Origin of language and origin of languages
The question of monogenesis vs. polygenesis of human languages was essentially neglected by contemporary
linguistics until the appearance of the research on the genetics of human populations by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza and his
collaborators, which brought to light very exciting parallels between the distribution of human populations and that of language
families. The present paper highlights some aspects of the history of the problem and some points of the contemporary discussion.
We first outline the “Biblical paradigm”, which persisted until the 18th century even in scientific milieus. Then, we outline some
aspects of the 19th century debate about monogenesis vs. polygenesis of languages and about the relationships between languages
and human populations: in particular, we will discuss the views of Darwin on the one hand and of some linguists on the other
(Schleicher, M. Müller, Whitney and Trombetti). It will be seen that their positions only partly coincide; at any rate, it will be
shown that Darwin was partly inspired by the problems of the genealogy of languages and that the linguists, for their part, took
account of Darwin’s views. Turning to today’s debate, we first present the positions of the linguists arguing for monogenesis,
namely J. Greenberg and M. Ruhlen, as well as the criticisms raised against their methods by the majority of linguists. Other
scholars, such as D. Bickerton or N. Chomsky, essentially argue, from different points of view, that the problem of monogenesis
vs. polygenesis of languages is a “pseudo-problem”. We however think that, although the question cannot be reasonably solved by
linguistic means, it cannot be discarded as meaningless: it is an anthropological rather than a linguistic problem. We present
some reflections and suggestions, in the light of which the monogenetic hypothesis appears as more tenable than the polygenetic
one.
Article outline
- 1.Preliminary remarks
- 2.The “Biblical paradigm” and the reasons for its persistence
- 3.Some 19th century and early 20th century discussions: The problem of the origin of language and the theory of evolution
- 4.A look at the current debate
- Notes
-
References
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