Cover not available
Article published In:
Diachronica
Vol. 33:4 (2016) ► pp.461–502

A comparative perspective on the evolution of Romance clausal structure

This article presents a comparative analysis of the diachronic evolution of Romance clausal structure from Classical Latin through to the late medieval period, with particular reference to the Verb Second (V2) property. In the medieval period three distinct diachronic stages can be identified as regards V2: a C-VSO stage attested in Old Sardinian, a ‘relaxed’ V2 stage across Early Medieval Romance and maintained into 13th and 14th century Occitan and Sicilian, and a ‘strict’ V2 stage attested in 13th and 14th century French, Spanish and Venetian. The C-VSO grammar found in Old Sardinian is a retention of the syntactic system attested in late Latin textual records, itself an innovation on an ‘incipient V2’ stage found in Classical Latin, where V-to-C movement and XP-fronting receive a pragmatically or syntactically marked interpretation.
Keywords: verb movement, Verb Second, Medieval Romance, left periphery, Latin
Published online: 31 December 2016
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.33.4.02wol
References (209)
Albanés, Joseph. 1879. La vie de Sainte Douceline. Marseille: Etienne Camoin.Google Scholar
Bonazzi, Giuliano. 1997. Il condaghe di San Pietro di Silki: Testo logudorese inedito dei secoli XI–III. Sassari: Dessi.Google Scholar
Brunel, Clovis. 1926. Les plus anciennes chartes en langue provençale: recueil de piéces originales antérieures au XIIIe siècle. Paris: Picard.Google Scholar
Campulu, Iohanni. 1989. Libru de lu dialagu di sanctu Gregoriu. Rubbettino: Università di Catania.Google Scholar
Cañas, Jesus. 1988. Libro de Alexandre. Madrid: Ediciones Cátedra.Google Scholar
Curtius, Ernst. 1911. Li quatre livres des Reis. Dresden: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Delfuoco, Silvana & Piergiuseppe Bernadi. 2005. Sermoni subalpini. Torino: Centro Studi Piemontesi.Google Scholar
Levi, Ugo. 1904. I monumenti del dialetto di Lio Mazor. Venezia: Visentini.Google Scholar
Knust, Hermann. 1909. Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio. Leipzig: Dr Seele & Co.Google Scholar
Merci, Paolo. 2001. Il condaghe di San Nicola di Trullas, Nuoro: Ilisso Edizioni.Google Scholar
. 1978. “Il più antico documente arborense.” Medioevo Romanzo V(II–III). 362–83.Google Scholar
Pauphilet, Albert. 1919. La quête du Saint Graal. Paris: Champion.Google Scholar
Smith, Colin. 1972. Poema de mio Cid. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Adams, James N. 1977. The Vulgar Latin of the letters of Claudius Terentianus (P. Mich. VIII, 467–472). Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
. 1994a. Wackernagel’s Law and the placement of copula esse in Classical Latin. Cambridge: The Cambridge Philological Society.Google Scholar
. 1994b. Wackernagel’s Law and the position of unstressed pronouns in Classical Latin. Transactions of the Philological Society 921. 103–178. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Adams, Marianne. 1987. From Old French to the theory of Pro-drop. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 5(1). 1–32. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Axel, Katrin & Helmut Weiss. 2011. Pro-drop in the history of German from Old High German to the modern dialects. In Peter Gallman & Melani Wratil (eds.), Null pronouns. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ayres-Bennett, Wendy. 1996. A history of the French language through texts. London; New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bauer, Brigitte. 1995. The emergence and development of SVO patterning in Latin and French : Diachronic and psycholinguistic perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 2009. Word order. In Philip Baldi & Pierluigi Cuzzolin (eds.), New perspectives on Latin syntax, vol. 1: Syntax of the sentence, 241–316. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Bayer, Josef. 2004. Decomposing the left periphery: Dialectal and cross-linguistic evidence. In Horst Lohnstein & Susanne Trissler (eds.), The syntax and semantics of the left periphery, 59–96. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Belletti, Adriana. 1990. Generalised verb movement. Turin: Rosenberg & Sellier.Google Scholar
. 2001. “Inversion” as focalization. In Aafke Hulk & Jean-Yves Pollock (eds.), Subject inversion in Romance and the theory of Universal Grammar, 60–91. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 2005. Extended doubling and the VP periphery. Probus 171. 1–35. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2008. Structures and strategies. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Benincà, Paola. 1983. Un’ipotesi sulla sintassi delle lingue romanze medievali. Quaderni patavini di linguistica 41. 3–19.Google Scholar
. 1995. Complement clitics in medieval Romance: The Tobler-Mussafia Law. In Ian Roberts & Adrian Battye (eds.), Clause structure and language change, 325–344. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 2001. On the position of topic and focus in the left periphery. In Guglielmo Cinque & Giampaolo Salvi (eds.), Current studies in italian syntax: Essays offered to Lorenzo Renzi, 39–64. London: Elsevier.Google Scholar
. 2004. The left periphery of medieval Romance. Studi Linguistici e Filologici Online 2(2). 243–297.Google Scholar
. 2006. A detailed map of the left periphery of medieval Romance. In Raffaella Zanuttini (ed.), Crosslinguistic research in syntax and semantics: Negation, tense and clausal architecture, 53–86. Georgetown: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
. 2013. Caratteristiche del V2 Romanzo. Lingue Romanze Antiche, Ladino Dolomitico e Portoghese. In Ermenegildo Bidese & Federica Cognola (eds.), Introduzione alla linguistica del mòcheno, 65–84. Turin: Rosenberg & Sellier.Google Scholar
Benincà, Paola & C. Poletto. 2004. Topic, focus, and V2. Luigi Rizzi (ed.), The structure of CP and IP. 52–75.Google Scholar
Bentley, Delia. 1999. On the origin of Sardinian àere a plus infinitive. Medioevo Romanzo 23(3). 321–358.Google Scholar
. 2007. Relazioni grammaticali e ruoli pragmatici: Siciliano e Italiano a confronto. In Delia Bentley & Adam Ledgeway (eds.), Sui dialetti italoromanzi: Saggi in onore di Nigel B. Vincent, 48–62. Norfolk: Biddles.Google Scholar
Bianchi, Valentina. 2006. On the syntax of personal arguments. Lingua 116(12). 2023–2067. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Biberauer, Theresa & Ian Roberts. 2015. Rethinking formal hierarchies: A proposed unification. In Ur Shlonsky (ed.), Beyond functional sequence, 295–313. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bleiberg, German, Maureen Ihrie & Janet Pérez (eds.). 1993. Dictionary of the literature of the Iberian Peninsula. A–L. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Bolkestein, Machtelt. 2000. Discourse organization and anaphora in Latin. In Susan C Herring, Pieter van Reenen & Lene Schøsler (eds.), Textual Parameters in Older Languages, 107–137. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cardinaletti, Anna & Ian Roberts. 2002. Clause structure and X-Second. In Guglielmo Cinque (ed.), Functional Structure in DP and IP, 123–166. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 2005. Three factors in language design. Linguistic Inquiry 36(1). 1–22. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2008. On phases. In Robert Freidin, Carlos Otero & Maria Luisa Zubizarreta (eds.), Foundational issues in linguistic theory, 133–166. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Clackson, James & Geoffrey C. Horrocks. 2007. The Blackwell history of the Latin language. Malden, MA; Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Cognola, Federica. 2013. Syntactic variation and Verb Second: A German dialect in Northern Italy. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cruschina, Silvio. 2006. Information focus in Sicilian and the left periphery. In Mara Frascarelli (ed.), Phases of interpretation, 363–385. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2011. Focalization and word order in Old Italo-Romance. Catalan Journal of Linguistics 101. 95–132. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2012. Discourse-related features and functional projections. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cruschina, Silvio & Adam Ledgeway. Forthcoming. The structure of the clause. In Adam Ledgeway & Martin Maiden (eds.), The Oxford guide to the Romance languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logo
D’Alessandro, Roberta, Adam Ledgeway & Ian G. Roberts (eds.). 2010. Syntactic variation: The dialects of Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Danckaert, Lieven Jozef Maria. 2012. Latin embedded clauses: The left periphery. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Delfuoco, Silvana. 2005. Alla ricerca della lingua perduta. Sermoni subalpini, 17–35. Torino: Centro Studi Piemontesi.Google Scholar
Devine, A.M. & Laurence D. Stephens. 2006. Latin word order: Structured meaning and information. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Donaldson, Bryan. 2012. Initial subordinate clauses in Old French: Syntactic variation and the clausal left periphery. Lingua 122(9). 1021–1046. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Duggan, Joseph J. 1989. The cantar de mio Cid: Poetic creation in its economic and social contexts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ewert, Alfred. 1935. The Strasburg Oaths. Transactions of the Philological Society 34(1). 16–35. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Eyþórsson, Þórhallur. 1995. Verbal syntax in the early Germanic languages. Ph.D. diss., Cornell University.Google Scholar
Eyþorsson, Þórhallur. 2012. Variation in the Syntax of the Older Runic Inscriptions. Futhark: International Journal of Runic Studies 21. 27–49.Google Scholar
Faarlund, Jan-Terje. 2010. Word order. In Silvia Luraghi & Vit Bubenik (eds.), The Bloomsbury companion to historical linguistics, 1–38. London; New York: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Fernández Ordóñez, Inés. 2009. Orden de palabras, tópicos y focos en la prosa alfonsí. Alcanate 61. 139–172.Google Scholar
Fleischman, Suzanne. 1991. Discourse pragmatics and the grammar of Old French: A functional reinterpretation of “si” and the personal pronouns. Romance Philology 441. 251–283.Google Scholar
Fontana, Josep. 1993. Phrase structure and the syntax of clitics in the history of Spanish. Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Foulet, Lucien. 1928. Petite syntaxe de ll’ancien français. Paris: H. Champion.Google Scholar
Frascarelli, Mara. 2000. The syntax-phonology interface in focus and topic constructions in Italian. London: Kluwer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Frascarelli, Mara & Roland Hinterhölzl. 2007. Types of topics in German and Italian. In Susanne. Winkler & Kerstin Schwabe (eds.), On information structure, meaning and form, 87–116. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Frey, Werner. 2004. Notes on the syntax and pragmatics of German left dislocation. In Horst Lohnstein & Susanne Trissler (eds.), The syntax and semantics of the left periphery, 203–233. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Giorgi, Alessandra. 2010. About the speaker: Towards a syntax of indexicality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Haegeman, Liliane. 1996. Verb second, the split CP and null subjects in early Dutch finite clauses. GenGenP 4(2). 135–175.Google Scholar
. 2000. Inversion, non-adjacent inversion and adjuncts in CP. Transactions of the Philological Society 98(1). 121–160. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2012. Adverbial clauses, main clause phenomena, and composition of the left periphery. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Haegeman, Liliane & Virginia Hill. 2013. The syntacticization of discourse. In Raffaella Folli, Christina Sevdali & Robert Truswell (eds.), Syntax and its limits. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Haider, Hubert. 1982. Dependenzen und Konfigurationen: Zur deutschen V-Projektion. Groninger Arbeiten zur germanistischen Linguistik 211. 1–60.Google Scholar
Hansch, Alexandra. 2014. Germanic properties in the left periphery of Old French: V-to-C-Movement. Ph.D. diss., University of Ottawa.Google Scholar
Haumann, Dagmar. 2007. Adverb licensing and clause structure in English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hock, Hans Henrich. 1982. AUX-cliticization as a motivation for word order change. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 12(1). 91–101.Google Scholar
Hock, Hans Heinrich. 1986. Principles of historical linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Holmberg, Anders. 2005. Is there a little Pro? Evidence from Finnish. Linguistic Inquiry 36(4). 533–564. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2015. Verb second. In Tibor Kiss & Artemis Alexiadou (eds.), Syntax – theory and analysis, 242–283. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Horrocks, Geoffrey C. 2011. Latin syntax. In James Clackson (ed.), A companion to the Latin language, 118–143. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Huang, C.-T. James. 1984. On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry 151. 531–574.Google Scholar
Hulk, Aafke & Ans van Kemenade. 1995. Verb-second, Pro-drop, functional projections and language change. In Ian Roberts & Adrian Battye (eds.), Clause structure and language change, 227–256. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jaeggli, Osvaldo & Ken Safir. 1989. The null-subject parameter and parametric theory. In Osvaldo Jaeggli & Ken Safir (eds.), The null subject parameter, 1–44. Dordrecht: Kluwer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jensen, Frede. 1990. Old French and comparative Gallo-Romance syntax. Tübingen: Walter de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jiménez-Fernández, Ángel J. 2015. When focus goes wild: Syntactic positions for information focus. LingBaW (Linguistics Beyond and Within) 11. 119–133. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kaiser, Georg A. 2002. Verbstellung und Verbstellungswandel in den romanischen Sprachen. Tübingen: Niemeyer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kayne, Richard. 2000. Parameters and universals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 2005. Movement and silence. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 1994. The antisymmetry of syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Kroll, Wilhelm. 1918. Anfangstellung des Verbums im Lateinischen. Glotta 91. 112–123.Google Scholar
Labelle, Marie. 2007. Clausal architecture in Early Old French. Lingua 117(1). 289–316. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Labelle, Marie & Paul Hirschbühler. 2005. Changes in clausal structure and the position of clitics in Old French. In Montserrat Batllori, Maria-Lluisa Hernanz, Carme Picallo & Francesc Roca (eds.), Grammaticalization and parametric variation, 149–178. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. Forthcoming. Topic and focus in Old French V1 and V2 structures. In Eric Mathieu & Robert Truswell (eds.), Micro-change and macro-change in diachronic syntax. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lambrecht, Knud. 1994. Information structure and sentence form: Topic, focus, and the mental representations of discourse referents. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ledgeway, Adam. 2007. Old Neapolitan word order: Some initial observations. In Anna Laura Lepschy & Arturo Tosi (eds.), Histories and dictionaries of the languages of Italy, 121–49. Ravenna: Longo.Google Scholar
. 2008. Satisfying V2 in early Romance: Merge vs. Move. Journal of Linguistics 44(2). DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2009. Grammatica diacronica del napoletano. Tübingen: Niemeyer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2010. Subject licensing in CP: The Neapolitan double-subject construction. In Paola Benincà & Nicola Munaro (eds.), Mapping the left periphery, 257–296. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 2011. Philology and linguistics: When data meet theory. Two case studies II: the case of the Placiti cassinesi. Transactions of the Philological Society 109(3). 213–219. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2012. From Latin to Romance: Morphosyntactic typology and change. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2015. Parallels in Romance nominal and clausal microvariation. Revue Roumaine de Linguistique 60(2–3). 105–127.Google Scholar
. Forthcoming. The verb phrase. In Giuseppe Longobardi (ed.), The syntax of Italian. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. In preparation. From Latin to Romance syntax: The great leap. In Paola Crisma & Giuseppe Longobardi (eds.), The Oxford handbook of diachronic and historical linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ledgeway, Adam & Alessandra Lombardi. 2005. Verb movement, adverbs and clitic positions in Romance. Probus 171. 79–113. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Linde, Paul. 1923. Die Stellung des Verbs in der lateinischen Prosa. Glotta 121. 153–178.Google Scholar
Lombardi, Alessandra. 2007. Posizione dei clitici e ordine dei constituenti della lingua sarda medievale. In Adam ef Ledgeway & Delia Bentley (eds.), Sui dialetti italoromanzi: Saggi in onore di Nigel B. Vincent, 133–148. Norfolk: Biddles.Google Scholar
Marchello-Nizia, Christiane. 1980. La langue française aux XIVe et XVe siècles. Paris: Nathan.Google Scholar
. 1985. Dire le vrai: L’adverbe «si» en français médieval: Essai de linguistique historique. Geneva: Droz.Google Scholar
. 1995. L’évolution du français: Ordre des mots, démonstratifs, accent tonique. Paris: Armand Colin.Google Scholar
Marouzeau, Jules. 1938. L’ordre des mots dans la phrase latine, vol. 21. Paris: Geuthner.Google Scholar
Mathieu, Éric. 2012. The left periphery in Old French. In Deborah Arteaga (ed.), Research in Old French: The state of the art, 327–350. Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar
Menéndez Pidal, Ramón. 1926. Orígenes del Español: Estado lingüístico de la península ibérica hasta el siglo XI. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe.Google Scholar
Mensching, Guido & Eva Remberger. 2010. Focus fronting and the left periphery in Sardinian. In Roberta D’Alessandro, Adam Ledgeway & Ian Roberts (eds.), Syntactic Variation: The Dialects of Italy, 261–276. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Merci, Paolo. 1978. Il più antico documente arborense. Medioevo Romanzo V(II–III). 362–383.Google Scholar
Möbitz, Otto. 1924. Die Stellung des Verbums in den Schriften des Apuleius. Glotta 131. 116–126.Google Scholar
Mussafia, Alfredo. 1888. Enclisi o proclisi del pronome personale atono quale oggeto. Romania 271. 145–146. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Öhl, Peter. 2010. Formal and functional constraints on constituent order and their universality. In Carsten Breul & Edward Göbbel (eds.), Linguistics Today 1651, 231–276. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Önnerfors, O. 1997. Verb-erst-Deklarativsätze: Grammatik und Pragmatik. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiskell.Google Scholar
Parry, Mair. 1998. The reinterpretation of the reflexive in Piedmontese: “Impersonal” SE constructions. Transactions of the Philological Society 96(1). 63–116. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Petrova, Svetlana. 2011. Modeling word order variation in discourse: On the pragmatic properties of VS order in Old High German. Oslo Studies in Language 3(3). 209–228. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2012. Multiple XP-fronting in Middle Low German root clauses. The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 15(2). 157–188. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Petrova, Svetlana & M Solf. 2008. Rhetorical relations and verb placement in early Germanic: A cross-linguistic study. In Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen & Wiebke Ramm (eds.), “Subordination” vs. “coordination” in sentence and text: A cross-linguistic perspective, 333–351. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pinkster, Harm. 1990. Latin syntax and semantics. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Poletto, Cecilia. 1995. The diachronic development of subject clitics in North Eastern Italian dialects. In Adrian Battye & Ian Roberts (eds.), Clause structure and language change, 295–325. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 2000. The higher functional field: Evidence from Northern Italian dialects, 1st edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 2002. The left-periphery of V2-Rhaetoromance dialects: A new view on V2 and V3. In Sjef Barbiers, Leonie Cornips & Susanne van der Kleij (eds.), Syntactic microvariation, 214–242. Amsterdam: Meertens Institute.Google Scholar
. 2005. “Si” and “e” as CP expletives in Old Italian. In Montserrat Batllori, Maria-Lluisa Hernanz, Carme Picallo & Francesc Roca (eds.), Grammaticalization and parametric variation, 206–235. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2006a. Old Italian scrambling: The low left periphery of the clause. In Patrick T. Brandt & Eric Fuss (eds.), Form, structure, and grammar: A Festschrift presented to Günther Grewendorf on occasion of his 60th birthday, 209–229. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2013. On V2 types. In Silvia Luraghi & Claudia Parodi (eds.), The Bloomsbury companion to syntax, 154–164. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
. 2014. Word order in Old Italian. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Poletto, Cecilia & Raffaella Zanuttini. 2003. Making imperatives: Evidence from central Rhaetoromance. In Christina Tortora (ed.), The syntax of Italian dialects, 175–207. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Polo, Chiara. 2005. Latin word order in generative perspective: An explanatory proposal within the sentence domain. In Katalin É Kiss (ed.), Universal grammar in the reconstruction of ancient languages, 373–428. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pollock, Jean-Yves. 1989. Verb movement, UG and the structure of IP. Linguistic Inquiry 201. 365–425.Google Scholar
Pountain, Christopher. 2011. Latin and the structure of written Romance. In Martin Maiden, John Charles Smith & Adam Ledgeway (eds.), The Cambridge history of the Romance languages, vol. 1: Structures, 606–659. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Price, Glanville. 1971. The French language: Past and present. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Reenen, Pieter van & Lene Schøsler. 2000. The pragmatic functions of the Old French particles ainz, apres, donc, lors, or, puis and si. In Susan C. Herring (ed.), Textual parameters in older languages, 59–105. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Reis, Marga. 1995. Wer glaubst du hat recht? On so-called extractions from verb-second clauses and verb-first parenthetical constructions in German. Sprache und Pragmatik 361. 27–83.Google Scholar
Ribeiro, Ilza. 1995. Evidence for a verb-second phase in Old Portuguese. In Adrian Battye & Ian Roberts (eds.), Clause structure and language change, 110–139. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rinke, Esther. 2009. Verb placement in Old Portuguese. In Andreas Dufter & Daniel Jacob (eds.), Focus and background in the Romance languages, 309–332. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rinke, Esther & Martin Elsig. 2010. Quantitative evidence and diachronic syntax. Lingua 1201. 2557–2568. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rivero, María-Lluisa. 1986. Parameters in the typology of clitics in Romance and Old Spanish. Language 621. 774–807. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rizzi, Luigi. 1997. The fine structure of the left periphery. In Liliane Haegeman (ed.), Elements of grammar: Handbook of generative grammar, 281–338. Dordrecht: Kluwer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Ian. 1993. Verbs and diachronic syntax: A comparative history of English and French. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
. 2005. Principles and parameters in a VSO language: A case study in Welsh. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2007. Diachronic syntax. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 2010. Agreement and head movement. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2012. Phases, head movement and second-position effects. In Ángel J Gallego (ed.), Phases developing the framework, 385–440. Berlin; Boston: Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2014. Syntactic change. In Andrew Carnie, Yosuke Sato & Daniel Siddiqi (eds.), The Routledge handbook of syntax, 391–408. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Roberts, Ian & Anna Roussou. 2002. Syntactic change: A Minimalist approach to grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rosenkvist, Henrik. 2009. Referential null subjects in Germanic: An overview. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 841. 151–180.Google Scholar
Rouveret, Alain. 2004. Les clitiques pronominaux et la périphérie gauche en ancien français. Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 991. 181–237. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Salvesen, Christine. 2013. Topics and the left periphery: A comparison of Old French and Modern Germanic. In Terje Lohndal (ed.), In search of Universal Grammar: From Old Norse to Zoque, 131–172. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Salvesen, Christine & Kristin Bech. 2014. Postverbal subjects in Old English and Old French. Oslo Studies in Language 6(1). 201–228. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Salvi, Giampaolo. 2000. La formazione della sistema V2 delle lingue romanze antiche. Lingua e Stile 351. 665–692.Google Scholar
. 2002. Il problema di si e l’uso riflessivo di essere. Verbum IV(2). 377–398. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2004. La formazione della struttura di frase romanza: Ordine delle parole e clitici dal latino alle lingue romanze antiche. Tübingen: Niemeyer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2011. Morphosyntactic persistence. In Martin Maiden, John Charles Smith & Adam Ledgeway (eds.), The Cambridge history of the Romance Languages, 155–215. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
. 2012. On the nature of the V2 system of Medieval Romance. In Laura Brugè, Anna Cardinaletti, Giuliana Giusti, Nicola Munaro & Cecilia Poletto (eds.), The cartography of syntactic structures, vol. 7: Functional heads, 103–111. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Santorini, Beatrice. 1989. The generalization of the verb-second constraint in the history of Yiddish. Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Scremin, Maria Francesca. 1984. La struttura della frase nella lingua poetica siciliana. Ph.D. diss., University of Padua Laurea.Google Scholar
Sheehan, Michelle. 2016. Subjects, null-subjects and expletives in Romance. In Susann Fischer & Christoph Gabriel (eds.), Manual of grammatical interfaces in Romance, 392–362. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Shlonsky, Ur. 2009. Hebrew as a partial null subject language. Studia Linguistica 631. 133–157. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sigurðsson, Halldór Ármann. 1989. The syntax of person, tense and speech features. Ph.D. diss., University of Lund.Google Scholar
. 1990. V1 declaratives and verb raising in Icelandic. Joan M. Maling & A. Zaenen (eds.). Syntax and Semantics 241. 41–69.Google Scholar
. 1993. Argument-drop in Old Icelandic. Lingua 89(2–3). 247–280. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2004. The syntax of person, tense and speech features. Italian Journal of Linguistics 161. 219–251.Google Scholar
. 2011. Conditions on argument drop. Linguistic Inquiry 42(2). 267–304. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sigurðsson, Halldór Ármann & Joan M. Maling. 2010. The empty left edge condition. In Michael Putnam (ed.), Exploring crash-proof grammars, 57–84. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Simonenko, A. & Paul Hirschbühler. 2012. Placement de clitiques dans les propositions V1 et évolution de la structure de la proposition en ancien français. In Monique Dufresne (ed.), Typologie, ordre des mots et groupe verbal en français médiéval, 11–53. Laval, Québec: Les Presses de L’Université Laval.Google Scholar
Sitaridou, Ioanna. 2005. A corpus-based study of null subjects in Old French and Old Occitan. In Claus D. Putsch, Johannes Kabatek & Wolfgang Raible (eds.), Corpora and diachronic linguistics, 359–374. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
. 2011. Word order and information structure in Old Spanish. Catalan Journal of Linguistics 101. 159–184. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2012. A comparative study of word order in Old Romance. Anne Carlier, Béatrice Lamiroy & Walter De Mulder (eds.). Folia Linguistica 46(2). 1–51. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Skårup, Povl. 1975. Les premières zones de la proposition en ancien français. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.Google Scholar
Smith, Colin. 1972. Poema de mio Cid. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Somers, Katerina & Shannon Dubenion-Smith. 2014. The intersection between syntax and meter in Old Saxo. Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 72(1). 83–134. DOI logo.Google Scholar
Spevak, Olga. 2004. Verb-subject order in Latin: The case of existential and locative sentences. Classica et Mediaevalia: Revue Danoise de Philologie et d’Histoire 551. 381–396.Google Scholar
. 2010. Constituent order in Classical Latin prose. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Steiner, B. Devan. 2014. The role of information structure in the loss of verb-second in the history of French. Ph.D. diss., University of Indiana.Google Scholar
Stussi, Alfredo. 1965. Testi veneziani del duecento e dei primi del trecento. Pisa: Nistri-Lischi.Google Scholar
Thurneysen, Rudolf. 1892. Die Stellung des Verbums in Altfranzösischen. Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie 161. 289–307. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tobler, Adolf. 1875. De l’ordre des mots dans Chrétien de Troyes. Vermischte Beiträge zur französischen Grammatik 51. 395–414.Google Scholar
Vance, Barbara. 1987. The evolution of Prodrop in Medieval French. MS thesis, Cornell.Google Scholar
. 1988. L’évolution de pro-drop en français médiéval. Revue Québécoise de Linguistique Théorique et Appliquée 71. 85–109.Google Scholar
. 1993. Verb-first declaratives introduced by et and the position of Pro in Old and Middle French. Lingua 89(2–3). 281–314. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 1995. On the decline of verb movement to Comp in Old and Middle French. In Adrian Battye & Ian Roberts (eds.), Clause structure and language change, 173–199. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 1997. Syntactic change in Medieval French: Verb-second and null subjects. Dordrecht: Kluwer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Vance, Barbara, Bryan Donaldson & B. Devan Steiner. 2009. V2 loss in Old French and Old Occitan: The role of fronted clauses. In Sonia Colina, Antxon Olarrea & Ana Maria Carvalho (eds.), Romance linguistics 2009. Selected papers from the 39th linguistic symposium on Romance languages (LSRL), Tuscon, Arizona, 301–320. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Vanelli, Laura. 1987. I pronomi soggetto nei dialetti italiani settentrionali dal Medio Evo ad oggi. Medioevo Romanzo 12(1). 173–211.Google Scholar
Vanelli, Laura, Lorenzo Renzi & Paola Benincà. 1986. Tipologia dei pronomi soggetto nelle lingue romanze medievali. Quaderni Patavini di Linguistica 51. 49–66.Google Scholar
Van Gelderen, Elly. 2008. Where did Late Merge go? Grammaticalization as feature economy. Studia Linguistica 62(3). 287–300. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2009. Feature economy in the linguistic cycle. In Paola Crisma & Giuseppe Longobardi (eds.), Historical syntax and linguistic theory, 93–109. Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Vincent, Nigel. 2014. Similarity and diversity in the evolution of Italo-Romance morphosyntax. In Paola Benincà, Adam Ledgeway & Nigel Vincent (eds.), Diachrony and dialects, 1–19. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Virdis, Maurizio. 2004. Le prime manifestazioni della scrittura nel cagliaritano. In Barbara Fois (ed.), Judicalia: Atti di Seminario (Cagliari, 14 dicembre 2003), 45–54. Cagliari: CUEC.Google Scholar
Wackernagel, Jacob. 1892. Über ein Gesetz der indogermanischen Wortstellung. Indogermanische Forschungen 1. 333–436. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Walkden, George. 2013. Null subjects in Old English. Language Variation and Change 25(2). 155–178. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2014. Syntactic reconstruction and Proto-Germanic. New York: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2015. Verb-third in early West Germanic: A comparative perspective. In Theresa Biberauer & George Walkden (eds.), Syntax over time, 236–248. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wanner, Dieter. 1987. The development of Romance clitic pronouns: From Latin to Old Romance. Berlin: Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Westergaard, Marit. 2009. The acquisition of word order: Micro-cues, information structure, and economy. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wolfe, Sam. 2015a. Medieval Sardinian: New evidence for syntactic change from Latin to Romance. In Dag T.T. Haug (ed.), Historical Linguistics 2013. Selected papers from the 21st International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Oslo, 5–9 August 2013, 303–324. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2015b. The nature of Old Spanish verb second reconsidered. Lingua 1641, part A. 132–155. DOI logo.Google Scholar
. 2015c. The Old Sardinian condaghes: A syntactic study. Transactions of the Philological Society 113(2). 177–205. DOI logo.Google Scholar
. 2015d. Verb-initial orders in Old Romance: A comparative Account. Revue Roumaine de Linguistique LX(2–3). 148–172.Google Scholar
. 2020. Forthcoming. On the left periphery of V2 languages. Rivista di grammatica generativa: Selected papers from the 41st incontro di drammatica generativa.Google Scholar
Wright, Roger. 1991. Latin and the Romance languages in the early Middle Ages. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Zanuttini, Raffaella. 1997. Negation and clausal structure: A comparative study of Romance languages. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Zeijlstra, Hedde H. 2004. Sentential negation and negative concord. Utrecht: Ph.D. diss., University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, Michael. 2014. Expletive and referential subject pronouns in Medieval French. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zubizarreta, Maria Luisa. 1998. Prosody, focus, and word order. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Zwart, C. Jan-Wouter. 1997. Morphosyntax of verb movement: A Minimalist approach to the syntax of Dutch. Dordrecht: Kluwer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cited by (12)

Cited by 12 other publications

Olivier, Marc, Christina Sevdali & Raffaella Folli
2023. Clitic climbing and restructuring in the history of French. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 8:1 DOI logo
Catasso, Nicholas, Marco Coniglio & Chiara De Bastiani
2022. Interface phenomena and language change. In Language Change at the Interfaces [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 275], ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Donaldson, Bryan
2020. Clitic position in Old Occitan affirmative verb-first declaratives coordinated bye. Journal of Historical Linguistics 10:3 ► pp. 389 ff. DOI logo
Donaldson, Bryan
2021. Clause Structure and Illocutionary Force in Medieval Gallo-Romance: Clitic Position in Old Occitan and Early Old French Sentential Coordination. Probus 33:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Donaldson, Bryan
2021. Clause Structure and Illocutionary Force in Medieval Gallo-Romance: Clitic Position in Old Occitan and Early Old French Sentential Coordination. Probus 33:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Eska, Joseph F.
2020. Contact and the Celtic Languages. In The Handbook of Language Contact, ► pp. 489 ff. DOI logo
Larrivée, Pierre
2019. To be or not to be informational: Preverbal complements in Medieval French V2 configurations. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 4:1 DOI logo
Pujol i Campeny, Afra
2019. Chapter 7. V1 clauses in Old Catalan. In The Determinants of Diachronic Stability [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 254], ► pp. 157 ff. DOI logo
Wolfe, Sam
2018. Occitan, verb second and the Medieval Romance word order debate. In Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory 13 [Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory, 13], ► pp. 315 ff. DOI logo
Wolfe, Sam
2018. Probing the Syntax of a Problematic Particle: Old French ‘si’ Revisited. Transactions of the Philological Society 116:3 ► pp. 332 ff. DOI logo
Wolfe, Sam
2020. Old French si, grammaticalisation, and the interconnectedness of change. In Historical Linguistics 2017 [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 350], ► pp. 254 ff. DOI logo
Wolfe, Sam
2022. Microvariation and Change in the Romance Left Periphery. Probus 34:1 ► pp. 235 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 6 september 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.