Index

• 15-M 124–130, 134–135, 138, 140–145

• academia39, 67, 87, 282

• AfD 184–185, 198, 203, 213, 225–226, 285–314

• aggression70, 354

• agonism, agonistic40, 104–105, 112, 120, 141, 145

• AKP 101–122, 176

• alignment48, 51, 55–56, 61, 204, 263

• alt-right232, 234

• Alternative für Deutschland See AfD

• antagonism29, 30, 32, 74–78, 82, 83, 87, 104, 137, 141, 145, 151, 163, 176, 231, 242, 251, 252, 270, 276, 288, 290, 342

• antagonistic20, 22, 31, 32, 64, 77, 79, 80, 83, 87, 94, 102–105, 112, 118, 120, 129, 135, 141–142, 150, 152, 159, 162–168, 231, 259, 265, 274, 279, 347, 350–358

• anti-democratic45, 102–107, 110–111, 120–121

• anti-intellectualism76, 231

• appraisal48, 70, 90

• argumentation 43–47, 51, 62, 70–71, 179, 199, 224, 227, 229, 233, 239, 240–241, 246, 250–256, 304, 354

• argumentative texts46

• articulation19, 21, 29, 36–40, 74–75, 96–97, 102–111, 119–123, 143, 150–161, 164–168, 177, 198, 259, 263, 281

• articulatory practice37, 77, 81, 95

• austerity33, 51, 57, 73, 78, 80–83, 87–98, 125, 127, 163, 261, 270–276, 279–281

• authoritarian26, 101, 103, 107–108, 117–120, 197, 261, 281

• authoritarian populism101, 118–119

• bad manners36, 181–182, 196, 336

• befolkning 158

• Berlusconi, Silvio31, 79

• borgere 158

• Brexit20, 34, 43–47, 50–55, 58, 60, 62, 65–69, 165, 194, 229–230, 241, 244–247, 251, 253–254

• Bürger201, 202, 206–207, 213, 221, 224, 289–294, 299–304, 307–310

• casta 35, 83–84, 129–130, 133, 135, 137–142

• caste30, 35, 75, 190

• CDU 210–212, 220, 286, 299, 300, 303, 312

• centre-left78, 80, 84, 261, 277

• centre-right80, 84, 155, 261

• chain of equivalence32, 37, 102, 104, 111, 113, 133

• charismatic leader158

• citizenry276, 301–302, 307

• citizen, citizens19, 30, 38, 50–54, 62–66, 83–86, 89–94, 110, 128, 129, 134–137, 142–143, 158, 171, 173, 176, 201, 202, 204, 206–207, 209, 213–216, 220–264, 267, 270–280, 289–294, 299–311, 316, 320–323, 332–344

• civil society113, 116, 131–132, 136, 152, 165, 171, 183, 188–190, 198

• class28, 53, 69, 81–84, 95, 115, 124, 129, 130, 136, 140, 149, 150, 153, 159–164, 169, 176, 185, 199, 205, 222–223, 229, 236, 242–243, 251, 253, 262, 270, 280–281, 294, 302, 312, 349

• collective subject 149–153, 158–159, 161–162, 168

• communicative style178, 288

• community30, 44, 48, 53, 56, 111, 141, 149–151, 158–169, 174–179, 184, 186, 192–193, 206, 220, 248, 254, 272, 291

• conservatism 37–38, 110, 114, 235, 236

• conservative26, 37, 50–56, 65, 80, 85–86, 101–103, 106, 109–122, 127–129, 154–156, 164, 177, 184, 187, 191, 211, 261, 357–358

• Conservative Party 222–223, 229, 235–237

• context19, 23, 26, 33, 40, 47, 70–75, 78–90, 96, 99, 105–110, 117, 124–127, 130, 135–139, 147, 149, 150, 152, 156, 158, 162, 169–180, 190, 207, 213–217, 222, 224, 230–231, 258, 268, 281, 285–288, 301, 305, 310–312, 319–320, 329, 333, 339, 345, 348, 350, 354, 357–359

• Corbyn, Jeremy151, 253

• corpus linguistics70, 226–228, 341, 348, 359

• counter-discourse74, 92, 94

• crisis23, 33, 41–42, 51, 53–60, 66, 71–83, 87, 90–99, 105–109, 113, 119–122, 125–130, 134, 141, 143, 145, 151, 155–156, 173, 177–187, 195–199, 232, 235, 238, 241–247, 251, 253, 255, 258, 261, 270, 274–279, 280, 288, 304, 313, 336, 342–343, 360

• Critical Discourse Analysis, CDA34, 81, 97, 229, 230, 237–238, 254, 256, 341, 355, 359, 361

• Danish People’s Party149, 155–158, 163, 165, 169

• danskere 159–160

• definitional-evaluative cluster47, 51, 59, 61

• demand, demands19, 20, 29, 32–33, 37, 49, 51, 55, 64, 74–80, 83, 95–96, 101–120, 136, 126, 138, 142–144, 152–154, 161–162, 166, 168, 180–181, 193, 198, 221, 243, 247, 253, 257–259, 262, 264, 268, 271, 274, 279, 281, 299

• democracy27, 31, 33, 38–41, 53, 55–57, 74, 76, 85–86, 89, 91, 93–94, 97–98, 111, 113, 115, 121–122, 126, 132–135, 140–146, 151–156, 160, 162, 167–170, 175, 184, 186–189, 192–195, 198, 202, 214–216, 225, 230–233, 241, 243, 251, 253, 255–260, 279, 282, 301–306, 309–312, 318, 332, 337, 342–343

• democratic26, 32, 41, 45, 55–58, 73, 78, 80, 93, 95, 98, 101–121, 141, 144–146, 150–163, 166–169, 175, 181, 187, 197, 231, 245, 251, 257–262, 270–283, 302–303, 308–310, 342–343

• democratic populism101, 105, 119

• Denmark 149–150, 154, 156, 161, 164–168

• dialogical expansion and contraction43, 48

• dialogicity46, 48–49, 51, 57–58, 64–68

• dialogue43, 45–46, 49, 58–68, 70, 188, 215, 220, 226, 279

• disalignment48, 263, 351, 356

• discourse studies43, 70, 146, 171, 200, 253–255

• discourse theory19, 36, 39–40, 81, 99, 101, 123–126, 149, 237–238

• discursive strategy, strategies46, 68, 81, 95, 177, 229, 230, 232, 243, 288, 341–360

• dislocation79, 125–126

• diversity20, 24–25, 32, 76–77, 132, 134, 161, 189, 191

• DPP 149–150, 155

• dramatization234, 351, 354, 357

• economic crisis56, 79–81, 83, 87, 96, 106–107, 113, 127, 129, 134, 151, 270, 280

• editorialists43, 45, 54, 60, 66–68

• elite, elites19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 44, 51–58, 61, 66, 78, 80–88, 96, 102–103, 106–117, 128–130, 135, 137–8, 140–141, 143, 145, 149–153, 159, 160–169, 173, 175–177, 180–181, 184–186, 190, 193–198, 204, 206, 225, 229–234, 238–239, 242–245, 251–254, 257, 259, 267, 274, 276, 279–281, 296, 303–304, 318, 331, 342, 346, 347, 350, 354, 355, 357

• emotion52, 330, 331, 335

• emotional22, 52, 126, 351, 354–355, 357, 361

• emotional appeals351, 354–355, 357

• employment 91–93, 154, 255, 272

• empty signifier101, 102, 104, 108, 119–120, 230, 279

• En Comú 124, 127, 133–135

• En Marea 127, 135, 143

• engagement39, 43, 45, 48, 51, 61, 67, 70, 242, 263

• Essex School81, 99, 102, 151–153

• EU, European Union32, 51–57, 62–66, 75, 82, 89, 96, 107, 110, 112, 122, 149, 150, 162–171, 194, 196, 210–212, 222, 229, 235–236, 241, 243, 245–252, 266, 270, 278, 285, 344, 347, 350, 353–358

• Europe19, 23, 25, 33, 37, 39–41, 44, 45, 49–50, 60, 62, 65, 73, 80, 82, 86–89, 94, 98–105, 122, 131, 136, 153, 165, 167, 170–171, 175, 178, 181, 183, 189, 194–210, 213, 215, 219–220, 222–228, 235, 236, 248, 252, 257, 278, 281–283, 286–287, 313, 337–338, 359–360

• Euroscepticism51, 222–223

• Eurozone crisis74, 79–80, 82, 96, 99

• evaluation 46–48, 51, 54, 59, 60, 66–67, 70–71, 264, 273

• evidential markers352, 355, 359

• exclusion40, 245, 257–259

• fӕlesskab 159, 161

• fantasmatic logics29, 126, 142

• Farage, Nigel34, 53, 229, 230–237, 240, 243, 245–248, 252, 254

• FIDESZ343, 345, 347, 350, 352, 357–359

• floating signifier129, 133

• folkelighed 158

• folket 158

• France62, 136, 186, 201–202, 213–214, 220, 226–227, 283

• free trade166

• Front National34, 40, 338

• GDR173, 175–177, 188, 189–195, 198

• gente 35, 83–84, 123, 128

• Germany24, 87–89, 127, 136, 173–179, 183–202, 209, 213, 220, 226, 278, 285–288, 292–297, 302, 306–313, 338

• globalisation23, 52–56, 60, 65, 69, 76–79, 219–220

• globalist discourse165

• Glynos, Jason20, 21, 23, 29, 39–40, 79, 98, 105, 121, 123–126, 141, 145

• Gramsci, Antonio74, 89, 124, 126, 132, 141, 145

• Great Recession78, 98

• Grillo, Beppe81, 85

• Haider, Jörg311

• hegemonic, hegemony20, 24, 28, 38, 40, 41, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79n3, 83, 89, 90, 94–98, 103–106, 112, 114–118, 143–146, 150, 163–165, 169, 177, 181, 239, 255, 278, 360

• heterogeneity159, 191, 195, 223

• heteroglossia43, 48–49, 57–58, 65–66

• historic bloc138, 141, 160

• Howarth, David 21–24, 27, 29, 37, 40, 79, 81, 98–99, 123–126, 141, 145

• Hungary 341–344, 348, 354, 359, 360

• Hunston, Susan46, 71

• hybrid74, 143, 149–154, 157, 159, 166, 169, 179, 281

• identities, identity23, 30–33, 37, 40, 42, 44, 51–54, 66–68, 76, 79, 80, 83, 86, 89, 96, 99, 104, 110, 122, 125, 133–134, 139, 147, 155, 156, 159–162, 164, 169, 170, 173, 179, 184, 187, 198–200, 210, 234, 238–239, 254, 268, 270, 277, 283, 311, 331, 342, 347, 350, 353–357, 360–361

• ideological frames124

• ideological, ideology 20–29, 31–33, 37, 39–42, 47, 49, 60, 74–77, 80–81, 85, 87–89, 95–99, 101, 103, 105–107, 110, 115, 121–124, 127, 153, 155–156, 162, 167, 175, 177, 178, 180, 186–187, 191, 195–197, 199, 203, 213, 225, 227, 230, 236, 242, 252–253, 256, 258–259, 261, 277–278, 282, 288, 295, 337–338, 342, 353

• Iglesias, Pablo83, 86, 98, 123–124, 127, 129, 132–134, 136–141, 144

• illiberal45, 107, 231, 302, 342–343

• imaginaries, imaginary79, 81, 125, 133, 135, 139, 140, 146, 166, 196, 356

• immigrant, immigrants55, 63, 66, 230, 236, 245, 250–255, 288, 292, 294, 332, 347, 350, 358

• immigration23, 33, 51–54, 57, 60, 63–66, 69, 101, 155, 164–165, 184–185, 197, 229, 234–236, 240–241, 245–247, 250, 252, 254, 283, 311, 331, 341–345, 352

• inclusion159, 163, 257, 259, 260, 276

• indirect speech219, 355

• inequality149, 150, 151, 153, 160, 164, 166, 169, 178

• institutionalism77

• Islam33, 113, 121, 182–185, 189, 191, 193, 278, 331–332

• Islamic populism102

• Italy43, 50, 73, 79, 80–81, 87–90, 93, 97, 99, 136, 312, 337

• Jobbik345, 359

• Justice and Development PartySee AKP

• justified grievances 51–54, 69

• knowledge124, 245–247, 251, 254, 271, 296, 333, 352

• Laclau, Ernesto 19–42, 73, 74, 77, 79, 81, 95, 98–111, 120–128, 142–146, 180, 181, 203, 225, 227, 230, 237–238, 254–255, 259, 282

• Labour Party 52–54, 151, 221–223, 229, 235–236, 245, 253

• left-wing21, 25, 27, 31–38, 42, 45, 54, 75, 81, 98–101, 127, 138, 145–146, 149–163, 166, 168, 171, 213, 220, 277, 279, 281, 283, 344, 347, 349, 354, 357

• left-wing populism25, 36, 42, 81, 98–99, 145–146, 149–153, 156, 160, 168, 171, 281, 283

• Le Pen, Marine167, 171, 344

• lexicography73, 75, 82, 282

• liberal31, 41, 52, 55, 65–67, 106–121, 152, 154–158, 160, 163–167, 181, 184, 231, 236, 244, 258–262, 264, 268, 270, 272–279, 282, 302, 304, 318, 341–345

• liberal democracy31, 55, 113, 152, 160, 279, 302, 342

• logic, logics 19–21, 24, 28–38, 40, 44, 45, 47, 52, 68, 73–75, 77–83, 87, 90–98, 102–104, 121, 123–126, 140–142, 145, 153, 162–163, 166–167, 178, 180, 187, 190, 226, 230, 233, 251, 259, 260, 274, 277, 281–282, 313, 342, 359

• logic of difference79, 142

• logic of equivalence32, 78, 83, 141, 259

• logics of critical explanation29, 40, 98, 145

• M5S 73–78, 80–90, 92–96, 98, 312

• Martin, James R.42, 48, 69–70, 255, 283, 361

• media 34–39, 43–44, 65, 70–71, 75, 87, 89, 113, 116, 126, 132, 138, 147, 151, 155, 179, 182–189, 192–193, 195–198, 215, 227, 229, 232–237, 240, 254–256, 261, 263, 290, 292, 302, 306, 319, 339, 342, 359, 361

• mennesker 158, 170

• menschen 202–203, 205, 209–210, 216–217, 219–221, 223, 291, 296–300, 302–303

• mensen 35

• Merkel, Angela87, 220, 286, 292, 295, 299, 304, 309

• meta-narratives125

• metadiscourse, metadiscursive61, 65, 67, 255

• metaphor, metaphors62, 73, 75, 82–83, 87–89, 92, 97, 98–99, 123–126, 130–131, 135–137, 139–140, 145–146, 181, 244, 246, 251, 255, 269, 271, 282, 287, 303, 336, 338

• metapolitical160, 171, 177

• migrant, migrants56, 157, 189, 229, 238, 245–247, 253, 285, 303–304, 308, 344, 348, 357–358

• migration40, 52, 156, 161, 165, 173, 176, 184–185, 189–190, 194, 239–240, 245–246, 251, 253, 311, 342, 344, 348, 357–358

• millet 102, 111, 115–116, 120, 176

• monoglossia49, 57–58, 65

• Mouffe, Chantal30, 32, 37, 41–42, 78, 81, 98, 103–105, 122, 125–126, 146, 153, 157, 170, 231, 237–238, 255

• Movimento Cinque Stelle See M5S

• myth60, 141, 143, 191

• narrative analysis123

• nationalism, nationalist20, 26–28, 30–31, 34, 37–39, 51–53, 60, 99, 106–107, 110, 119, 129, 133, 144, 145, 161–166, 169–170, 177–178, 184, 197, 210–211, 235, 248, 253–254, 285, 342, 343, 357, 358

• neoliberal, neoliberalism25, 31, 33, 37, 41, 73–74, 78–80, 83–92, 94–98, 107, 110, 113, 117–118, 122, 135–136, 143, 149, 150, 152–154, 156, 158, 163, 165–166, 254

• Netherlands7, 144, 318–339

• New Right 173–174, 177–178, 186, 196, 200

• newspaper, newspapers44, 46–47, 50–51, 57, 62, 64–68, 105, 137, 166, 188, 237, 262, 286–287, 360

• nodal point, nodal points29, 30, 133, 150, 152, 158–159, 160–162, 168, 181, 238, 241, 251, 279

• ontological narrative, narratives125, 140, 141, 143

• opinion makers45, 61, 66

• opinion piece, pieces 43–46, 49–50, 59, 60–67

• Orbán, Viktor31, 347–359

• organic crisis74, 108, 126, 141

• ostalgia191, 193, 197

• PAH138

• parliamentary debates82, 201–204, 207–208, 213, 216, 220, 223–225, 228, 279, 314, 341, 344–346, 350

• Partido Popular See PP

• Party for FreedomSee PVV

• patria 123, 128

• Patriotische Europäer gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes See PEGIDA

• patronizing357

• PDL19, 258, 261, 264, 272–280

• Pechtold, Alexander315, 317–335

• PEGIDA34, 173–200, 203, 227, 286, 313

• performance41, 109, 146, 175, 178–181, 184, 198–199, 338

• performative strategy178, 243

• personal pronoun, pronouns129, 130, 333

• plurinationality132, 134–135, 141

• Podemos20, 25, 35, 37, 73–78, 80–99, 101, 123–147, 151, 157, 312

• poetic logics125

• polarization119, 163, 183, 344, 347, 349, 357

• political logic, logics19, 20, 21, 24, 28–32, 34, 36, 38, 44, 75, 77, 103, 121, 125–126, 141, 180, 226, 230, 233, 251, 259, 282, 313, 342, 359

• politics of necessity 163–164, 168

• populist discourse22, 43, 48, 49, 61, 63, 83, 101–105, 108, 112–115, 119–121, 145, 150, 153, 159, 163, 165–168, 225, 231–232, 237, 240, 259–260, 281, 286, 317, 334, 336, 338, 341–342, 346–347, 357–358

• populist formation142

• populist heteroglossia49, 57–58, 65

• populist hybrids153

• populist logic21, 35, 37, 73–74, 77, 8083, 87, 90, 94–97, 153, 162, 166, 260, 281

• populist projects33, 180, 258

• populist radical right23, 25–27, 33–39, 41, 122, 255

• populist turn 149–151, 153, 157, 162, 165, 167, 169, 235

• positioning169, 263, 277, 319

• post-communist258, 283

• post-democratic78, 197

• post-foundational78, 98

• post-Marxism, post-Marxist38, 99, 122

• post-political74, 78, 80, 89, 96

• power30, 33, 60–61, 71, 73, 75–76, 83, 86, 91, 93, 95–97, 101–108, 111–126, 129, 132, 137–146, 154–155, 159, 162–166, 176, 180, 184–185, 187–188, 190, 192, 195, 204, 215, 225, 234, 245, 254, 259, 260, 262, 265, 267–268, 271, 283, 290, 296, 299, 300, 303, 327–328, 333, 339, 344

• PP73, 85, 123, 127, 130, 132, 134, 138–139, 141, 145–147

• pragmatic marker341, 359

• pragmatic markers341, 349, 352, 357–359

• press 38–44, 50, 67, 70–71, 82, 97–98, 121–122, 145–147, 188, 199, 226–227, 234, 243, 248, 254–256, 262, 281–283, 292, 301, 305–306, 313, 337–339, 359, 361

• propaganda43, 45

• prosody46, 306

• PSOE73, 85, 127, 129–132, 134, 138–141

• public narratives125

• public sphere, spheres44, 49, 230, 232–233, 238, 357

• pueblo 35, 39, 83, 84, 123, 170

• PVV318, 332

• racism37, 63, 70, 189, 196, 200, 245, 255, 314

• racist26, 34, 63, 178, 210, 252, 288

• radical centre78, 98

• radical left75, 146, 150–153, 158–159, 170–171

• recoding125, 129, 133

• Red-Green AllianceSee RGA

• rescaling 79–80, 82, 90, 93, 96

• restructuring79, 80, 82, 90, 96

• retrotopia184, 199

• RGA 149–151, 154–169, 171

• rhetoric analysis123, 139

• right-wing21, 25, 36, 38–39, 42, 48, 50, 54, 99, 101–108, 120–123, 128–129, 131, 134, 145, 149–150, 153–158, 161–167, 171, 177–178, 183–187, 192, 196, 200, 229, 230, 235, 244–245, 251, 254–256, 277, 279, 283, 285–288, 313–314, 343–347, 353, 356–357, 360

• right-wing populism39, 99, 101–102, 121, 131, 145, 153–154, 167, 171, 183–184, 187, 200, 235, 254, 313, 353, 360

• Romania 257–258, 260–261, 264–268, 270–282

• security51, 130–131, 161, 166, 168, 187, 192, 219, 247

• selective presentation341, 351, 353, 357–358

• semantic prosody46, 306

• semantic role217, 221, 335

• signifier, signifiers22, 28, 30–31, 44, 67, 80, 101–104, 108, 113–114, 116, 119–120, 129, 133, 150, 158–160, 162, 176, 181, 230–231, 238–239, 267, 274, 279, 286, 291, 299

• social democracy89, 91, 151–154, 156, 162, 169, 257

• social logic, logics29, 125, 126

• social media 43–44, 184, 186, 192, 229, 232–234, 240, 254–256

• social-liberal union258, 261, 264, 268, 282

• sovereignty64, 75, 80, 82, 85–86, 89, 91–94, 96, 133–135, 140–142, 145, 149–150, 157, 163, 165–168, 175, 195, 225, 231, 242, 245, 248, 309

• Soviet Union175, 258

• space of dialogue43, 45–46, 59, 67–68, 70

• Spain73, 79–81, 87, 91, 93, 98–99, 123–129, 132–133, 136, 139–141, 144–147, 287, 312

• Stavrakakis, Yannis20, 22, 24, 27–29, 31, 33–34, 37, 39, 40, 42, 45, 49, 71, 76, 81, 99, 101, 104, 122, 130, 145, 152–153, 171, 230, 255, 260, 279, 281, 283

• strategies of dialogicity57, 64

• style20, 22, 24, 27, 35–36, 40–41, 52, 58, 67, 146, 173–174, 178–184, 199, 200, 227, 254–255, 288, 302, 311, 313, 337–339, 354, 357–358

• subject 29–30, 77, 80, 82–83, 95–96, 103, 111, 133, 149–153, 157–162, 168, 207, 217, 221, 225, 234, 257, 259, 271, 274, 276, 286, 290, 300, 305–307, 310, 317–318, 321–337

• subjectivity70, 104, 230, 339, 350, 354, 357

• synecdoche 123–124, 126, 128, 131–134, 139, 145, 240

• syntactic position217, 221, 315, 317, 321–327, 330, 334

• SYRIZA25, 37, 42, 89, 96, 99, 101, 122, 146, 151, 157, 171, 283

• Tangentopoli scandal81

• technocracy74, 80

• Thatcher, Margaret31, 85

• Third Way78, 155

• Thompson, Geoff46, 71

• topoi, topos43, 47, 48, 50, 51, 55–56, 59, 62–64, 70, 229, 240–241, 246, 249, 251, 270

• transversal struggle138

• tropes 124–125, 139, 196, 240

• Trump, Donald20, 36, 53–54, 165, 190

• Turkey 101–102, 106, 108, 111–112, 117–122, 211, 212

• UK, United Kingdom34, 43–44, 5058, 67, 70, 121, 165, 204–205, 208, 217–222, 228–229, 232, 235, 241, 244–248, 251–256, 265, 320, 359

• UKIP 203–204, 229, 230, 235–255

• USA, United States21, 26–28, 34–38, 45, 50, 55, 58–59, 65–66, 69–70, 77, 82, 86, 87, 89, 104, 114, 126, 130, 132–140, 151, 158–159, 161–165, 168, 174, 178, 182, 192, 194, 203, 209, 213, 217–218, 221, 225, 231, 241, 243–246, 251, 268–269, 273, 276, 286, 290, 304, 307–309, 345–348

• USL 258–281

• Vico, Giambattista 124–125, 147

• Vlaams Belang 34–35, 39

• Volk 34–35, 173–227, 285–314, 339

• Volksbewegung 192

• war of manoeuvre124, 131, 142

• war of position124, 142

• welfare policies168

• welfare state91, 154, 157, 161–162

• White, Hayden48, 69–70, 83, 99, 124–125, 128–129, 133, 147, 258, 263, 277, 283

• White, Peter R. R.48, 69–70, 83, 99, 124–125, 128–129, 133, 147, 258, 263, 277, 283

• Wilders, Geert167, 171, 191, 232, 315–335, 339

• xenophobia53, 165