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English World-Wide: Online-First Articles

Swearing as a Leadership Tool

The sociopragmatics of swearing in New Zealand English

ORCID logo | University of Limerick | Macquarie University
ORCID logo | Macquarie University

Although swearing is often perceived as intrinsically offensive language, it is how swearing use is indexed against a person’s understanding of local social norms that constructs swearing as offensive. This paper presents an analysis of swearing within a social context where high frequency swearing is a norm: a male rugby team in New Zealand. Drawing upon a dataset collected from ethnographically collected authentic interactions, an analysis of the frequency of swear words and a comparison with other English corpora is presented, followed by an interactional sociolinguistic analysis of how swearing is used in interactions. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate not only how swearing can be used to engender solidarity, but that a range of socio-pragmatic functions of swearing such as intensifying and indexing a vernacular identity, can be used in performing leadership.

Keywords: swearing, sociopragmatics, New Zealand English, sport, corpus linguistics
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
    • 1.1Swearing as a variable
    • 1.2Indexicality and the social meaning of swearing
    • 1.3Categorising swear words
  • 2.Methodology
    • 2.1Data collection
    • 2.2Analysis
      • 2.2.1Quantitative analysis
      • 2.2.2Qualitative analysis
  • 3.Results
    • 3.1Quantitative analysis
      • 3.1.1Frequency comparison with other corpora
      • 3.1.2Context, speaker, and communicative event
      • 3.1.3Swearing category and pragmatic effect
      • 4.Qualitative analysis
  • 5.Discussion
  • 6.Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 10 February 2023
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.22033.wil
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