Varieties of rudeness
Types and functions of impolite utterances
Manfred Kienpointner | University of Innsbruck
Standard theories of politeness (Lakoff 1975, Leech 1983, Brown and Levinson 1987) face a number of problems. To mention but a few, it can be doubted that these theories have managed to establish truly universal concepts and classifications of (im)polite behavior; they exaggerate the relative importance of indirectness; they do not treat situational and societal constraints sufficiently; finally, they do not deal with rudeness in enough detail. Therefore, it does not seem to be possible to describe rudeness simply as a deviation from or violation of rules and maxims of cooperative/polite communication. Starting from suggestions made by Kasper (1990) and Culpeper (1996), I will try to refine standard definitions of politeness and rudeness. Moreover, examples of rude utterances (mostly taken from spoken and written English and German dialogues) will be used to establish a typology of communicative rudeness. Several subtypes of cooperative (e.g. ritual insults, reactive rudeness, sociable rudeness) and non-cooperative (e.g. strategic rudeness in public institutions) rudeness are distinguished.
Published online: 01 January 1997
https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.4.2.05kie
https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.4.2.05kie
Cited by
Cited by 131 other publications
No author info given
2016. .
In Requests in American and British English [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 265],
No author info given
2018. .
In Threatening in English [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 284],
No author info given
2018. Typology of impoliteness strategies in the discourse of W. Shakespeare.
The Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Series: Foreign Philology. Methods of Foreign Language Teaching :87
No author info given
2019. .
In Conversational Humour and (Im)politeness [Topics in Humor Research, 8],
A. Locher, Miriam
2012. Politeness.
In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics,
Abdel-Raheem, Ahmed
2021. Multimodal metaphor and (im)politeness in political cartoons: A sociocognitive approach.
Journal of Pragmatics 185 ► pp. 54 ff.
Ahmadi, Alireza & Kamal Heydari Soureshjani
2011. Should We Teach the Impolite Language? A Study of Iranian EFL Learners, Teachers, Experts and Non-Iranian Experts‟ Attitudes.
Journal of Language Teaching and Research 2:6
Aijmer, Karin
2015. “Will you fuck off please”. The use of please by London teenagers.
Pragmática Sociocultural / Sociocultural Pragmatics 3:2 ► pp. 127 ff.
Aijmer, Karin
2019. ‘Ooh whoops I'm sorry! Teenagers' use of English apology expressions.
Journal of Pragmatics 142 ► pp. 258 ff.
Albelda Marco, Marta
2022. Influence of situational factors on the codification and interpretation of impoliteness.
Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) ► pp. 751 ff.
Alonso-Almeida, Francisco & Francisco José Álvarez-Gil
2021. Impoliteness in women’s specialised writing in seventeenth-century English.
Journal of Historical Pragmatics 22:1 ► pp. 121 ff.
Alqarni, Muteb
2020. Mock impoliteness in Saudi Arabia: Evil eye expressive and responsive strategies.
Journal of Pragmatics 167 ► pp. 4 ff.
Alqarni, Muteb
2022. Mock Impoliteness in Saudi Arabia: Strategies of Evil Cursing.
Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 32:1 ► pp. 52 ff.
Andersson, Marta
2022. ‘So many “virologists” in this thread!’.
Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 32:4 ► pp. 489 ff.
Archer, Dawn
2011. Facework and im/politeness across legal contexts: An introduction.
Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture 7:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Archer, Dawn
2017. (Im)politeness in Legal Settings.
In The Palgrave Handbook of Linguistic (Im)politeness,
► pp. 713 ff.
Ardila, J.A.Garrido
2019. Impoliteness as a rhetorical strategy in Spain's politics.
Journal of Pragmatics 140 ► pp. 160 ff.
Arroyo, José Luis Blas
2013. ‘No eres inteligente ni para tener amigos… Pues anda que tú’ [‘You are not even clever enough to have any friends… Look who’s talking!’]: a quantitative analysis of the production and reception of impoliteness in present-day Spanish reality television.
In Real Talk: Reality Television and Discourse Analysis in Action,
► pp. 218 ff.
Arundale, Robert B
2006. Face as relational and interactional: A communication framework for research on face, facework, and politeness.
Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture 2:2
Badarneh, Muhammad A.
2016. Proverbial rhetorical questions in colloquial Jordanian Arabic.
Folia Linguistica 50:1
Badarneh, Muhammad A., Fathi Migdadi & Maram Al-Jahmani
2022. Invoking divine blessing.
Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 32:2 ► pp. 159 ff.
Baldi, Benedetta, Ludovico Franco & Leonardo M. Savoia
2019. Alternative truths and delegitimization pragmatic strategies around the 2018 Italian elections.
Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 7:2 ► pp. 293 ff.
Bernal, María
2022. Do insults always insult? Genuine impoliteness versus non-genuine impoliteness in colloquial Spanish.
Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) ► pp. 775 ff.
Berrocal, Martina
2014. Political front-stage and backstage in the Czech Parliament.
Zeitschrift für Slawistik 59:4 ► pp. 584 ff.
Blas-Arroyo, José Luis
2003. `Perdóneme que se lo diga, pero vuelve usted a faltar a la verdad, señor González': Form and Function of Politic Verbal Behaviour in Face-to-Face Spanish Political Debates.
Discourse & Society 14:4 ► pp. 395 ff.
Blitvich, Pilar Garcés-Conejos
2009. Impoliteness and identity in the American news media: The “Culture Wars”.
Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture 5:2
Blitvich, Pilar Garcés-Conejos
2018. Globalization, transnational identities, and conflict talk: The superdiversity and complexity of the Latino identity.
Journal of Pragmatics 134 ► pp. 120 ff.
Blitvich, Pilar Garcés-Conejos & Nuria Lorenzo-Dus
2013. Reality television: a discourse-analytical perspective.
In Real Talk: Reality Television and Discourse Analysis in Action,
► pp. 9 ff.
Bortoluzzi, Maria & Elena Semino
2016. Face attack in Italian politics.
Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 4:2 ► pp. 178 ff.
Bousfield, Derek
2007. Beginnings, middles and ends: A biopsy of the dynamics of impolite exchanges.
Journal of Pragmatics 39:12 ► pp. 2185 ff.
Bousfield, Derek
2014. Impoliteness.
In The International Encyclopedia of Communication,
Bousfield, Derek & Jonathan Culpeper
2008. Impoliteness: Eclecticism and Diaspora An introduction to the special edition.
Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture 4:2
Breeze, Ruth
2022. Performing right-wing political identities on reader comments pages.
Pragmatics and Society 13:1 ► pp. 85 ff.
Bull, Peter & Pam Wells
2012. Adversarial Discourse in Prime Minister’s Questions.
Journal of Language and Social Psychology 31:1 ► pp. 30 ff.
Cashman, Holly R
2006. Impoliteness in children's interactions in a Spanish/English bilingual community of practice.
Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture 2:2
Chang, Wei-Lin Melody & Michael Haugh
2011. Strategic embarrassment and face threatening in business interactions.
Journal of Pragmatics 43:12 ► pp. 2948 ff.
Chierichetti, Luisa
2022. Recursos (des)corteses en el diálogo telecinemático: la ironía y el sarcasmo en la serie "Vis a Vis".
Revista de Lingüística y Lenguas Aplicadas 17 ► pp. 29 ff.
Conti, Luz
2020. La cortesía verbal en Sófocles: análisis del optativo potencial en actos de habla directivos.
Emerita 88:2 ► pp. 235 ff.
Culpeper, Jonathan
2013. Impoliteness.
In Handbook of Pragmatics,
► pp. 1 ff.
Culpeper, Jonathan, Derek Bousfield & Anne Wichmann
2003. Impoliteness revisited: with special reference to dynamic and prosodic aspects.
Journal of Pragmatics 35:10-11 ► pp. 1545 ff.
Culpeper, Jonathan & Claire Hardaker
2017. Impoliteness.
In The Palgrave Handbook of Linguistic (Im)politeness,
► pp. 199 ff.
Danziger, Roni
2020. The pragmatics of flattery: The strategic use of solidarity-oriented actions.
Journal of Pragmatics 170 ► pp. 413 ff.
Danziger, Roni
2022. .
In Positive Social Acts,
Dippold, Doris
2009. Face and self-presentation in spoken L2 discourse: Renewing the research agenda in interlanguage pragmatics.
Intercultural Pragmatics 6:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Dynel, Marta
2015. Impoliteness in the service of verisimilitude in film interaction.
In Participation in Public and Social Media Interactions [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 256],
► pp. 157 ff.
Dynel, Marta & Fabio I.M. Poppi
2019. Risum teneatis, amici?☆: The socio-pragmatics of RoastMe humour.
Journal of Pragmatics 139 ► pp. 1 ff.
Ermida, Isabel
2020. Impoliteness in Blunderland.
In Manners, Norms and Transgressions in the History of English [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 312],
► pp. 214 ff.
Felberg, Tatjana & Ljiljana Šarić
2021. Chocolate, identity, and extreme speech online.
FLEKS - Scandinavian Journal of Intercultural Theory and Practice 7:1 ► pp. 15 ff.
Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, Pilar
2010. Introduction: The status-quo and quo vadis of impoliteness research.
Intercultural Pragmatics 7:4
Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, Pilar, Nuria Lorenzo-Dus & Patricia Bou-Franch
2010. A genre approach to impoliteness1 in a Spanish television talk show: Evidence from corpus-based analysis, questionnaires and focus groups.
Intercultural Pragmatics 7:4
García Martínez, Isabel
2019. A study of (im)politeness on the Facebook pages of the main Spanish political parties: the gender variable and face acts.
Textos en Proceso 5:1 ► pp. 16 ff.
Grad Fuchsel, Hector & Luisa Martín Rojo
2002. “Civic” and “ethnic” nationalist discourses in Spanish parliamentary debates.
Journal of Language and Politics 2:1 ► pp. 31 ff.
Gómez Sánchez, M.ª Elena
2021. Construcción de la imagen en los foros de los diarios digitales: a propósito de la consulta a la RAE sobre el lenguaje inclusivo y la Constitución española.
Círculo de Lingüística Aplicada a la Comunicación 89 ► pp. 19 ff.
Gómez Sánchez, M.ᵃ Elena
2021. Candidatos, partidos políticos y electores: actividades de imagen en las cartas electorales españolas para las elecciones al Parlamento Europeo (2004–2019).
Pragmática Sociocultural / Sociocultural Pragmatics 9:2 ► pp. 127 ff.
Handford, Michael & Almut Koester
2010. “It's not rocket science”: metaphors and idioms in conflictual business meetings.
Text & Talk - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Language, Discourse & Communication Studies 30:1 ► pp. 27 ff.
Hardaker, Claire
2010. Trolling in asynchronous computer-mediated communication: From user discussions to academic definitions.
Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture 6:2
Hassan, Bahaa-eddin A.
2019. Impolite viewer responses in Arabic political TV talk shows on YouTube.
Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 29:4 ► pp. 521 ff.
Haugh, Michael & Derek Bousfield
2012. Mock impoliteness, jocular mockery and jocular abuse in Australian and British English.
Journal of Pragmatics 44:9 ► pp. 1099 ff.
Hernández-Flores, Nieves
2022. Politeness ideology in Spanish colloquial conversation.
Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) ► pp. 37 ff.
HEİDARİ DARANİ, Laya & Mostafa Morady MOGHADDAM
2020. ‘Please’ as an impoliteness marker in English discourse.
Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics ► pp. 243 ff.
Holmes, Janet, Meredith Marra & Stephanie Schnurr
2008. Impoliteness and ethnicity: Māori and Pākehā discourse in New Zealand workplaces.
Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture 4:2
Horgan, Mervyn
2020. Urban interaction ritual.
Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 30:1 ► pp. 116 ff.
Horgan, Mervyn
2021. Sacred civility? An alternative conceptual architecture informed by cultural sociology.
Journal of Politeness Research 17:1 ► pp. 9 ff.
House, Juliane
2012. (Im)politeness in cross-cultural encounters.
Language and Intercultural Communication 12:4 ► pp. 284 ff.
HyeJin Cho
2017. Motivation and Cognitive Structure of DYING Dysphemism in Korean and Spanish Languages.
Journal of Mediterranean Area Studies 19:2 ► pp. 149 ff.
Isurin, Ludmila, Michael Furman & Kate White
2015. Talking to a stranger: Linguistic and non-linguistic behavior of Russian immigrants during 2010 US Census.
Language & Communication 40 ► pp. 38 ff.
Kienpointner, Manfred
2003. Linguistic Politeness across Boundaries. The Case of Greek and Turkish.
Journal of Pragmatics 35:5 ► pp. 803 ff.
Kienpointner, Manfred
2008. Impoliteness and emotional arguments.
Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture 4:2
Kienpointner, Manfred
2018. Impoliteness online.
Internet Pragmatics 1:2 ► pp. 329 ff.
Kienpointner, Manfred
2020. Impoliteness online.
In (Im)politeness and Moral Order in Online Interactions [Benjamins Current Topics, 107],
► pp. 125 ff.
Kienpointner, Manfred
2022. Ideologies of politeness.
Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) ► pp. 1 ff.
Kienpointner, Manfred & Maria Stopfner
2017. Ideology and (Im)politeness.
In The Palgrave Handbook of Linguistic (Im)politeness,
► pp. 61 ff.
Kleinke, Sonja & Birte Bös
2022. Intergroup rudeness and the metapragmatics of its negotiation in online discussion fora.
Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) ► pp. 47 ff.
Kleinknecht, Friederike & Miguel Souza
2017. Chapter 9. Vocatives as a source category for pragmatic markers.
In Pragmatic Markers, Discourse Markers and Modal Particles [Studies in Language Companion Series, 186],
► pp. 257 ff.
Kádár, Dániel Z.
2012. Relational ritual.
In Handbook of Pragmatics,
► pp. 1 ff.
Kádár, Dániel Z.
2014. Heckling — A mimetic-interpersonal perspective.
Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict ► pp. 1 ff.
Kádár, Dániel Z. & Marcel M.H. Bax
2013. In-group ritual and relational work.
Journal of Pragmatics 58 ► pp. 73 ff.
Könning, Benjamin
2020. Small Talk und Bildungssprache in der Peer-Kommunikation unter Schülerinnen und Schülern.
Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik 50:1 ► pp. 71 ff.
Lancheros Redondo, Hugo Fernando
2020. Sobre la descortesía aparente.
Lingüística y Literatura 41:78 ► pp. 189 ff.
Landone, Elena
2022. What Emerges from a Dynamic System?.
In Methodology in Politeness Research [Advances in (Im)politeness Studies, ],
► pp. 35 ff.
Limberg, Holger
2009. Impoliteness and threat responses.
Journal of Pragmatics 41:7 ► pp. 1376 ff.
Locher, Miriam A
2006. Polite behavior within relational work: The discursive approach to politeness.
mult 25:3 ► pp. 249 ff.
Locher, Miriam A.
2018. Politeness.
In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics,
► pp. 1 ff.
Locher, Miriam A., Brook Bolander & Nicole Höhn
2022. Introducing relational work in Facebook and discussion boards.
Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) ► pp. 1 ff.
Lorenzo-Dus, Nuria, Patricia Bou-Franch & Pilar Garcés-Conejos Blitvich
2013. Impoliteness in US/UK talent shows: a diachronic study of the evolution of a genre.
In Real Talk: Reality Television and Discourse Analysis in Action,
► pp. 199 ff.
Lorenzo-Dus, Nuria, Pilar Garcés-Conejos Blitvich & Patricia Bou-Franch
2011. On-line polylogues and impoliteness: The case of postings sent in response to the Obama Reggaeton YouTube video.
Journal of Pragmatics 43:10 ► pp. 2578 ff.
Lowe, Chris
2009. Impoliteness in Language: Studies on its Interplay with Power in Theory and Practice.
Journal of Pragmatics 41:9 ► pp. 1865 ff.
Marmorstein, Michal & Jennifer Sclafani
2019. The talkback genre: Practice and the cultural construal of online commenting in Israel.
Discourse, Context & Media 31 ► pp. 100321 ff.
Methias, Norice W.
2011. Impoliteness or underpoliteness: An analysis of a Christmas dinner scene from Dickens’s Great Expectations.
Journal of King Saud University - Languages and Translation 23:1 ► pp. 11 ff.
Mills, Sara
2003. .
In Gender and Politeness,
Mills, Sara
2009. Impoliteness in a cultural context.
Journal of Pragmatics 41:5 ► pp. 1047 ff.
Mugford, Gerrard
2014. Examining first-order localised politeness.
Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 2:1 ► pp. 99 ff.
Márquez Reiter, Rosina, Kristina Ganchenko & Anna Charalambidou
2016. Requests and counters in Russian traffic police officer-citizen encounters.
Pragmatics and Society 7:4 ► pp. 512 ff.
Ogan, Amy, Samantha Finkelstein, Erin Walker, Ryan Carlson & Justine Cassell
2012. Rudeness and Rapport: Insults and Learning Gains in Peer Tutoring.
In Intelligent Tutoring Systems [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 7315],
► pp. 11 ff.
Ogiermann, Eva & Pilar Garcés-Conejos Blitvich
2019. Im/politeness between the Analyst and Participant Perspectives: An Overview of the Field.
In From Speech Acts to Lay Understandings of Politeness,
► pp. 1 ff.
Ononye, Chuka F. & Chizoba H. Ezugwu
2022. Relational work strategies in conflict-motivated discourses in The Passion of Christ.
Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Bible and Culture 52:3 ► pp. 160 ff.
Ortega Salamanca, Francisco José & Belcy Victoria Vargas Cortés
2017. Aproximación sociopragmática a las estrategias conversacionales de los adolescentes.
Cuadernos de Lingüística Hispánica :29 ► pp. 83 ff.
Perelmutter, Renee
2013. Klassika zhanra: The flamewar as a genre in the Russian blogosphere.
Journal of Pragmatics 45:1 ► pp. 74 ff.
Perelmutter, Renee
2015. Shaming, group face, and identity construction in a Russian virtual community for women.
In Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Im/politeness [AILA Applied Linguistics Series, 14],
► pp. 149 ff.
Perelmutter, Renee
2018. Globalization, conflict discourse, and Jewish identity in an Israeli Russian-speaking online community.
Journal of Pragmatics 134 ► pp. 134 ff.
Pleyer, Monika
2017. Chapter 10. Identities and impoliteness in translated Harry Potter novels.
In Current Issues in Intercultural Pragmatics [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 274],
► pp. 231 ff.
Pérez de Ayala, Soledad
2001. FTAs and Erskine May: Conflicting needs?—Politeness in question time.
Journal of Pragmatics 33:2 ► pp. 143 ff.
Radu, Carmen-Ioana
2017. Verbal Impoliteness, Strategies and Typology.
IJOHMN (International Journal online of Humanities) 3:4 ► pp. 23 ff.
Raizen, Adina, Nikos Vergis & Kiel Christianson
2015. Using eye-tracking to examine the reading of texts containing taboo words.
In Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Im/politeness [AILA Applied Linguistics Series, 14],
► pp. 213 ff.
Reichl, Isabella & Eleni Kapogianni
2022. A delicate balance.
Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 10:2 ► pp. 288 ff.
Rieger, Caroline L.
2022. “I want a real apology”.
Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) ► pp. 553 ff.
Rodrigo, Susana Ridao
2021. La (des)cortesía en el ámbito político: estudio del debate electoral español de 2019.
Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada 21:1 ► pp. 249 ff.
Rousseau, Elise & Stephane J Baele
2021. “Filthy Lapdogs,” “Jerks,” and “Hitler”: Making Sense of Insults in International Relations.
International Studies Review 23:3 ► pp. 532 ff.
Rudanko, Juhani
2006. Aggravated impoliteness and two types of speaker intention in an episode in Shakespeare's Timon of Athens.
Journal of Pragmatics 38:6 ► pp. 829 ff.
Ruth, De Oliveira, F. Neveu, B. Harmegnies, L. Hriba, S. Prévost & A. Steuckardt
2020. Une approche socio-pragmatique du dys/fonctionnement du rituel des salutations en français.
SHS Web of Conferences 78 ► pp. 01011 ff.
Schnurr, Stephanie, Meredith Marra & Janet Holmes
2007. Being (im)polite in New Zealand workplaces: Māori and Pākehā leaders.
Journal of Pragmatics 39:4 ► pp. 712 ff.
Schubert, Christoph
2022. Strategic functions of linguistic impoliteness in US primary election debates.
Journal of Language and Politics 21:3 ► pp. 391 ff.
Sharifian, Farzad & Tahmineh Tayebi
2017. Perceptions of Impoliteness from a Cultural Linguistics Perspective.
In Advances in Cultural Linguistics [Cultural Linguistics, ],
► pp. 389 ff.
Shefer, Hagit
2021. On the development of Hebrew (im)polite bevakasha (please): A case of pragmatic expansion.
Journal of Pragmatics 186 ► pp. 194 ff.
Sifianou, Maria & Pilar Garcés-Conejos Blitvich
2018. Introduction: Im/politeness and globalisation.
Journal of Pragmatics 134 ► pp. 113 ff.
Sinkeviciute, Valeria
2015. “There’s definitely gonna be some serious carnage in this house” or how to be genuinely impolite inBig BrotherUK.
Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 3:2 ► pp. 317 ff.
Stamouli, Eirini
2020. Who’s afraid of aggression.
Translation and Translanguaging in Multilingual Contexts 6:1 ► pp. 9 ff.
SturtzSreetharan, Cindi, Sarah Trainer & Alexandra Brewis
2022. The Harm Inflicted by Polite Concern: Language, Fat, and Stigma.
Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 46:4 ► pp. 683 ff.
Talebzadeh, Hossein & Marzieh Khazraie
2021. ‘Ignoring the elephant in the room’: (Under-)representation of impoliteness phenomenon in popular ELT textbooks.
Language Teaching Research ► pp. 136216882110290 ff.
Tanaka, Lidia
2021. Japanese politicians’ questions in parliament.
In Questioning and Answering Practices across Contexts and Cultures [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 323],
► pp. 71 ff.
Tayebi, Tahmineh
2020. Heterogeneous distribution of cultural conceptualizations and (im)politeness evaluations.
International Journal of Language and Culture 7:1 ► pp. 84 ff.
Tracy, Karen
2008. “Reasonable Hostility”: Situation-appropriate face-attack.
Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture 4:2
Tracy, Karen
2011. A facework system of minimal politeness: Oral argument in appellate court.
Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture 7:1
Tracy, Karen
2017. Facework and (Im)politeness in Political Exchanges.
In The Palgrave Handbook of Linguistic (Im)politeness,
► pp. 739 ff.
Vauk, Stefanie, Julia C. Seelandt, Katja Huber, Bastian Grande & Michaela Kolbe
2022. Exposure to incivility does not hinder speaking up: a randomised controlled high-fidelity simulation-based study.
British Journal of Anaesthesia 129:5 ► pp. 776 ff.
Watts, Richard J.
2003. .
In Politeness,
Wee, Lionel
2015. Adding insult to inquiry.
Pragmatics and Society 6:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Wodak, Ruth, Jonathan Culpeper & Elena Semino
2021. Shameless normalisation of impoliteness: Berlusconi’s and Trump’s press conferences.
Discourse & Society 32:3 ► pp. 369 ff.
Xie, Chaoqun & Dajin Lin
2003. Review of Márquez Reiter (2000): Linguistic Politeness in Britain and Uruguay: A Contrastive Study of Requests and Apologies.
Studies in Language 27:3 ► pp. 682 ff.
Zacharia, Sofia-Konstantina
2022. Offensiveness in Target Versions of Wuthering Heights.
In Multilingual Routes in Translation [New Frontiers in Translation Studies, ],
► pp. 95 ff.
김지연
2018. A Study of Face Threatening Acts in Communication Strategy from TV Election Debate.
Journal of Speech Communication null:40 ► pp. 1 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 13 january 2023. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.