y Sociedad 6(1): 115–126, http://​www​.dissoc​.org​/ediciones​/v06n01​/DS6%281%29Castillo%20y%20Garcia​.pdf
Charaudeau, P.
(2005) Le discours politique. Les masques du pouvoir. Paris: Vuibert.Google Scholar
Childs, S.
(2004) New Labour's Women MPs: Women Representing Women. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chopra, J. K.
(1993) Women in the Indian Parliament: A Critical Study of their Role. New Delhi: Mittal Publications.Google Scholar
Coates, J.
(1986) Women, Men and Language. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Coller, X. and J. M. Sarciat
(2013) “¿Cómo son los representantes del parlamento de Andalucía?” in Coller, X. and A. M. Jaime (eds.) El perfil del poder. Radiografía de los parlamentarios andaluces (2008–12), 13–34.Google Scholar
Corcoran, P.
(1979) Political Language and Rhetoric. Austin (Texas): University Press.Google Scholar
Cortés Rodríguez, L.
(2007) “Las series enumerativas y el debate político tras el atentado de Barajas: Rodríguez Zapatero y Rajoy frente a frente” in Oralia 10: 47–102.Google Scholar
Crawfort, M.
(1995) Talking difference: On gender and language. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.Google Scholar
Dow, B.J. and C.M. Condit
(2005) “The State of the Art in Feminist Scholarship in Communication” in Journal of Communication 55(3): 448–478. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Eemeren, F. H. van
(2009) Strategic manoeuvring between rhetorical effectiveness and dialectical reasonableness in Studies in logic, grammar and rhetoric 16 (29):69–91.Google Scholar
Eemeren, F. H. van & Grootendorst, R.
(1984), Speech Acts in Argumentative Discussions: A Theoretical Model for the Analysis of Discussions Directed towards Solving Conflicts of Opinion. De Gruyter-Foris, Berlin – Dordrecht. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Eemeren, F. H. van, R. Grootendorst
(2004) A theory of argumentation. Cambridge: Cambrige University Press.Google Scholar
Fernández Lagunilla, M.
(1980) “Lexicología y política: un campo léxico dentro del vocabulario republicano (1876–1899)” in Verba 7: 379–387.Google Scholar
(1999) La lengua en la comunicación política I y II. Madrid: Arco/Libros.Google Scholar
Fishman, P.
(1983) “Interaction: the work women do”, in Thorne, Kramarae and Henley (eds.) Language, gender and society, Cambridge, MA: Newbury House, 89–101.Google Scholar
Fuentes Rodríguez, C.
(2010a) “La aserción parlamentaria: de la modalidad al metadiscurso”, in Oralia 13: 97–125.Google Scholar
(2010b) La gramática de la cortesía en español/LE. Madrid: Arco Libros.Google Scholar
(2011a) “El debate Zapatero/Rajoy: estudio argumentativo” in Tonos digital 20.Google Scholar
(2011b) “Cortesía e imagen en las ‘preguntas orales’ del Parlamento español” in Cultura, lenguaje y representación 9: 53–79. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2012a) “La verdad como estrategia de legitimación discursiva” in Discurso y Sociedad 6, 1, 128–155, http://​www​.dissoc​.org​/ediciones​/v06n01​/DS6%281%29Fuentes​.pdf
(2012b): “Las preguntas orales en el parlamento español”, in Philologia Hispalensis 26, 1/2: 129–150.Google Scholar
(2012c) “Subjetividad, argumentación y (des)cortesía” in CLAC (Círculo de Lingüística Aplicada a la Comunicación) 49:49–92.Google Scholar
(2013a) “Identidad e imagen social” in C. Fuentes Rodríguez (coord.) Imagen social y medios de comunicación. Madrid: Arco Libros, 13–21.Google Scholar
(2013b) “Argumentación, (des)cortesía y género en el discurso parlamentario” in Tonos Digital 25.Google Scholar
(ed. 2013) Imagen social y medios de comunicación. Madrid: Arco Libros.Google Scholar
Fuentes-Rodríguez, C. and E. Brenes Peña
(2014) “Apéndices apelativos en el lenguaje parlamentario andaluz: variación pragmática”, Oralia 17: 181–209.Google Scholar
Fuentes Rodríguez, C.
(2015) Lingüística pragmática y Análisis del discurso. Madrid: Arco Libros.Google Scholar
Fuentes Rodríguez, C. and E. Alcaide Lara
(2002) Mecanismos lingüísticos de la persuasión. Madrid: Arco Libros.Google Scholar
García Godoy, M. T.
(2001–02) “De “Majestad” a “Señores Diputados”. La evolución de las fórmulas de tratamiento en los orígenes del parlamentarismo argentino” in Anuario de Lingüística Hispánica 17–18: 11–24.Google Scholar
García Gómez, A.
(2000) “Discourse, politeness and gender roles: an exploratory investigation into British and Spanish talkshow verbal conflicts” in Estudios Ingleses de la Universidad Complutense 8: 97–125.Google Scholar
Giménez Armentia, P. and R. M. Berganza Conde
(2009) Géneros y medios de comunicación: un análisis desde la objetividad y la teoría del Framing. Madrid: Fragua.Google Scholar
Goffman, E.
(1959) The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
(1967) Interaction ritual: essays on face-to-face behavior. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Guitarte, G.
(1955) “El ensordecimiento del žeismo porteño” in Revista de Filología Española 39: 261–283. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Harris, S.
(1984) “Questions as a mode of control in Magistrates’ Courts” in International Journal of the Sociology of Language 49.Google Scholar
(2001) “Being politically impolite: extending politeness theory to adversarial political discourse” in Discourse and Society 12 (4): 451–472. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hernández Guerrero, J. A.
(2002) Política y oratoria, el lenguaje de los políticos. Cádiz: Servicio de Publicaciones de la UCA.Google Scholar
Holmes J. and M. Stubbe
(2003) Power and politeness in the workplace: a sociolinguistic analysis of talk at work. Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited. http://​www​.um​.es​/tonosdigital​/znum25​/secciones​/estudios​-11c​-catalina​_fuentes,​_(2013,​_tonos​_25)​.htm
Igualada Belchí, D.
(2006) “Marcas axiológicas en el discurso parlamentario” in M. Casado, R. González y M.ª V. Romero (coord.) Análisis del discurso: lengua, cultura, valores. Actas del I Congreso Internacional. Madrid: Arco/Libros, 1405–1415.Google Scholar
Igualada, D.
(2007) “Tiene la palabra la señora Diputado. Actividad estratégica en el discurso parlamentario femenino” in L. Cortés et al. (eds.) Discurso y Oralidad. Homenaje al profesor José Jesús de Bustos Tovar. Madrid: Arco/Libros, 815–825.Google Scholar
(2008) “Mujeres en el Congreso de los Diputados. Estrategias de imagen en el discurso parlamentario femenino (Primera Legislatura)” in A. Briz et al. (eds.) Cortesía y conversación: de lo escrito a lo oral. III Coloquio Internacional del Programa EDICE. Valencia: Departamento de Filología de la Universidad de Valencia, 240–253.Google Scholar
Ilie, C.
(2001) “Unparliamentary Language: Insults as Cognitive Forms of Ideological Confrontation” in R. Dirven, R. Frank and C. Ilie (eds.) Language and Ideology. Volume II: Descriptive cognitive approaches. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 235–263. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2003a) “Discourse and metadiscourse in parliamentary debates” in Journal of Language and Politics 2(1): 71–92. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2003b) “Histrionic and agonistic features of parliamentary discourse” in Studies in Communication Sciences 3(1): 25–53.Google Scholar
(2004) “Insulting as (un)parliamentary practice in the British and Swedish parliaments: A rhetorical approach” in P. Bayley (ed.) Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Parliamentary Discourse, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 45–86. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2010) European Parliaments under Scrutiny. Discourse Strategies and Interaction Practices. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ilonszki, G. and D. Kostova
(2003) “Why Less Could Be More in the Area of Women in Politics: Parliamentary Representation of Women in Bulgaria and Hungary” in Osteuropa 53(5).Google Scholar
Íñigo-Mora, I.
(2005) “Las preguntas retóricas en el entorno parlamentario: Una propuesta de análisis social-cognitivo” in F. Garrudo Carabias and J. Comesaña Rincón (eds.) Estudios de Filología Inglesa en honor de Antonio Garnica. Sevilla: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Sevilla, 255–267.Google Scholar
(2007) “Estrategias del discurso parlamentario” in Discurso & Sociedad 1(3): 400–438.Google Scholar
(2008) “Politeness Strategies in English and Spanish Parliamentary Settings” in Respectus Philologicus 14(19): 108–114. Reprinted in Russian in Political Linguistics 2008, (25): 59–63.Google Scholar
(2010) “Rhetorical strategies in English and Spanish Parliaments” en C. Ilie (ed.) European Parliaments under scrutiny. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 329–372. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Íñigo-Mora, I. and G. Álvarez-Benito
(2009) “Politicians’ gestures and words: An analysis of a televised interview with J. L. Rodríguez Zapatero” in G. Álvarez-Benito, G. Fernández-Díaz, and I. Iñigo-Mora (eds.) Discourse and Politics. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 154–166.Google Scholar
Íñigo-Mora, I. M. and G. Álvarez-Benito
(2010) “Gestures and words in political discourse: a case study of the Obama/McCain encounter”. Respectus Philologicus 18 (23): 11–25.Google Scholar
James, D. and S. Clarke
(1993) “Women, Men and interruptions: a critical review” in D. Tannen (ed.) Gender and Conversational Interaction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 231–280.Google Scholar
Kendall, S.
(2003) “Creating gendered demeanors of authority at work and at home” in J. Holmes and M. Meyerhoff (eds.) The handbook of language and gender. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 600–623. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kramarae, C.
(1981) Women and Men speaking: frameworks for analysis. Rowley, MA: Newbury House Publishers.Google Scholar
Labov, W.
(1969) The study of nonstandard English. Washington, DC.: National Council of Teachers of English.Google Scholar
Lakoff, R.
(1973) “The logic of politeness or minding your p's and q's” in Papers from the Ninth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, 292–305.Google Scholar
(1975) Language and woman’s place: text and commentaries. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
(2003) “Language, Gender, and Politics: Putting ‘Women’ and ‘Power’ in the same sentence” in J. Holmes and M. Meyerhoff (eds.) The Handbook of Language and Gender. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 161–178. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
López Eyre, A. y J. Santiago Guervós
(2000) Retórica y comunicación política. Madrid, Cátedra.Google Scholar
Lorenzo-Dus, N.
(2009) Television Discourse. Analysing language in the media. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lozano Domingo, I.
(1995) Lenguaje femenino, lenguaje masculino: ¿condiciona nuestro sexo la manera de hablar? Madrid: Minerva.Google Scholar
Lunginbühl, M.
(2007) “Conversational violence in political TV debates: Forms and functions” in Journal of Pragmatics 39(8): 1371–1387. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Madfes, I.
(2005) “Autonomía y afiliación. El rol de los marcadores conversacionales como “índices” de género” in J. Murillo (ed.) Actas del II Coloquio EDICE.Google Scholar
Magaud, V.
(2009) “The political rhetoric of the 2007 French campaign: discourse and dissociation phenomena” in G. Álvarez Benito et al.. (eds.) First Internacional Conference on Political Discourse Strategies . Sevilla: Mergablum, 123–136.Google Scholar
Mayhead, Molly A. and Brenda D. Marshall
(2005) Women’s political discourse: a 21st-century perspective. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Miche, E.
(1998) Secuencias discursivas del desacuerdo. Aplicación del modelo ginebrino al análisis del debate parlamentario del artículo 2º de la Constitución Española de 1978. Santiago de Compostela: Universidad de Santiago de Compostela.Google Scholar
Mills, S.
(2000) “Rethinking politeness, impoliteness and gender identity” in E. Litosseliti y J. Sutherland (eds.) Discourse Analysis and Gender Identity. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 69–98.Google Scholar
(2003) Gender and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2005) “Gender and impoliteness” in Journal of Politeness Research 1(2): 263–280. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(ed.) (1995) Language and Gender: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Nordenstam, K.
(1992) “Male and female conversational style” in IJSL 94: 75–98. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Núñez Cabezas, E. and S. Guerrero Salazar
(2002) El lenguaje político español. Madrid: Cátedra.Google Scholar
Perelman, C. and L. Olbrechts-Tyteca
(1989) Tratado de la argumentación. Madrid: Gredos.Google Scholar
Power, M. and M. Berardone
(1998) “Speaking in Parliament: first speeches of men and women” in Journal of Applied Social Behaviour 4(2), 42–55.Google Scholar
Provencio Garrigós, H.
(1994) Lenguaje político, vocabulario de los discursos electorales. Murcia: Universidad de Murcia.Google Scholar
Ranjana Kumari. D. A.
(1994) Women parliamentarians a study in the Indian context. New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications.Google Scholar
Redeker, G. and A. Maes
(1995) “Gender differences in interruptions”, in D. I. Slobin et al. (eds.), Social Interaction, Social Contexts and Language: Essays in Honor of Susan Ervin-Tripp. Mahwan, (New Jersey): Lawrence Erlbaum, 597–612.Google Scholar
Reiter, Rayna
(ed.) (1975) Toward an anthropology of women. London: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Rivas Carmona, M. M. and G. Álvarez-Benito
(2003) “Análisis Intercultural de las Estrategias No Verbales en el Discurso Político” in Encuentros en psicología social 1(2): 332–335.Google Scholar
Roulet, E.
(1997) A modular approach to discourse structures. Pragmatics 7 (2): 125–146. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Salvador, G.
(1952) “Fonética masculina y fonética femenina en el habla de Vertientes y Tarifa” in Orbis I, 19–24.Google Scholar
Smith, P. H.
(1979) “Sex markers in speech” in K. Scherer y H. Giles (eds.) Social markers in speech. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 109–146.Google Scholar
Tannen D.
(1990) You just don’t understand, women and men in conversation. New York: Ballantine Books.Google Scholar
Tannen, D.
(1994) Talking from 9 to 5: women and men at work. New York: Morrow. New paperback edition: New York: Quill, 2001.Google Scholar
(ed.) (1993) Gender and Conversational Interaction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Toulmin, S.E.
(1958) The uses of argument. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Vallance, E.
(1979) Women in the House. A study of Women Members of Parliament. London: (Atlantic Highlands) N.J., Athlone Press distributed in U.S. and Canada by Humanities Press.Google Scholar
Van Baalen, I.
(2001) “Male and Female Language: Growing Together?” in Historical Sociolinguistics and Sociohistorical Linguistics. http://​www​.let​.leidenuniv​.nl​/hsl​_shl​/van%20Baalen​.htm
Van Dijk, T.A.
(1998) Ideology. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Van Dijk, T. A.
(2002) Political discourse and political cognition. In Paul A. Chilton & Christina Schäffner (Eds.) (2002), Politics as Text and Talk. Analytical approaches to political discourse. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 204–236 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2005) “War rhetoric of a little ally. Political implicatures and Aznar’s legitimatization of the war in Iraq” in Journal of Language and Politics 4(1): 65–91. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Van Dijk, T. A. and Wodak, R.
(2000) Racism at the top. Parliamentary discourses on ethnic issues in six European states. Klagenfurt: Drava Verlag.Google Scholar
Wadsworth, A. J., P. Patterson, L. Kaid, G. Cullers, D. Malcomb and L. Lamirand
(1987) “Masculine vs. feminine strategies in political ads: implications for female candidates” in Journal of Applied Communication Research 15: 77–94. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
West, C. Y. y Zimmerman, D. H.
(1987) “Small insults: A study of interruptions in cross-sex conversations between unacquainted persons” in B. Thorne, C. Kramarae y N. Henley (eds.) Language Gender and Society. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Newbury House, 103–117.Google Scholar
Williams, W.
(1998) “Gender, political advertising, and the air-wars” in S. Thomas and C. Wilcox (eds.) Women and elective office: past, present and future. New York: Oxford University Press, 38–55.Google Scholar
Wodak, R.
(2003) “Multiple identities: The Roles of female parliamentarians in the EU Parliament” in J. Holmes y M. Meyerhoff (eds.) The Handbook of Language and Gender. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 671–698. CrossrefGoogle Scholar